化學專業(yè)詞匯

1、普通化學術(shù)語中英文對照表原子atomadj.atomic原子核nucleus質(zhì)子proton中子neutron電子electron(abbr.e)離子ion?a?n陽離子cation陰離子anion分子molecularm?ekj?l?單質(zhì)element化合物compound純凈物puresubstance/chemicalsubstance混合物mixture相對原子質(zhì)量relativeatomicmass(abbr.Ar)相對分子質(zhì)量relativemolecularmass(abbr.Mr)化學式量relativeformulamass物質(zhì)的量amountofsubstance阿伏加德羅

2、常數(shù)Avogadroconstant(abbr.NA)摩爾mole摩爾質(zhì)量molarmass實驗式/最簡式/經(jīng)驗式empiricalformula氣體摩爾體積molarvolume阿伏加德羅定律Avogadro'sLaw溶液solution溶解dissolve濃度concentration質(zhì)量/體積分數(shù)mass/volumeconcentration濃縮concentrate稀釋dilute蒸儲distillation萃取extraction化學反應(yīng)方程式chemicalequation反應(yīng)物reactant生成物product固體solid液體liquid氣體gaseous溶液aqu

3、eous配平balance化學計量學stoichiometry酸acid堿base/alkali(referstosolublebases)鹽salt酸式鹽acidsalt離子方程式ionicequation結(jié)晶水waterofcrystallisation水合的hydrated無水的anhydrous滴定titration指示齊Uindicator氧化數(shù)oxidationnumber氧化還原反應(yīng)redoxreaction氧化反應(yīng)oxidationreaction還原反應(yīng)reductionreaction歧化反應(yīng)disproportionationreaction歸中反應(yīng)comproporti

4、onation(symproportionation)reaction氧化齊Uoxidisingagent還原齊ijreducingagent電子層(殼)(electron)shell電離能ionisationenergy(abbr.I.E.)第一，第二，第三等電離能first,second,third,etc.ionisationenergy(abbr1st,2nd,3rd,etc.I.E.)電子親和能electronaffinityenergy(abbr.A.E.)屏蔽效應(yīng)electronicshielding(screening)原子軌道atomicorbital電子云electronc

5、loud電子亞層sub-shell能層layer能級energylevel電子NE布electronconfiguration電子云重疊shelloverlap洪特規(guī)則Hund'srule泡禾U原理Pauliexclusionprinciple基態(tài)groundstate激發(fā)態(tài)excitedstate躍遷transition手性chiralitykai?-化學鍵chemicalbond鍵長bondlength鍵級bondorder鍵角bondangle鍵能bondenthalpies|離子鍵ionicbond供體donor受體acceptor靜電吸弓Ielectrostaticattra

6、ction巨型離子結(jié)構(gòu)giantionicstructure共價鍵covalentk?'ve?ntbond巨型共價結(jié)構(gòu)giantcovalentstructure共用電子對sharedpair/bondingpair孤對電子lonepair/non-bondingpairb鍵-bond兀鍵兀-bond8鍵8-bond極性共價鍵polarbond非極性共價鍵non-polarbond配位鍵dipolarbond/dativecovalentbond/coordinatebond電負性electronegativity極性polarity偶極子dipole分子間作用力intermolecu

7、larforces氫鍵hydrogenbond范德華力vanderWaal'sforce色散力dispersionforce誘導力inductionforce取向力orientationforce/dipole-dipoleforce金屬鍵metallicbond離域delocalisationdi:,l?uk?lai'zei?n延展性malleability,m?l?b?ti可鍛性ductilityd?k't?t?導電性electricalconductivity合金alloy元素周期表thePeriodicTable周期period族group原子序數(shù)protonn

8、umber同位素isotope?a?t?p核素nuclide'nju?kla?d同量異位素isobar'a?s?(?)ba?金屬metal非金屬nonmetal堿金屬alkalimetal堿土金屬alkalineearthmetal鹵素halogen稀有氣體noblegas元素周期律periodictrends活潑active穩(wěn)定noble分解反應(yīng)decompositionreaction化合反應(yīng)combination(synthesis)reaction取代反應(yīng)displacementreaction復分解反應(yīng)saltmetathesism?t?0sisreaction/do

9、ublereplacement(displacement)reaction沉淀precipitationpr?s?)?te?)n官能團functionalgroup碳氫化合物/煌hydrocarbon飽和煌saturatedhydrocarbon不飽和煌unsaturatedhydrocarbon脂肪煌aliphatic,?l?t?khydrocarbon月旨環(huán)煌alicyclic'sa?d?c;hrdrocarbon同系物homologoush?'m?l?g?sseries異構(gòu)現(xiàn)象isomerism'ais?m?riz?m同分異構(gòu)體isomerideai's?

