博士英語(yǔ)考試要點(diǎn)總結(jié)完美版整合

1、博士英語(yǔ)考試要點(diǎn)總結(jié)(完美版) 整合博士英語(yǔ)復(fù)習(xí)資料分?jǐn)?shù)組成：卷面80分+出勤10分+口試10分卷面：一. 聽(tīng)力選擇（放2遍）：1分*10=10分二. 給出后綴，要求寫(xiě)出它的意思，并以此后綴造詞并寫(xiě)出中文意思：分*10=5分三、單復(fù)數(shù)的變化四. 選擇正確的解釋并將所選選項(xiàng)翻譯成中文（神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)、消化系統(tǒng)、心血管系統(tǒng)、呼吸系統(tǒng)、藥理）：本題出自各章課后習(xí)題Multiple choice部分：1分*10=10分五. 2段英翻中（醫(yī)學(xué)科普）：5分*2=10分2段中翻英（一般為中醫(yī)）：內(nèi)容包括證、病機(jī)、癥狀、治則的翻譯,書(shū)中以肺為例，考試中可以變?yōu)槠⒌扰K。詳見(jiàn)博士生醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)教材中的IX、X、XI：10分

2、*2=20分六. 給一段中文科普文章，翻譯成80字左右的英文摘要七. 作文：Economic Growth and Environment(80字) A4紙手寫(xiě)、不能從網(wǎng)上下，夾在卷子里：10分一復(fù)數(shù)形式（教科書(shū)P4243）AmpullaAmpullae 尾突（另有一意思為壺腹）CoronaCoronae 冠狀 VertebraVertebrae 脊椎BronchusBronchi 支氣管CapillusCapili 毛發(fā)FungusFungi 真菌OmphalosOmphali 臍GenusGenera 屬StercusStercora 糞GonadGonades 性腺TestisTeste

3、s 睪丸DiagnosisDiagnoses 診斷PsychosisPsychoses 精神病EpididymisEpididymides 附睪ThoraxThoraces 胸部AppendixAppendices 闌尾PollexPollices 拇指MeninxMeninges 腦脊膜CariesCaries齲齒DermaDermata 真皮，皮膚SarcomaSarcomata 肉瘤StomaStomata 口FlagellumFlagella 鞭毛LabiumLabia 唇ProtozoonProtozoa 原生動(dòng)物格（p17p20）及課后練習(xí)題I的所有單詞。筆者按后綴相關(guān)性順序排列單

4、詞，旨在提供一種相對(duì)好記的方法，可結(jié)合書(shū)內(nèi)表格記憶。 形容詞性后綴：心臟的（-ac： pertaining to） 支氣管的 先天的 髂的 舌下的 扁桃體的 目的 HEPA 肝的 傳染的 食道的 喉的 睫狀的 粘液的纖維性的(-ous: containing) 分泌脂質(zhì)的(-ous: secreting)囊樣的（-oid: resembling） 腺樣的名詞性后綴：肉瘤(-oma: tumor)腦瘤 HEPA 肝炎(-itis: inflammation) 胃炎 心包炎喉炎 切牙（-or：refers to a doer, person or thing） ASPIRA 抽吸（-or：that

5、 which） 心包（-ium：a part related to a whole） 上腹部 貧血（-ia: condition） 恐懼癥 營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良 脾腫大 栓塞（-ism: condition, usuallythe result of a prior condition） 膿毒病(-sis：condition) 硬化(-osis: abnormal condition) 皮膚病 動(dòng)脈硬化（-sclerosis: a hardening） 骨軟化（-malacia： softening） 動(dòng)脈狹窄（-stenosis: a narrowing） 殺菌劑（-e： that which） 解毒劑

6、 驗(yàn)眼鏡(-e: instrument) 驗(yàn)眼鏡(-scope: instrument for viewing) 膀胱鏡(-scopy: examination)溫度計(jì)（-meter： instruments for measuring） 骨盆測(cè)量（-metry： measurement） 關(guān)節(jié)刀(-tome: instrument for cutting) 關(guān)節(jié)痛（-algia: pain） 心痛 泄瀉（-rrhea：flow， discharge） 胃出血（-rrhagia： excessive flow）足醫(yī)學(xué)(-iatry：branch of medicine) 老年學(xué) 眼?。?pat

