高考英語閱讀理解長難句解析

1、精選優(yōu)質文檔-傾情為你奉上一個英語句子之所以難以理解，有許多原因，其中一個主要原因是句子太長或者句子結構復雜。句子過長或者復雜無非是該句除了主干之外還包含了一些附加部分，如插入語、同位語、分隔現(xiàn)象、各種從句或較長的非謂語動詞短語等等。這些附屬成分常有逗號或分隔符號與句子隔開，且插在一個句子中間，使本來完整的句子被斷開，因而增加句意理解的難度。分析長難度的基本方法是：首先，判斷該句是簡單句、并列句還是復合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主語和謂語，再分清句子附屬成分。下面我們來談談幾種長難句的處理技巧。一、處理長難句的原則方法如果待處理的長難句為一個復雜的單句，可這樣處理：跳讀修飾成分，迅速找

2、出主謂結構。這樣一來，我們便可以將長句化為短句，將難句化為易句。具體步驟是：先跳讀修飾成分或附加成分，找出句子的主干并理解其意義；然后再分段理解修飾成分或附加成分。如果待處理的長難句為一個復雜的并列句，可這樣處理：先找出其中的并列連詞，然后再根據(jù)并列連詞的意思理清句子前后是順連關系還是反連關系，是因果關系還是轉折關系等，最后再根據(jù)不同的語境關系正確理解句意。如果待處理的長難句為一個復雜的主從復合句，可這樣處理：先分清主句與從句，然后弄清從句的性質，即弄清它是什么從句名詞性從句，還是狀語從句，或是定語從句。注意，弄清從句性質對于理解復合句的意思至關重要。另外，有一點要提醒同學們，在處理長難句時，

3、如果既能正確理解句意，又能將其準確地譯成中文，那是最好了。但是，對于有些長難句，要在較短時間內（如在參加考試時）將其譯成中文比較困難，此時只要能正確理解其意思就行了，如果硬要勉為其難地譯成中文，不僅會浪費時間，而且在許多情況也沒有必要。二、經(jīng)典高考真題實例分析下面這篇文章共有194個單詞，卻只有9個句子，平均每個句子大約有22個單詞，是近幾年高考英語閱讀理解中一篇比較典型的集中含有長難句的文章。文章內容如下：Tristan da Cunha, a 38-square-mile island, is the farthest inhabited island in the world, acco

4、rding to the Guinness Book of Records. It is 1,510 miles southwest of its nearest neighbor St. Helena, and 1,950 miles west of Africa. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral(葡萄牙海軍上將) of the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundre

5、d.Coming in a close secondand often wrongly mentioned as the most distant islandis Easter Island, which lies 1,260 miles east of its nearest neighbour, Pitcairn Island, and 2,300 miles west of South America.The mountainous 64-square-mile island was settled around the 5th century, supposedly by peopl

6、e who were lost at sea. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1,000 huge stone figures, called moai, for which the island is most famous.On Easter Sunday, 1722, however, settlers from Holland moved in and gave the

7、island its name. Today, 2,000 people live on the Chilean territory(智利領土). They share one street, a small airport and a few hours of television per day.【解題分析】1. 跳讀插入語：請看文章第一段的第一句。第一步跳過插入語找出句子主干：Tristan da Cunha is the farthest inhabited island in the world (Tristan da Cunha 是世界上無人居住的最偏僻的島嶼）；第二步理解附加的插

8、入語部分：a 38-square-mile island（該島面積為38平方英里，而且這是吉尼斯記錄之一），這樣該句話的意思就弄明白了。2. 跳讀非謂語動詞短語：我們來看第一段第三句。首先跳過前面的非謂語動詞短語，找出主干：the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred (該島是英國領土，人口大約幾千)。然后再來理解前面的非謂語動詞短語：Discovered by the Portuguese admiral of the same name in 1506, and settled in 18

9、10（這個島嶼是在1506年被一個名叫Tristan da Cunha的葡萄牙海軍上將發(fā)現(xiàn)的，1810年開始有人居住）。通過這樣分解難度，我們讀得輕松，理解得準確。3. 跳讀分隔現(xiàn)象：請看文章第二段，這一段有35個單詞，卻只有一句話。因為該段既包括了分隔現(xiàn)象，又包含了定語從句，又有一個同位語，而且該句還是一個倒裝句。如果從前到后按照順序來理解，未免有點繁雜，抓不住重點。所以首先要跳過兩個分隔符號之間的內容，同時也要暫時擱置后面的非限制性定語從句，找出主干并把主干重新倒置過來變成正常語序：Easter Island is coming in a close second（Easter Islan