10、m?raid同素異形體allotropy/allotropism分子式molecularformula通式generalformula結(jié)構(gòu)式displayedformula結(jié)構(gòu)簡式structuralformula鍵線式skeletalformula均裂homolyticfission異裂heterolyticfission親核試劑nucleophile'njukli?fail親電子試劑electrophile力口成反應(yīng)additionreaction力口水力口成hydrationreaction力口成聚合反應(yīng)additionpolymerisation聚合物polymer單體mono

11、mer鏈節(jié)repeatunit縮合聚合反應(yīng)condensationreaction縮聚物condensationpolymer取代反應(yīng)substitutionreaction脫水dehydrationj水解hydrolysis鹵代反應(yīng)halogenationreaction酯化反應(yīng)esterificationreaction親核取代nucleophilicsubstitution消去反應(yīng)eliminationreaction裂化反應(yīng)cracking(reaction)石油分儲fractionaldistillation燃燒combustion發(fā)酵fermentation"1氟氯煌ch

12、lorofluorocarbons產(chǎn)率percentageyield原子禾U用率atomeconomy紅外光譜學infraredspectroscopy質(zhì)譜分析massspectroscopy光譜spectrum揮發(fā)性volatility冷凝回流reflux反應(yīng)機理reactionmechanism能量守恒定律lawofconservationofenergy|熱力學thermodynamic0:m?udai?-始enthalpy(abbr.H)en'0?lpi烙變enthalpychange(abbr.AH)標準烙standardenthalpychange(abbr.AH?)標準反

13、應(yīng)始standardenthalpychange(abbr.AHr?燃燒熱heatofcombustion標準燃燒燃standardenthalpychangeofcombustion(abbr.AHc?標準生成烙standardenthalpychangeofformation(abbr.AHf?放熱反應(yīng)exothermiceks?u?reaction吸熱反應(yīng)endothermicreaction熱化學方程式thermochemical0:m?u?-equation活化能activationenergy(abbe.Ea)比熱容specificheatcapacity鍵烙bondenthalp

14、y平均鍵烙averagebondenthalpy蓋斯定律Hess'law有效碰撞理論collisiontheory反應(yīng)速率rateofreaction/reactionrate反應(yīng)動力學reactionkinetics催化劑catalyst催化作用catalysis酶enzyme'enzaim波爾茲曼分布律theBoltzmanndistribution化學平衡(chemical)equilibriumi:kwi?-可逆反應(yīng)reversiblereaction動態(tài)平衡dynamicequilibrium平衡常數(shù)chemicalequilibriumconstant濃度哥conc

15、entrationpower平衡移動shiftofequilibriumstate吉布斯自由能Gibbsfreeenergy(abbr.AG)阿累尼烏斯方程theArrhenius?ri:ni?sEquation自發(fā)反應(yīng)spontaneoussp?n?teini?sreaction嫡entropy(abbr.AS)溫室效應(yīng)greenhouseeffect吸附作用adsorption綠色化學greenchemistry溶解度solubility離子反應(yīng)ionicreaction電離ionisation電解質(zhì)electrolyte電離平衡ionisationequilibrium電離常數(shù)ionis

16、ationconstant離子積ion-productconstant氫離子濃度指數(shù)hydrogenionconcentration(abbr.pHfromFrenchpotentield'hydrogene)溶解平衡dissolutionequilibriumdR?'lu?)nekw?溶度積solubilityproduct原電池galvanic(voltaic)cellg?l'v?n?i鹽橋saltbridge電極electrode正極/陽極anode負極/陰極cathode標準電極電勢standardelectrodepotential(abbr.E0)干電池dr

17、ycell一次電池primarycell(battery)二次電池/蓄電池secondarycell/storagebattery充電charge放電discharge燃料電池fuelcell電解electrolysis電解池/電解槽electrolyticcell電鍍galvanisation,g?lv?nai'zei?n電偶腐蝕/電化腐蝕galvaniccorrosion分子空間構(gòu)型moleculargeometries雜化hybrid軌道orbital晶格lattice晶體crystal晶胞crystalstructure堆積作用sedimentation,sed?m?n'

18、;te?常見元素氫hydrogen(abbr.H)'haidr?d?n氨helium(abbr.He)'hi:li?m鋰lithium(abbr.Li)'li(hi?硼boron(abbr.B)'b?:r?n碳carbon(abbr.C)'kab?n氮nitrogen(abbr.N)'naitr?d?n氧oxygen(abbr.O)'?ksid?n氟fluorine(abbr.F)'flu?ri:nMneon(abbr.Ne)'ni:?n鈉sodium(abbr.Na)'s?udi?m鎂magnesium(abbr

19、.Mg)鋁aluminum(abbr.Al),?l?mini?m硅silicon(abbr.Si)'silik?n磷phosphorus(abbr.P)'f?sf?r?s硫sulfur(abbr.S)'s?lf?氯chlorine(abbr.Cl)'kl?:ri:n僦argon(abbr.Ar)'aM鉀potassium(abbr.K)p?si?m鈣calcium(abbr.Ca)?k?lsi?m鈦titanium(abbr.Ti)tai'teini?m銘chromium(abbr.Cr)'kr?umj?m鎰manganese(abbr.

