上海高考英語新題型之概要寫作Summary

1、上海高考英語新題型之概要寫作澄衷高級中學(xué)孫吉從2017年起，上海英語高考試卷的題型將面臨許多調(diào)整，其中之一便是增加了概要寫作（Summarywriting）,也有許多人將之稱為小作文”。概要寫作分值占據(jù)15分，考查的是考生閱讀和寫作的綜合能力。概要寫作所給定的語篇一般在200-250字，內(nèi)容豐富多樣，包含故事、時(shí)政、科普等，體裁以記敘文、說明文為主，字?jǐn)?shù)一般要求在50-60字，答案盡量符合“Keypointsofasummary勺要求。一.正確認(rèn)識概要寫作1. Definitionofsummarywritincj（概要寫作的定義）Bysummary,wemeanabriefrestateme

2、nt,inyourownwords,ofthecontentofapassage,anarticle,achapterorabook.2. Keypointsofasummary（概要寫作的要點(diǎn)）Conciseness簡要性）：Omitunnecessarydetailslikeexamples,explanationsandotherunimportantinformation.Length:1/4-1/3oftheoriginaltext.Completeness完整性）：Toincludeallthemainandsupportingpointsdeliveredinyouownword

3、sinacondensedmanner.Accuracy（準(zhǔn)確性）：Togivethesameattentionandstresstothepointsastheauthordoes.Coherence（連貫性）：Ratherthananoutlinelistedaskeywordsandphrases,asummaryisaparagraphwithnecessarytransitionsandfunctionstructurestomakeitflow.Objectivity（客觀性）：Donotincludeyourownideasoremotionsonthetopic.Thesumm

4、aryshouldreflectthecontentoftheoriginalpassageonly.3. Stepstowriteasummary（概要寫作的步驟）1） Skimthetexttofindoutthegeneraltheme.2） Analyzethetextsstructuretodivideitintoseveralsections,findoutthemainideaofeachsectionandwriteitoutbrieflywithyourownwords.（onesentence）3） Writedownthekeysupportingpointsforeac

5、hmainideawithoutinvolvingminordetails.4） Organizethemainandrelatedsupportingpointsinalogicalorderwithnecessarytransitionstoachievecoherence.5） Proofreadforgrammatical,spellingandpunctuationmistakes.4. Beginningofasummary（概要寫作的開頭）Beginyoursummarywith:*Theauthorsname*Thearticlesorchaptersname*Theautho

6、rsthesisstatemengeneraloverview（survey）ofthearticle.TheBody:Firstofall,theauthordescribesHethenpointsoutthatInaddtion,theauthortalksaboutFinally,theauthorsuggestsSomeotherintroductoryphrases:*(Theauthor)statesin(thisarticle)that*(Theauthor),in(thisarticle)showsthat*In(thisarticle),(theauthor)writest

7、hat*As(theauthor)saysin(thisarticle),*Themainideaof(theauthorsarticle)is*Theauthorbelieves(holds;maintains;claims;argues;pointsout;suggests;proposes)that+clause*Theauthortalksabout(explains;describes;reveals;discusses;focuseson)+n.二.記敘文概要寫作要點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥記敘文體的閱讀材料，相比其他文體而言，寫概要相對容易。在寫概要前，除明確文章主題外，還應(yīng)抓住六個(gè)要素：when,

8、where,who,what,why,how。在這六個(gè)要素中，所占內(nèi)容比重最大的是what。一般來說，記敘文的故事概要可以用這樣的模板來表示：Whodidwhatbybecause當(dāng)然,不是說每個(gè)故事概要都包含how或why,有時(shí)兩者選其一即可。下文是課堂訓(xùn)練的一個(gè)例子：DirectionsPleasereadthefollowingpassageandwriteasummaryofitinnomorethan60wordsItookatriptoabiglakeinIndonesiawithmyfamilytwoyearsago.Itwasreallyahugelakewithbeautif

9、ulsceneryallaround.Peoplewereamazedbytheendlessviewinfrontofoureyes.Lateron,unlikeothergirls,Ivolunteeredtogowater-skiingalone.Iputonthelifejacket,gotonthemotorboatimmediatelyandstartedmyengineassoonaspossible.Thelakeseemedbroadandendless.Iwassothrilled(激動)toenjoymytripamongthemountainsandwatersthat

10、Ispedmymotorboat.Then,aftersometime,Ifoundmyselfinthemiddleoftheendlesslake.Asuddenfearcamearoundme.IdidntknowwhereIwasorevenhowfarIhadgonefromtheshore.Whatwasworse,itbegantorainanditbecameverycoldandfoggy.Irodeeverywherebutcouldnndtmywayback.Itwasuselessformetocryorshoutforhelp.IwassoterrifiedthatI

11、begantothinkaboutallkindsofhorriblethings.Afterfloatingonthewaterhelplesslyandhopelesslyforalongtime,suddenlyIheardsomeonecallingmyname.Soon,abigsteamboatsailedtomeandtheypulledmeuptothedeckandaskedmeifIwashurt.Icouldntsayawordbutcriedinmyfathersarms.材料分析：根據(jù)文本內(nèi)容，這是一篇故事類的記敘文，要求對其進(jìn)行概要寫作。因此，我們先找出記敘文的六要

12、素：WhentwoyearsagoWhereatriptoabiglakeinIndonesiaWhoT,thewriterWhatgotlost;wasfoundWhygowater-skiingalone;toothrilledResultfathercametoherrescue列出了要點(diǎn)之后，我們就可以用自己的話將要點(diǎn)組織起來，概括成一段約50詞的通順概要：Thepassagetellsusthewritersexperienceofadventure.Oncethewriterwasonatriptoalakewhereshewentwater-skiingalone.Shewass