7、hy: disease） 藥理學(xué)（-logy: process of studying） 泌尿科醫(yī)生（-logist: one who specializes in） 牙醫(yī)（同上） 兒科醫(yī)生 肝破裂（-rrhrxis: rupture） 疝縫合術(shù)(-rrhaphy: suturing) 肝固定術(shù)(-pexy: fixing by suturing) 骨成形術(shù)（-plasty: surgical repair）顱骨切開(kāi)術(shù)（-tomy： incision） 闌尾切除術(shù)（-ectomy： cutting off） 扁桃體切除術(shù) 胃造口術(shù)（-stomy： making an opening into

8、or a connection between） 吻合術(shù)(同上) 白細(xì)胞（-cyte: cell） 細(xì)胞缺乏癥（-penia： deficiency）原始血細(xì)胞（-blast： a cell that is primitive） 溶血（-lysis: dissolution） 支氣管灌洗術(shù)（-clysis： washing）制菌(-stasis: halting) 腎下垂（-ptosis: a falling） 腎盂擴(kuò)張（-ectasia: dilatation） -plegia： stroke） 心電圖描記(-graphy：process of recording) 甲狀腺腫(-cele:

9、hernia)羊膜穿刺術(shù)(-centesis：surgical puncture to withdraw fluid)關(guān)于各大系統(tǒng)相關(guān)單詞總結(jié)：本部分需結(jié)合書(shū)中題目記憶，筆者這里只做正確選項(xiàng)的標(biāo)注翻譯 The Nervous System（Exercise III、VII）: dendrites樹(shù)突 axon軸突 convergence收斂性 microglia 小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞 Exercise VII：1. c apraxia 失用 2. d apoplexy 中風(fēng) 3. b embolism 栓塞 4. a coma 昏迷5. b grand mal 癲癇大發(fā)作 6. c hydrocepha

10、lus 腦積水 7. d hypertension 高血壓8. b myasthenia gravis 重癥肌無(wú)力 9. c multiple sclerosis 多發(fā)性硬化 10. b shingles 帶狀皰疹 11. a spina bifida 脊柱裂12. b subdural hematoma 硬膜下血腫 13. c ischemia 缺血14. a gliomas 神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤 15. c metastasis 轉(zhuǎn)移CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM(Exercise VI):9、10劃掉 1. a heart block 心臟傳導(dǎo)阻滯 2. c pericarditis

11、心包炎 3. d tachycardia 心動(dòng)過(guò)速4. b myocardial infarction 心梗 5. d hypertension高血壓 6. b aneurysm 動(dòng)脈瘤 7. b murmur 雜音 8. b atherosclerosis 動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化 9. 10.11. a pernicious anemia 惡性貧血 12. a infectious mononucleosis 傳單 13. c varicose veins 靜脈曲張14. b sickle cell anemia 鐮狀細(xì)胞性貧血 15. c hemophilia 血友病 16. c leukemia

12、白血病THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (Exercise V): 1. b dyspnea 呼吸困難2. c Cheyne-Stokes 潮式呼吸 3. b pertussis 百日咳4. d hyaline membrane disease 新生兒呼吸窘迫綜合癥5. a atelectasis 肺不張 6. c tuberbulosis 肺結(jié)核 7. a silicosis 矽肺 8. c emphysema 肺氣腫 9. b pleurisy 胸膜炎 10. a aspiration 抽胸水THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM (Exercise VI) 1. b col

13、d sore 單純性皰疹 2. d leukoplakia 粘膜白斑 3. c intussusception 腸套疊 4. b diverticula 憩室 5. a melena 黑便6. b serum hepatitis 乙肝 7. a cirrhosis 肝硬化 8. c neoplasm 肝囊腫 9. b ascites 腹水三選擇（注：此處為避免混淆，只記錄正確答案，剩余選項(xiàng)忽略不計(jì)） 神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)1. The afferent processes of nerve cells are the: dendrites 樹(shù)突 ?dendrait2. Those processes tha