10、d是緊跟第二的最偏僻的島嶼）；然后再理解分隔符號之間的內容和后面的定語從句等附加成分：Easter Island 常常被誤認為是最偏僻的島嶼，它在最臨近的島嶼(Pitcairn Island)東面1,260英里，在南美西面2,300英里。4. 跳讀定語從句：定語從句在閱讀理解中是很常見的，有限制性和非限制性兩種。限制性定語從句用來限定所修飾的詞，與之關系非常密切，閱讀時要特別注意兩者的密切聯(lián)系，跳過限制性定語從句找到主句后要馬上回頭理解它的含義，確定它與先行詞的修飾關系。如文章第三段的第一個句子里就有一個限制性定語從句：who were lost at sea. 閱讀時一定要注意它與peopl

11、e的密切聯(lián)系：不是別人而是在大海里迷路的人五世紀左右在那里定居。而非限制性定語從句與所修飾的詞關系不是很密切，主要起補充說明作用，它可能出現(xiàn)在主句中間，也可能出現(xiàn)在句尾。如果它出現(xiàn)在句中，閱讀時可以跳過去然后再來理解，也可以一起順便讀過去。如果非限制性定語從句出現(xiàn)在句尾，那閱讀時很方便，看完主句后附帶著看一下就可以了，因為它只是對先行詞的補充說明。如這一段的最后一句：for which the island is most famous. 看完主句我們得知該島與外界隔絕了一千多年，使得島上的人們有充足的時間來修建一千多具巨大的石雕。然后再附帶得知該島以這些石雕而聞名。三、針對性訓練題以下段落均

12、選自近幾年的高考英語閱讀理解文章，均有一定難度，請你用以上方法試一試：1. Decision thinking is not unlike poker it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think. （NMET2000. C 篇）2. Dad, in a hurry to get home before dark so he could go for a run, had forgotten to wea

13、r his safety belta mistake 75% of the US population make every day.（NMET1999. D篇）3. First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance

14、 in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab poly technique.（NMET2003.C篇）4. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell

15、you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet.（NMET2003.E篇）5. Whereas a womans closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage, it was

16、nt unusual to hear a man say he didnt know his friends marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.（NMET2001. E篇）【分析示范】1. 先看破折號前面的Decision thinking is not unlike poker，這個句子雖不長，但有點難度，尤其是其中的not unlike這個雙重否定的結構，其實它的意思就是like，句意為“做決策其實就像(like)打撲克牌”。破折號

17、后面的內容包括有一個not only.but also. 結構，且句中反復出現(xiàn)what.think這樣的詞語，就像是繞口令似的，對于語感不是很好，而且又不會分析句子同學來說很有點難度，這句話的意思是：起作用的不但是你怎么想的，而且還包括別人對你的想法是怎么看的以及你對別人的看法是如何考慮的。2. 句子的主干部分為Dad had forgotten.，其中的in a hurry to get.為介詞短語，在此說明had forgotten的原因；破折號后的內容a mistake.為解釋其前內容的同位語。全句大意為：爸爸急匆匆地在天黑之前趕回家，以便他能出去跑步，但卻忘記系安全帶這是75%的美國人

18、每天犯的一個錯誤。3. 這個句子的主干部分是the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds。句首的過去分詞短語first put forward by用作狀語，表示時間；主句后的including為介詞短語，用以補充說明the finest mathematical minds；而including短語中又包括有兩個由who引導的定語從句，修飾名詞短語a French woman scientist。此句句意為：這個定理最先由17世紀法國數(shù)學家皮爾法特提出，它曾使一批極其優(yōu)秀的數(shù)學大師為難，其中包括一位法國女科學

19、家，她在解決這個難題方面取得了重大進展，她曾女扮男裝為了能夠在伊科爾理工學院學習。4. 句子的主干部分為it is difficult to measure.，其中句首的it為形式主語，其后的不定式為真正的主語；句中although引導的為讓步狀語從句，并且這個狀語從句中又包括有一個who引導的定語從句，而正是在這個定語從句中又內含一個when引導的時間狀語從句，其中的the printers start working overtime為其前時間狀語從句的主句你看這個句子有多復雜；句子最后一部分由that is引出，用以對前面的內容起解釋和說明作用。全句大意為：由于因特網(wǎng)的使用，要計算所使用