20、Mn)?m?g?ni:z鐵iron(abbr.Fe)'a?i鉆cobalt(abbr.Co)k?u'b?:lt饃nickel(abbr.Ni)'nik?l銅copper(abbr.Cu)'k?p?鋅zinc(abbr.Zn)zi?k神arsenic(abbr.As)'as?nik澳bromine(abbr.Br)'br?umi:n銀silver(abbr.Ag)'silv?錫tin(abbr.Sn)tin碘iodine(abbr.I)氤xenon(abbr.Xe)'zen?n根barium(abbr.Ba)'be?ri?m

21、鴇tungsten(abbr.W)t?st?n鉗platinum(abbr.Pt)'pl?tin?m金gold(abbr.Au)uld汞mercury(abbr.Hg)'m?:kjuri鉛lead(abbr.Pb)led常見單質(zhì)氫氣、氮氣、氧氣、氟氣、氯氣、液澳、固態(tài)碘的名稱同元素名稱金剛石diamond'dai?m?nd石墨graphite'gr?fait臭氧ozone'?uz?un紅磷redphosphorus白磷whitephosphorus常見根離子(commonradicals)氫化的hydride'haidraid硼酸boric(ac

22、id)adj.borate'b?ret?碳化的carbide'ka:baid碳酸carbonicka?'b?n?kacid)adj.carbonate碳酸氫根bicarbonate/hydrogencarbonate氮化的nitride'naitraid疊氮化的azide'?zaid硝酸nitric(acid)adj.nitrate亞硝酸nitrous'na?;r?s(acid)adj.nitrite氧化的oxide'?ksaid二氧化的dioxidedai-'三氧化的trioxidetra?ksa?d過氧根peroxy(radi

23、cal)adj.peroxidep?'?ksaid超氧化的superoxidesjup?'?ksaid氫氧根hydroxylhai'dr?ksil(radical)adj.hydroxide水合氫離子hydronium|氟化的fluoride偏鋁酸meta-aluminicmet?'?ljuminik(acid)adj.meta-aluminate?'lju?m?ie?四羥基合鋁酸hydroxyl-aluminichai'dr?ksil-'(acid)硅酸silicic'silisik(acid)adj.silicate磷酸pho

24、sphoric(acid)adj.phosphate磷酸二氫根dihydrogenphosphate磷酸氫根hydrogenphosphate硫化的sulfide硫氫根bisulphide/sulphanide/hydrogensulphide硫酸sulphuric(acid)adj.sulphate硫酸氫根bisulphate/hydrogensulphate亞硫酸sulphurous(acid)adj.sulphite亞硫酸氫根bisulphite/hydrogensulphite硫代硫酸根thiosulphate0ai?-'焦硫酸根persulphatep?:-'氯化的c

25、hloride'kl?raid氫氯酸/鹽酸hydrochloric(acid)高氯酸perchloric(acid)adj.perchlorate氯酸chloric(acid)adj.chlorate亞氯酸chlorous(acid)adj.chlorite次氯酸hypochlorous(acid)adj.hypochlorite漠化的bromide氫澳酸、高澳酸、澳酸、亞澳酸、次澳酸名稱參見氯碘化的iodide'ai?daid氫碘酸、高碘酸、碘酸、亞碘酸、次碘酸名稱參見氯鹵化的halide鏤根ammonium?m?uni?m高鎰酸根permanganate鎰酸根mangana

26、te鼠根cyanide'sainaid硫鼠根thiocyanate0ai?u?saneit銘酸根chromate重銘酸根dichromate常見無機化合物(commoninorganiccompounds)氫化鈉sodiumhydride氨ammonia/azane?-?硅烷silane?s-磷化氫phosphine硫化氫hydrogensulphide氮化鎂magnesiumnitride四氧化三鐵iron(II,III)oxide二氟化氧oxygendifluoride氯化氫hydrogenchloride氯化亞鐵iron(II)chloride/ferrouschloride氯化