14、t conduct impulses away from neurons are the: axons 軸突 ?ks?n3. The transmission of impulses by many neurons to a single neuron is known as: convergence 會(huì)聚 4. Which of the following supportive nerve cells act as phagocytes: microglia 小膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞phagocyte ?f?usait吞噬細(xì)胞5. Which of the following is not conside

15、red part of the central nervous system? nerves originating from the brain and the spinal cord 腦和脊髓發(fā)出的神經(jīng) 6. The inability to perform certain body movements is known as: apraxia 失用癥Apraxia ?pr?ksi? 失用; 精神性運(yùn)動(dòng)不能7. The medical word for stroke is: apoplexy 腦卒中 ?p?pleksi -plexy 發(fā)作,中8. A blood clot that lea

16、ves its original site and blocks an artery is called: embolism 栓塞9. An abnormal deep sleep is called: coma 昏迷 ?k?um?10. The more serious form of epileptic seizure is referred to as: grand mal 癲癇大發(fā)作epileptic seizure .epileptik si:? n.癲癇發(fā)作11. The medical word for an excessive amount of cerebrospinal f

17、luid in the ventricles of the brain is: hydrocephalus 腦積水Cerebrospinal .seribr?uspain?l adj 腦脊髓的的12. A sympathectomy is performed to relive: hypertension 高血壓sympathectomy ?simp?ekt?mi 交感神經(jīng)阻斷術(shù) 13. A general feeling of muscular weakness and fatigue resulting from a lack of acetylcholine:myasthenia gra

18、vis 重癥肌無(wú)力 myasthenia mai?s?i?ni?肌無(wú)力 gravis 重的,劇烈的acetylcholine ?si?t?l?k?ulin 乙酰膽堿14. A condition in which the myelin coverings of the brain and spinal cord are destroyed and the gray and white matters become hard: multiple sclerosis 多發(fā)性硬化spinal cord n.脊髓15. A viral infection characterized by bliste

19、rlike sores on the skin: shingles ?i?g?l帶狀皰疹Blisterlike像水泡樣16. A congenital defect characterized by a protruding sac containing cerebrospinal fluid: spina bifida 脊柱裂 congenital defect 先天性缺陷protrude pr?tru:d vi.突出 sac s?k 囊 cerebrospinal fluid 腦脊液17. A blood clot originating in one of the membranes c

20、overing the brain: subdural hematoma 硬膜下血腫 subdural n.硬膜下的 hematoma ?hi?m?t?um? 血腫18. The medical word indicating the obstruction of a blood vessel: ischemia 缺血19. Malignant tumors originating from the supportive nerve cells: gliomas 神經(jīng)膠質(zhì)瘤lai?um? malignant tumors 惡性腫瘤20. The medical word indicating

21、the spread of malignant tumors to other areas of the body: metastasis 轉(zhuǎn)移m?t?st?sis心血管系統(tǒng)1. The obstruction of electrical impulses moving from the atria to the ventricles is called: heart block 心傳導(dǎo)阻滯atria 房,前房 ventricle ?ventrikl 腦室; 室2. Inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart is known as: peric

22、arditis 心包炎 ?perik?daitis3. A type of arrhythmia: AV block, 房室傳導(dǎo)阻滯 tachycardia 心動(dòng)過(guò)速 tachy-速,快速 4. Necrosis of an area of heart tissue due to insufficient blood supply: myocardial infraction 心肌梗死 necrosis ne?kr?usis 壞死 myocardial ?mai?u?k?di?l 心肌的 myo-肌5. The medical term for high blood pressure: hyp

23、ertension 高血壓6. The ballooning of a blood vessel: aneurysm 動(dòng)脈瘤 aneurysm ?nj?r?z(?)m 動(dòng)脈瘤7. Abnormal heart sound resulting from incompetent heart valves: murmur 心臟雜音heart valve 心臟瓣膜8. Abnormal condition in which fatty plaques adhere to the walls of a blood vessel: atherosclerosis 動(dòng)脈粥樣硬化 fatty plaque 脂

