考研英語真題答案及解析

1、2013年全國碩士研究生入學考試英語一真題及答案Section I   Use of English Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions.

2、At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1  the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by  2  factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big  3   was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samles of informati

3、on they were working with.   4  , he theorised that a judge  5  of apperaring too soft  6  crime might be more likely to send someone to prison  7  he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day。To 

4、 8  this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the  9  of an applicant should not depend on the few others  10  randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsoho suspected the truth was  11  。He studied the results of 9,323 MB

5、A interviews  12  by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had  13  applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale  14  numerous factors into consideration. The scores were  15  used in conjunction with an applicants score on the Granduate Managent Adimss

6、ion Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is  16  out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her。Dr. Simonsoho found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one  17  that, t

7、hen the score for the next applicant would  18  by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to  19  the effects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been  20  。1. A grants     

8、60;      Bsubmits          Ctransmits        Ddelivers  2. A minor             Bobjective        Ccrucial 

9、0;        D external3. A issue             Bvision           Cpicture          Dexternal  4. A For example 

10、60;    B On average       CIn principle       DAbove all  5. A fond             B fearful           Ccapable    

11、60;      D thoughtless6. A in               B on                C to             

12、;  D for7. A if               B until             C though           D unless8. A promote       

13、0;  B emphasize         C share            Dsuccess9. A decision         B quality           C status   &

14、#160;       D success10. A chosen          B studied           C found            D identified11. A exceptional   &

15、#160; B defensible        C replaceable      D otherwise12. A inspired        B expressed         C conducted        D secured13. A assigned

16、        B rated             C matched          D arranged14. A put             B got   

17、60;           C gave             D took15. A instead         B then              C ever &#

18、160;           D rather16. A selected         B passed           C marked          D introduced17. A before       &

19、#160;   B after            C above           D below18. A jump             B float         

20、;   C drop             D fluctuate19. A achieve          B undo             C maintain        

21、D disregard20. A promising        B possible         C necessary         D helpfulSection II  Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions b

22、elow each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada ,Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesnt affect her, Priestly explains how the d

23、eep blue color of the assistants sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment。This top-down conception of the fashion business couldnt be more out of date or at odds with the feverish would describ

24、ed in Overdressed, Eliazabeth Clines three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decade or so ,advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara ,H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted

25、inventory, more frequent release, and more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposable-meant to last only a wash or two, although they dont advertise that and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline arg

26、ues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace。The victims of this revolution , of course ,are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage oversea

27、s labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of harmful chemicals。Overdressed is the fashion worlds answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollans The Omnivores Dilemma. “Mass-produced clothing ,like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-dur

28、able and wasteful,” Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year about 64 items per person and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste。Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since

29、 2008 has made all of her own clothes and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example cant be knocked off。Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment including H&M, with i

30、ts green Conscious Collection line Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they cant afford not to

31、。21.  Priestly criticizes her assistant for herA poor bargaining skill。B insensitivity to fashion。C obsession with high fashion。D lack of imagination。22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers toA combat unnecessary waste。B shut out the feverish fashion world。C resist the influenc

32、e of advertisements。D shop for their garments more frequently。23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning toA accusation。B enthusiasm。C indifference。D tolerance。24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?A Vanity has more often been found in idealists。B T

33、he fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability。C People are more interested in unaffordable garments。D Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing。25. What is the subject of the text?A Satire on an extravagant lifestyle。B Challenge to a high-fashion myth。C Criticism of the fast-fashion indu

34、stry。D Exposure of a mass-market secret。Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, compa

35、nies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy。In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?

36、In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google'

37、;s Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests。On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a

38、default。It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsofts default, some may ignor

39、e a DNT signal and press on anyway。Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT

40、does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it rea

41、lly be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:A ease competition among themselvesB lower their operational costsC avoid complaints from consumersD provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:A online advertisersB e-com

42、merce conductorsC digital information analysisD internet browser developers28.  Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a defaultA many cut the number of junk adsB fails to affect the ad industryC will not benefit consumersD goes against human nature29. which of the following is ture according to

43、 Paragraph.6?A DNT may not serve its intended purposeB Advertisers are willing to implement DNTC DNT is losing its popularity among consumersD Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:A indulgenceB understandi

44、ngC appreciactionD skepticismText 3Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to pandemic flu to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to。But such gl

45、oominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of

46、years (see "100,000 AD: Living in the deep future”). Look up Homo sapiens in the IUCN's "Red List" of threatened species, and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats res

47、ulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation, based in San Francisco, has created a forum where thinkers and scientists are invit

48、ed to project the implications of their ideas over very long timescales. Its flagship project is a mechanical clock, buried deep inside a mountain in Texas, that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence。Then there are scientists who are giving serious consideration to the idea t

49、hat we should recognise a new geological era: the Anthropocene. They, too, are pulling the camera right back and asking what humanity's impact will be on the planet - in the context of stratigraphic time。Perhaps perversely, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the m

50、ore immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science-fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched A

51、rc, a new publication dedicated to the near future。But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and ou

52、r species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves。This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy: while our species may flourish, a great many

53、individuals may not. But we are now knowledgeable enough to mitigate many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come. Thinking about our place in deep time is a good way to focus on the challenges that confront us today, and to make a future

54、 worth living in。31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired byA our desire for ares of fulfillmentB our faith in science and techedC our awareness of potential risksD our bdief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN“Rod List”suggest that human beings onA a sustained speciesB the words deminant power

55、C a threat to the environmentD a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?A Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies。B Technology offers solutions to social problem。C The interest in science fiction is on the rise。D Our Immediate future is hard to conceive。

56、34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial toA explore our planets abundant resources。B adopt an optimistic view of the world。C draw on our experience from the past。D curb our ambition to reshape history。35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A Uncertainty about Our

57、FutureB Evolution of the Human SpeciesC The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind。D Science, Technology and Humanity。Text 4Text 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizonas immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important m

58、atter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administrations effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states。In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizonas controversial plan to have state

59、 and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to th

60、e existing federal ones。Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Courts liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field” and Arizona had thus intruded on th

61、e federals privileged powers。However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.Thats because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers

62、to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues。Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,w

63、ho offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts。The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power”.The White House argued that Arizonas

64、laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with 。Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and cont

65、rol of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didnt want to carry out Congresss immigration wishes, no state

66、 should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim。36.  Three provisions of Arizonas plan were overturned because theyA  deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers。B  disturbed the power balance between different states。C  overstepped the authority of federal immigration law。D  contradicted both the federal and state policies。37.  On which of the following did the Justices agree,according t