20、紙張的數(shù)量不是很容易的，盡管幾乎任何在辦公室工作的人能告訴你，當引進電子郵件后，打印機就開始超時工作。也就是說，近年來人們對于紙張的日益需求主要是由于因特網(wǎng)越來越多的使用。5. 句子的主干部分為it wasnt unusual to hear。句首的whereas為從屬連詞，意為“盡管”，在此引導一個讓步狀語從句。其中主句當中有四個語言難點尤其值得注意：一是句首的it為形式主語，句子真正的主語是其后的不定式to hear；二是not unusual這一雙重否定結構，其實它的意思是就是usual；三是notuntil.結構，其中的not不是句中的第一個not而不是第二個not（即didnt kn

21、ow中的not）；四是until后的現(xiàn)在分詞短語asking，它在此用作狀語，表示伴隨情況。句意為：盡管一個女人最親密的女性朋友可能是第一個告訴她離開一次失敗婚姻的人，然而聽見一個男人說，直到他的朋友一天晚上問他是否可以睡在他家的沙發(fā)上，他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕，這卻是很平常的。高考英語閱讀理解長難句分析練習 姓名 _一 I see the kindness every day when people hold doors for me, pour cream into my coffee, or help me to put on my coat.按要求答題：1 寫出when 引導的從

22、句的謂語 _ _ _2 將上面這句話譯成中文: _3 根據(jù)上面這句話選擇答案：I have discovered that people will feel happy when _.A. They offer their help B. They receive othershelpC. They feel otherskindness D. They show their weaknessKey:1 hold pour help2 當人們每天為我開門，往我的咖啡里加奶油，幫我披上外衣時，我看到了他們的仁慈。3 A 二 From my wheelchair experience, I see

23、 the best in people, but sometimes I feel sad because those who appear independent miss the kindness I see daily.按要求答題：1 用中文回答： Who miss the kindness I see daily ? _2 將From my wheelchair experience, I see the best in people譯成中文：_3 根據(jù)上面這句話選擇答案： The author feels sad sometimes because _. A. he has a so

24、ft heart B. he relies much on othersC. some people pretend to be kind D. some people fail to see the kindness in othersKey:1 那些看上去獨立的人2 從我的輪椅生活中，我看到了人們的仁慈，3 D三 But only when we stop pretending we are brave or strong do we allow people to show the kindness that is in them. More often, it would be bet

25、ter if we dont pretend we feel strong when we feel weak or pretend that we are brave when we are scared.按要求答題：1 將上面這句話譯成中文: _3 根據(jù)上面這句話選擇答案： In this passage, the author advises us to _.A. handle problems by ourselves B. accept help from othersC. admit our weakness D. show our braveryKey:1 只有我們停止假裝勇敢和

26、逞強，才能給別人機會表現(xiàn)仁慈。通常，要是我們在無助時不要逞強，驚慌時不要假裝勇敢就好了。2 C 四 But instead of getting impatient and angry, they waited, knowing the driver in front of them was in some way weak.按要求答題：1 將上面這句話譯成中文: _2 根據(jù)上面這句話選擇答案：What did the other drivers do when they saw the flashlights?A. They speeded up to pass. B. They waite

27、d with patience.C. They tried their best to help. D. They put on their flashlights too.Key:1 但是他們沒有生氣也沒有失去耐心，而只是等待，因為他們知道前面的司機在某個方面處于弱勢。2 B五 People who are thinking about adopting dogs or cats as friends for their pets are worried that they will fight.按要求答題：1 that they will fight. 這里的they是指 _ .2 將該句

28、話譯成中文 _Key:1 指dogs or cats 2 那些想把狗貓作為寵物來養(yǎng)的人擔心狗和貓在一起會打架。六 Manfred Milinski from the Max-Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology in Germany and Bettina Rockenbach of the university of Berlin, the authors of a new study, found that people act better when they are being watched because they feel they

29、will be rewarded for good behaviour按要求答題：1 這句話的主語是 _, 謂語是 _, 賓語是 _2 這句話的主要意思是（用中文寫，不得超過15個字）：_3 用英語回答問題： What can we conclude from the new study ? _Key:1 Manfred Milinski, found, that people act better2 Manfred Milinski發(fā)現(xiàn)人們表現(xiàn)得更好。3 people act better when they are being watched because they feel they