24、肪斑塊11. The type of anemia brought on by absence of an intrinsic factor necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12: pernicious anemia 惡性貧血 pernicious p?ni?s 惡性的12. A viral infection characterized by enlarged lymph glands, sore throat, fever, and fatigue: infectious mononucleosis 傳染性單核細(xì)胞增多癥enlarged l

25、ymph gland 淋巴結(jié)腫大 mononucleosis ?m?n?unju?kli?usis 單核白細(xì)胞增多癥13. Abnormal enlarging and twisting of leg veins: varicose veins 靜脈曲張 varicose ?v?rik?us曲張的14. A type of anemia in which the erythrocytes change their shape at low oxygen levels: sickle cell anemia 鐮形紅細(xì)胞貧血 erythrocyte i?rir?usait紅細(xì)胞; 紅血細(xì)胞15.

26、Hereditary bleeding disease affecting only male offspring: hemophilia 血友病hereditary hi?redit?ri a.遺傳的，遺傳性的； offspring ?f?spri? n.子女，子孫，后代16. A form of cancer in which there is an uncontrolled increase of white blood cells: leukemia 白血病 呼吸系統(tǒng)1. Labored breathing: dyspnea 呼吸困難 -pnea 呼吸 apnea 呼吸暫停 2. Hy

27、perpnea followed by apnea: Cheyne-Stokes 陳-施呼吸（潮式呼吸）3. An infectious disease that produces a proximal whooping type of coughs: pertussispertussis p?t?sis 百日咳 proximal 接近的,鄰近的4. A respiratory disease affecting the newborn in which the alveoli are covered with a thick membrane: hyaline membrane diseas

28、e 肺透明膜?。ㄐ律鷥汉粑狡染C合征）hyaline 透明的,玻璃樣的5. Collapse of lungs: atelectasis 肺不張 atel- 發(fā)育不全 -ectasis 擴(kuò)張,膨脹6. An infectious disease of the lungs in which the bacteria become encapsulated: tuberculosis 結(jié)核TBtju:.b?:kjul?usis7. An example of a pneumoconiosis: silicosis 矽肺pneumo- 肺回戲,空氣coni (單conus)圓錐,錐體-osis 病8

29、. A condition in which lung tissues swell and lose their elasticity: emphysema .emfisi:m? 肺氣腫 elasticity 彈性emphy 肺氣腫 9. Inflammation of the serous membrane covering the lungs and thoracic cavity: pleurisy 胸膜炎 serous ?si?r?s血清的 thoracic cavity 胸腔9. Process of removing fluid from pleural cavity: aspir

30、ation 抽吸pleural cavity 胸膜腔 plur? 消化系統(tǒng)1. A virus, herpes simplex, causes a blister to erupt on the mucous membrane lining of the mouth: cold sore 唇皰疹blister n.水皰, mucous membrane n.粘膜2. Inflamed patches of mucous membrane that can become malignant: leukoplakia lu:k?pleiki?粘膜白斑3. The invagination of o

31、ne portion of intestine into another: intussusceptions .int?ss?sep?n腸套疊invagination 內(nèi)陷 intestine n.腸 intestinal 腸的,在腸內(nèi)的4. Pouches that form on the intestinal wall: diverticula腸憩室 pouch n.小袋5. Bloody stools: melena m?li:n? 黑便6. A form of liver disease caused by a blood transfusion with contaminated b

32、lood: serum hepatitis 血清性肝炎 serum 血清7. Scarred condition of the liver that results in impeded circulation of blood: cirrhosis sir?usis 肝硬化 impede vt.阻礙，妨礙，阻止8. The development of new but abnormal tissue: neoplasm 腫瘤 ni:?upl?z?mplasm 漿,原生質(zhì),形成物質(zhì)9. The buildup of excessive fluid in the peritoneal cavit