27、鐵iron(III)chloride/ferricchloride氯化亞錫tin(II)chloride/stannouschloride四羥基合鋁酸鈉sodiumaluminate磷酸二氫鈉monosodiumphosphate磷酸氫二鈉disodiumphosphate氯化鏤ammoniumchloride硫氫化鈉/硫氫酸鈉sodiumhydrosulphide系統(tǒng)命名法(chemicalnomenclature)一mono-二di-三tri-四tetra-五penta-六hexa-七hepta-八octa-九nona-十deca-烷煌alkane(preffixalkyl-,suffix

28、-ane)甲meth-乙eth-丙prop-丁but-戊pent-己hex-庚hept-辛oct-壬non-癸dec-Hundec-十二dodec-十三tridec-十四tetradec-十五pentadec-十六hexadec-十七heptadec-十八octadec-十九nonadec-二十eicos-三十triacont-四十tetracont-五十prntacont-正構(gòu)型normal-(n-)異構(gòu)型iso-(i-)新構(gòu)型neo-(n-)聚poly-烷基alkyl甲基methyl(abbr.Me)乙基ethyl(abbr.Et)丙基propyl(abbr.Pr)環(huán)烷燒cycloalka

29、ne(preffix-cyclo,suffix-ane)烯煌alkene(preffixalkenyl-,suffix-ene)二烯煌allene(suffix-adiene)環(huán)烯燒cycloalkene(preffixcyclo-,suffix-ene)快煌alkyne(preffixalkynyl-,suffix-yne)順式異構(gòu)preffixcis-(Z-)反式異構(gòu)preffixtrans-(E-)苯基phenyl(abbr.Ph)(preffixphenyl-,suffix-benzene)芳基benzyl(abbr.Bn)(preffixbenzyl-,suffix-toluene)

30、醇alcohol(preffixhydroxy-,suffix-ol)帶鹵素的化合物halogens(preffixfluoro-,chloro-,bromo-,etc.)酮ketone(preffixoxo-,suffix-one)醛aldehyde(preffixoxo-,suffix-alornotincludedincarbonchainpreffixformyl-,suffix-carbaldehyde)竣酸carboxylicka:b?k'silik(acid)adj.carboxylate(suffix-oicacid)竣基carboxyl(preffixcarboxyl

31、-,suffix-oicacidormultiplegroupssuffix-di,tri,tetracarbonylacid)乙酸根carboxylradical(abbr.Ac)醒ether(suffix-aneand-oxy)月旨ester(preffixR-oxycarbonyl-,suffix-oicacid/-oate)胺和酰胺amine(preffixamino-,suffix-amineoraccordingtopositionofNatomwithpre/suffix-N-)andamide(preffixcarbamoyl-andamido-,suffix-amideand

32、-carboxamideoraccordingtopositionofNatomwithpre/suffix-N-)氨基amino酰胺基amido磺酸sulphonic(acid)adj.sulphonate(preffixsulpho-,suffix-sulphonicacid)睛nitrile(preffixcyano-,suffix-nitrile)酚phenol/carbolicacid常見有機化合物(commonorganiccompounds)酚Mtphenolphthalein(abbr.Hln/phph)|fin?lf0eili:n石蕊litmus澳酚藍bromophenobl

33、ue百里酚藍thymolblue甲基橙methylorange龍膽紫gentianviolet氯仿chloroform異戊二烯isoprene月桂烯myrcenemair'si:n聚乙烯polythene聚氯乙烯poly(chloroethene)(abbr.PVC)聚丙烯polypropylene聚四氟乙烯/特氟龍poly(tetrafluoroethene)/teflon(abbr.PTF)晴綸orlon二甲醛methoxymethane苯酚phenol乙酸乙酯methylpropanoate甲酸/蟻酸methanoicacid/formicacid乙酸/醋酸ethanoicaci

34、d/aceticacid乙二酸/草酸oxalicacidadj.oxalate丙酸/初油酸propanoicacid/propionicacid丁酸/酪酸butanoicacid/butyricacid軟脂酸/棕桐酸hexadecanoicacid/palmiticacid硬月旨酸octadecanoicacid/stearicacid硬月旨酸鈉sodiumstearate檸檬酸citricacid檸檬酸鈉sodiumcitrate孚L酸lacticacid乳酸鈉sodiumlactate葡萄糖酸gluconicacidadj.gluconate氨基酸aminoacid葡萄糖glucose果糖fructose半孚L糖galactose核糖ribose脫氧核糖desoxyribose核糖核酸rebonucleicacid(abbr.RNA)脫氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleicacid(abbr.DNA)麥芽糖maltose蔗糖sucrose磺酸sulphonic(acid)adj.sulphonate(preffixsulpho-,suffix-sulphoni