30、will be rewarded for good behaviour七 Carla Bruni, an Italian singer, former model and girlfriend of Frances President Nicolas Sarkozy, holds the hand of her son Aurelien while wearing a pink heart-shaped ring during a visit to the ancient Jordanian ruins ( 遺跡) of Petra Jan. 5, 2008.按要求答題：1 這句話的主語是 _

31、, 謂語是 _, 賓語是 _2 選擇答案： 1 _ wore a pink heart-shaped ring. A Aurelien B Nicolas Sarkozy C Carla Bruni D Petra 11.With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence, according to Intermounta

32、in Therapy Animals(ITA) in salt Lake City.(NMET2003.B篇)據(jù)鹽湖城的ITA的觀點，閃爍的棕色眼睛，搖著尾巴，并有無條件的愛心，狗能成為無判斷力的(忠實的)聽者，這是剛開始搞閱讀的小孩所需要的。簡析：夾雜with構成的介詞短語及過去分詞短語。12. The Salt Lake City public library is sold on the idea. (NMET2003.B篇)這家鹽湖城公共圖書館接受這個觀點。簡析：關鍵詞sell on (to)使接受。13. Discovered by the Portuguese admiral of

33、 the same name in 1506, and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred. (NMET2003. A篇)這個島嶼，于1506年被同名的葡萄牙上將發(fā)現(xiàn)，在1810年有人居住，現(xiàn)在屬于英國，人口數(shù)有幾百人。簡析：有兩個過去分詞短語作狀語。14. They had no connection with the outside world for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty

34、of time to build more than 1000 huge stone figures, called moat, for which the island is most famous.(NMET2003.A篇)他們已有一千多年與外界沒有聯(lián)系，這給他們充足的時間來修建1000多座巨大的石像，被稱為莫艾，因為有這個東西這個島嶼極其出名。簡析：夾雜有現(xiàn)在分詞短語，過去分詞短語及定語從句。15. Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10 and theyre very interactive and creative in that the

35、y build a sense of drama based on a subject. (NMET2002. E篇)我們的(生日)聚會針對兩到十歲的小孩，它們互動感強，富有創(chuàng)新，因為它們能基于一個主題構建一種戲劇的氛圍。簡析：關鍵詞aim for 針對;in that 在于。        16. The most important idea behind the kind of party planning described here is that it brings parents and children cl

36、oser together.(NMET2002. E篇)在這里敘述的這種籌備(生日)聚會的計劃所帶有的最重要的觀點在于它能讓父母和孩子的關系更加密切。簡析：夾雜過去分詞短語及表語從句。17.He had realized that the words: “one of six to eight” under the first picture in the book connected the hare in some way to Katherine of Aragon, the first of Henry VIIIs six wives. (NMET2002. D篇)他曾認識到那本書里第

37、一幅圖畫下面的那些詞“一、六、八”在某些方面將這個野兔和阿拉甘的凱撒英，即亨利八世的六個妻子當中的第一個妻子，聯(lián)系起來。簡析：夾雜賓語從句及過去分詞短語。18.Until one day he came across two stone crosses in Ampthill park and learnt that they had been built in her honor in 1773. (NMET2002. D篇)直到有一天他在阿帕斯爾公園碰巧看見兩個石制的十字架，他才懂得在1773年修建這兩個十字架是為了向她表示敬意。簡析：關鍵詞come across碰巧遇見，in ones

38、honor紀念某人。19. It is Sue Townsends musical play, based on her best-selling book. (NMET2002. C篇)它是蘇珊·湯森德的音樂劇本，根據(jù)她暢銷的小說改編的。簡析：關鍵詞best-selling 暢銷的。20. Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend, and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they gro

39、w their organic food business. (NMET2002. B篇)戈德是對有機食品感興趣眾多購買者當中的一位，遍及英國的超市依賴更多像他那樣的購買者，因為他們要增加有機食品生意。簡析：關鍵詞count on 依賴。長難句練習：1.Reading to dogs is an unusual way to help children improve their literacy skills(讀寫能力). With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provid