33、y: ascites 腹水?saitizperitoneal ,perit?ni:?l n.腹膜的 peritoneal cavity 腹膜腔 buildup 積累,聚集,增長(zhǎng),增加藥理：Antitussives are drugs that suppress coughing.?ntit?siv n. 止咳藥, 鎮(zhèn)咳藥adj. 鎮(zhèn)咳的 tussive adj. 咳嗽的 Antispasmodic drugs are used to relieve bronchial spasms. ?ntisp?zmdik解痙藥spasm n.痙攣；突發(fā)一陣spasmodic 痙攣(性)的,間歇的 anti

34、spasmodic adj. 止痙攣的n. 鎮(zhèn)痙藥中樞系統(tǒng)藥物Stimulants stimulant ?stimjul?nt increase CNS activity 興奮藥 Depressants depressant dipres?nt decrease CNS activity 抑制藥 Analgesics analgesic ?n?l?d?i:zik a substance that reduces pain 止痛藥 Hypnotics hypnotic hipn?tik drugs that produce sleep hyp-在?下 安眠藥 Sedatives sedative

35、 ?sed?tiv has a calming,tranquilizing effect 鎮(zhèn)靜藥 Barbiturates barbiturates b:bitju?rits 巴比妥類(lèi) a powerful drug that makes you feel calm and relaxed or puts you to sleep. Anesthetics anesthetic ?nis?etik causes a loss of awareness and sensation麻醉藥 ?Tranquilizers tranquilizer tr?kwilaiz? reduce mental t

36、ension 安定藥關(guān)于中醫(yī)翻譯的常用詞組: 急性熱病 acute febrile disease 外感病 external disease 溫病 warm disease 病因 cause of disease辨證論治 syndrome differentiation and treatment IX先天之精 innate essence 后天之精 acquired essence 水谷 foods and fluids腎氣/陰/陽(yáng) kidney qi/yin/yang 溫煦作用 warming influence運(yùn)化 transportation and transformation精主生

37、長(zhǎng)、生殖 jing governing/dominating growth and reproduction助神 aiding the mind/shen 安神 anchor the shen 氣生血 qi produce blood 氣攝血 qi hold the blood氣為血之帥，血為氣之母 qi is the commander of blood, and blood is the mother of qi 血虛 deficient blood 血滯 stagnant blood 血熱 heat in the blood行腎氣 promoting kidney qi 生髓 produ

38、cing marrow 耳聾 deafness 頭暈 dizziness 耳鳴 tinnitus 發(fā)白 graying 衰老 senility 陽(yáng)痿 impotence腰痛 lower back pain X、XI（具體藥不用記） 病例 case history病機(jī) mechanism of disease 累及衛(wèi)分（氣/營(yíng)/血）wei(qi/ying/xue) system may become involved變化快 evolves rapidly證 syndrome（書(shū)中說(shuō)的是symptom-complexes） 痰熱阻肺 blockage of the lung by phlegm-h

39、eat 風(fēng)邪襲肺 invasion of the lung by pathogenic wind 邪熱襲肺 invasion of the lung by pathogenic heat 邪熱內(nèi)陷心包 penetration of pathogenic heat into the pericardium氣虛精虧 deficiency of vital energy and vital essence 亡陽(yáng) depletion of yang痰留熱戀 remaining phlegm and pathogenic heat 治則 principle of treatment祛熱毒化痰 remov

40、ing toxic heat from the lung and resolving phlegm祛痰 eliminating phlegm 清肺 clearing lung 潤(rùn)肺 moisten lung清營(yíng)分邪熱 dispelling pathogenic heat from the ying system醒神 resuscitating the patient回陽(yáng)救逆 restoring vital function from collapse and reinforcing vital energy用辛涼藥?kù)畋硇?dispelling pathogenic factors from t

41、he exterior of the body with herbs pungent in flavor/taste and cool in property/nature 臨表 manifestations無(wú)汗 absence of sweating 大汗 profuse sweating 少汗 scanty sweating動(dòng)則汗出 sweating on exertion 畏寒 intolerance of cold 寒戰(zhàn) chill 發(fā)熱 fever中等熱 moderate fever 午后潮熱 afternoon fever五心煩熱 feverish sensation in the