13、oexcitedandenjoyedherselfthatsoonshegotlost.Fortunately,herfatherfinallycametoherrescue.（44words）三.說明文概要寫作要點(diǎn)點(diǎn)撥說明文體的閱讀材料內(nèi)容大致可以分為以下幾類：現(xiàn)象揭示類：Thearticlepointsoutthecommonphenomenon（主題），which（補(bǔ)充解釋）利弊對比類：Thearticlecomparesthedisadvantages/benefitsofAandB.AwhileBThepassagediscussestheimpactofsth.Ontheposit

14、iveside,，butitmayalso研究顯示類：ThestudyrevealsthatThepurposeofthereportistoshowthat下文是課堂訓(xùn)練的一個(gè)例子：DirectionsPleasereadthefollowingpassageandwriteasummaryofitinnomorethan60wordsAlargesourceofrubbishispackagingmaterial.Itoftenmakesupmorethan30percentofthetotal.Tounderstandwhythisistrue,thinkofthepackagingco

15、mmonlyusedforasimpleproduct,suchastoothpaste.Thepackagingincludesnotonlythetubeforthetoothpaste,butalsotheboxforthetube.Thisboxisputintoaplasticwrapper.Then,theboxesaretransportedinacardboardcontainer.Mostpackagingmaterialendsupinalandfillafteritisthrownaway.Thoughnecessary,landfillstakeupvaluablesp

16、ace,oftenstink（發(fā)出惡臭）,andcanleakharmfulsubstancesintothesoil.Landfillsnotincluded,theproductionofpackagingmaterialitselfisamajorsourceofairandwaterpollution.Peoplearenowtryingtosolvetheproblemscausedbypackagingmaterials.In1991,Germanytooktheleadbyrequiringcompaniestorecyclethepackagingusedfortheirgoo

17、ds.Todothis,thecompaniessetuprecyclingbinsineveryneighborhood.Consumersnowseparatetheirrubbishintothreecategoriesmetal,plasticandpapercartons.Theythenputitintotheappropriatebin.Therubbishsorted,itistransportedtoarecyclingcompanyforprocessing.Theprogrammeworkedwellatfirst.However,theamountofrubbishha

18、sbeguntoincreaseagain.Onereasonforthisisthatmanyconsumersnolongerreducewastebecausetheythinktheproblemissolved.Itseemsthattoproperlydealwiththeproblemofrubbish,everyonemustremainalertanddotheirpart.材料分析：根據(jù)文本內(nèi)容，這是一篇講包裝材料所帶來的問題的說明文，要求對其進(jìn)行概要寫作。因此，我們必須首先弄清每一段落的主要內(nèi)容是什么。第一段開頭第一句話“Alargesourceofrubbishispa

19、ckagngmaterial.Itoftenmakesupmorethan30percentofthetotal是段落的中心旬，同時(shí)也點(diǎn)明了文章的主題，后面就在以牙膏為例進(jìn)行舉例說明。第二段主要講的是包裝材料所帶來的問題，主要包括兩方面，一是垃圾進(jìn)入填埋場后所造成的污染；二是這些包裝材料在生產(chǎn)過程中會產(chǎn)生對空氣和水的污染。第三段主要在講人們正在采取措施解決包裝材料所帶來的問題，其中第句Peoplearenowtryingtosolvetheproblemscausbypackagingmaterials.是段落的中心旬，后面就在用德國的事情舉例說明，政府、制造商和個(gè)人采取的措施試圖解決包裝材料

20、帶來的污染問題。第四段開頭的however至關(guān)重要，說明德國的方法盡管起到了一定的作用，但包裝材料的污染仍然是一個(gè)大問題，我們絕不能放松警惕。弄清了每段的主要內(nèi)容后，我們就按照概要寫作的幾個(gè)原則對其進(jìn)行連接，在連接段落時(shí)需要添加必要的連接詞使其通順連貫即可：Thearticlepointsouttheproblemofpackaging.Aboutonethirdofrubbishresultsfromthepackagingmaterials,whichcausedamagetotheenvironmentduringtheirproductionandafterendinginlandfi

21、lls.Thoughtheprogramscarriedouttocombattheproblemaretemporarilysuccessful,theproblemremainsagreatconcern.(50words)四.小試牛刀Readthefollowingparagraphsanduseonesentenceorphrasetowritethesummaryofeachparagraph.1. AnIowahighschoolcounselorgetsacallfromaparentprotestingtheCherchildreceivedonanassignment.“Th

22、eparentarguedeverypointintheessay,thecounselor,whosoonrealizedwhythemotherwassodisappointedaboutthegrade.“Itbecameapparentthatshedwrittenit.”2. Inasurvey,90%ofnewteachersagreedthatinvolvingparentsintheirchildreneducationisapriorityattheirschoolbutonly25%describedtheirexperienceworkingwithparentsas“v

23、erysatisfyingWhenaskedtochoosethebiggestchallengetheyface,31%ofthemquotedinvolvingparentsandcommunicatingwiththemastheirtopchoice.73%ofnewteacherssaidtoomanyparentstreatschoolsandteachersasenemies.3. Atatimewhencompetitionisrisingandresourcesarelimited,whenbattlesovertestingforceschoolstoadjusttheirpriorities,whencellphoneande-mailspeeduptheinformationflowandallkindsofprivateghostsandpublicquarrelsslipintotheparent弋e