40、e the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence (自信心), according to Intermountain Therapy Animals (ITA) in Salt Lake City. 參考翻譯：利用對狗閱讀來幫助兒童提高讀寫能力是一種獨特的方法。鹽湖城的ITA組織認為，由于狗具有閃亮的棕色眼睛、搖擺的尾巴以及無條件的愛，它為兒童(初級閱讀者)獲取自信心提供了“必要的(無偏見的)聽眾”。2. They had no connection with the outside w

41、orld for more than a thousand years, giving them plenty of time to build more than 1000 huge stone figures, called Moai, for which the island is most famous.參考翻譯：他們與外界隔絕了一千多年，這給他們充足的時間來修1000多座被稱為"摩埃"的巨型石像，這個島嶼也因此而聞名。Moai：摩埃（位于智利復活節(jié)島的巨型石像）3. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper

42、used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet. 參考翻譯

43、：很難計算出因為互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的應用所使用紙張的數(shù)量，然而幾乎任何在辦公室工作的人能告訴你，當有了電子郵件后，打印機就開始超時工作。也就是說近年來人們對于紙張的日益需求主要是由于因特網(wǎng)越來越多的使用。4. At the conference in San Francisco, Donald Louria, a professor at New Jersey Medical School in Newark said advances in using genes as well as nanotechnology(納米技術) make it likely that humans will live i

44、n the future beyond what has been possible in the past.參考翻譯：在舊金山的會議上，位于紐瓦克的新澤西醫(yī)學院的教授唐納德羅利亞說，基因利用以及納米技術的進步使人類未來的壽命有可能延長到從前不可能達到的地步。5. The major market force rests in the growing population of white-collar employees, who can afford the new service, in other words, Shanghai's car rental industry is

45、 growing so fast mainly due to the increasing number of white-collar employees.參考翻譯：主要的市場推動力依賴于不斷增長的白領階層的人數(shù)，他們有錢支付這種新的服務，換句話說，上海的汽車租賃業(yè)增長如此之快關鍵在于白領階層的不斷壯大。6. It was then that I realized that I had not really come to help, but to learn about and experience another culture that helped improve my own un

46、derstanding of life and the world.參考翻譯：到那時候，我才意識到我并非真的來幫助他人，而是來了解和體驗另一種文化，這種文化有助于提高我對生活和世界的理解。7. As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970's, to 18.5 percent-little more than two thirds the 1960's growth figure and considerably below that of other Western states. 參考翻譯

47、：結果，加利福尼亞的人口增長率在20世紀70年代時下降到了185一一稍高于60年代增長率的三分之二，大大低于西部其他各州。8. Whereas a woman's closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasn't unusual to hear a man say he didn't know his friend's marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one nig

48、ht asking if he could sleep on the sofa. 參考翻譯：一個女人最親密的女性朋友最可能是第一個告訴她離開一次失敗的婚姻的人；而聽見一個男人說，直到他的朋友一天晚上問他是否可以睡在他家的沙發(fā)上，他才知道他朋友的婚姻已非常糟糕，這是很平常的事。9. This process is also found among scholars and authors: a statement of opinion by one writer may be restated by another, who may in turn be quoted by yet anothe

49、r, and this process may continue, unless it occurs to someone to question the facts on which the original writer based his opinion or to challenge the interpretation he placed upon those facts.參考翻譯：在學者和作者中，我們也常常會發(fā)現(xiàn)這個過程：一個作者陳述的觀點有可能會被另外一位作者重述，然后他的重述或許又會被另一個作者引用。這個過程會繼續(xù)下去，除非有人質疑原作者的觀點所根據(jù)的事實或者是對原作者對這些事

50、實的解釋提出異議。10. While talking to you, your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your "wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner. 參考翻譯：當與你談話的時候，你潛在的雇主就在衡量你的學歷、經(jīng)驗

51、和其他條件是否值得他聘用你，而你的"商品"和能力一定要順其自然地展示出來。1.First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and wh

52、o had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique. （NMET2003.C篇）這個定理，先是由十七世紀法國數(shù)學家皮爾法特提出，曾使一批杰出的數(shù)學大師為難，包括一位法國女科學家，她在解決這個難題方面取得了重大的進展，她曾女扮男裝為了能夠在伊科爾理工學院學習。簡析：夾雜過去分詞短語，現(xiàn)在分詞短語，動名詞及兩個定語從句。2. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Inter

53、net-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet. （NMET2003.E篇）由于因特網(wǎng)的使用，計算所使用的紙張的數(shù)量是很難的，然而幾乎任何在辦公室