42、 palms and soles 顴紅 malar flush 乏力 lassitude持續(xù)高熱夜甚 protracted high fever that is worse at night煩熱 heat and restlessness 大渴 extreme thirst 譫語(yǔ) delirium昏迷 loss of consciousness 抽搐 convulsion 項(xiàng)強(qiáng) stiff neck四肢厥冷 cold limbs面色蒼白 pallid countenance 紫紺 cyanosis 哮 wheezing氣短 shortness of breath 咳嗽 cough 干咳 dry

43、 cough咯白粘痰/膿痰/銹色痰/血絲 expectoration of white mucoid /purulent/rust-colored/blood-flecked sputum 鼻翼扇動(dòng) flaring of the nostrils 口唇干燥 dry mouth and lips胸痛咳甚 chest pain exacerbated by coughing胸悶或痛 suffocating or painful sensation in the chest 胸痛厲害 sharp chest pain兩脅鈍痛 dull pain in the hypochondrium 食欲不振 a

44、norexia腹脹 abdominal distention 便秘 constipation少尿 concentrated urine舌邊紅 reddened tongue border 舌邊紫 purpura at the tongue border 舌干 dry tongue 少苔 scanty tongue苔薄白或略黃 thin white or light yellow fur 舌中剝脫苔 shedding of some fur in the middle 浮數(shù)脈 floating and rapid pulse洪脈 gigantic pulse 滑脈 slippery pulse

45、細(xì)脈 thready pulse 沉脈 deep pulse 弦脈 wiry pulse 方 prescription 湯 decoction加減 modifications 加*藥 add 減*藥 omit*湯合*湯 in combination with 沖服 take with the decoction 先煎 decocted first 驗(yàn)方 proven recipes 主穴 main points 刺血 prick to bloodlet 瀉法 reducing method 補(bǔ)法 reinforcing method 留/埋針 retain/embed needle隨癥取穴 p

46、oints according to manifestations 草藥 herbal medicines 中藥 Chinese pharmacyLiver Blood Deficiency SyndromeIt refers to insufficient liver blood, usually caused by insufficient blood production or massive blood loss, or injury to liver blood in a chronic disease.【Clinical Manifestations】Dizziness, pale

47、 complexion, blurred vision ，numbness of limbs, tremor of hands and feet, joint motion problem, scanty volume of menses, or even amenorrhea, pale tongue with white fur and thready pulseSyndrome of Liver Qi StagnationIt refers to emotional problems and rage that impair the liver, or other pathogenic

48、factors, impeding smooth flow of liver qi. 【Clinical Manifestations】Distending pain or scurrying pain in the chest and lower abdomen, depression or bad temper, frequent deep sighing, thin white fur and wiry pulse, or distending pain in womens breasts, irregular menses, dysmenorrhea , closely related

49、 to emotional changesKidney Essence Insufficiency SyndromeIt refers to the syndrome due to the decreased function in growth, development and reproduction because of kidney essence deficiency, usually caused by insufficient innate endowment, congenital defect, or improper postnatal nursing, or excess

50、ive sexual activity, or kidney essence injury in a chronic disease.【Clinical Manifestations】Retarded development of children, short figure, feeble bones, sluggish movement, infertility , poorsexual function, presenility of adults, tinnitus or poor hearing, amnesia and weak feetHeart-Kidney Yang Defi

51、ciency SyndromeIt is caused by declined yang qi of the heart ,with the kidney involved in a chronic condition, or kidney yang deficiency, dysfunction in qi transformation, upward attack of the heart by retained water.【Clinical Manifestations】Cold body and limbs, palpitation, weakness and cold in the

52、 lower back and knees, edema, difficult urination, purple lips and nails, pale purple tongue with white and slippery fur and faint pulseSyndrome of Invasion of the lung by liver fireIt is usually caused by liver injury by rage, accumulated qi transforming into fire, or invasion of the lung by revers

53、ed rise of heat, which accumulates in the liver.【Clinical Manifestations】Burning pain in the chest and hypochondrium, dizziness with distending pain in the head, irritability and bad temper, bloodshot eyes, bitter taste in the mouth, coughing, even spitting blood, red tongue with thin white fur, and wiry rapid pulseCold SyndromeIt is caused by exposure to external pathogenic cold, o