上海高考實(shí)用英語語法復(fù)習(xí)筆記

1、上海高考實(shí)用英語語法筆記第一部分 詞法Chapter 1. 主謂一致一、概念：主謂一致是指：1)語法形式上要一致,即單復(fù)數(shù)形式及謂語要一致。2)意義上要一致,即主語意義上的單復(fù)數(shù)要及謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式一致。3)就近原則,即謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)形式取決于最靠近它的詞語,一般來說,不可數(shù)名詞用動(dòng)詞單數(shù),可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)用動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)。例如：There is much water in the thermos.但當(dāng)不可數(shù)名詞前有表示數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Ten thousand tons of coal were produced last year.二、相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講1、并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)謂語

2、用復(fù)數(shù),例如：Reading and writing are very important. 注：當(dāng)主語由and連結(jié)時(shí),如果表示一個(gè)單一的概念,即指同一人或同一物時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù),and 此時(shí)連接的兩個(gè)詞前只有一個(gè)冠詞。例如：The iron and steel industry is very important to our life. 鋼鐵工業(yè)對(duì)我們的生活有重要意義。2、主謂一致中的靠近原則 1)當(dāng)there be句型的主語是一系列事物時(shí),謂語應(yīng)及最鄰近的主語保持一致。例如：There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk. 桌

3、上有一支筆、一把小刀和幾本書。There are twenty boy-students and twenty-three girl-students in the class.班上有二十個(gè)男孩,二十三個(gè)女孩。2)當(dāng)either or 及neither nor,連接兩個(gè)主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞及最鄰近的主語保持一致。如果句子是由here, there引導(dǎo),而主語又不止一個(gè)時(shí),謂語通常也和最鄰近的主語一致。例如：Either you or she is to go. 不是你去,就是她去。Here is a pen, a few envelops and some paper for you. 給你筆、信

4、封和紙。3、謂語動(dòng)詞及前面的主語一致 當(dāng)主語有with, together with, like, except, but, no less than, as well as 等詞組成的短語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞及前面的主語部分一致。例如：The teacher together with some students is visiting the factory. 教師和一些學(xué)生在參觀工廠。 He as well as I wants to go boating.他和我想去劃船。4、謂語需用單數(shù)的情況1)代詞each以及由every, some, no, any等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞作主語時(shí),或主語中含有e

5、ach, every時(shí), 謂語需用單數(shù)。例如：Each of us has a tape-recorder. /There is something wrong with my watch. 2)當(dāng)主語是一本書或一條格言時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞常用單數(shù)。例如：The Arabian Night is a book known to lovers of English. 3)表示金錢,時(shí)間,價(jià)格或度量衡的復(fù)合名詞作主語時(shí),通常把這些名詞看作一個(gè)整體,謂語一般用單數(shù)。例如：Three weeks was allowed for making the necessary preparations. /Ten y

6、uan is enough. 5、指代意義決定謂語的單復(fù)數(shù) 1)代詞what, which, who, none, some, any, more, most, all等詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由其指代的詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定。2)集體名詞作主語時(shí),謂語的數(shù)要根據(jù)主語的意思來決定。如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等詞后,謂語動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)集體中的各個(gè)成員,用單數(shù)時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)該集體的整體。例如：His family are music lovers. 但集合名詞people, police, cattle, poultry等在任何情

7、況下都用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Are there any police around? 附近有警察嗎?3)有些名詞,如variety, number, population, proportion, majority等有時(shí)看作單數(shù),有時(shí)看作復(fù)數(shù)。例如：A number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞：A number of books have lent out./ The majority of the students like English.The number of +名詞復(fù)數(shù)+單數(shù)動(dòng)詞：The number of books is 53 .6、及后接名詞或代詞保持一致的情況1)用half o

8、f, most of, none of, heaps of, lots of, plenty of 等引起主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞通常及of后面的名詞/代詞保持一致。例如：Most of his money is spent on books. 他大部分的錢化在書上了。Most of the students are taking an active part in sports. 大部分學(xué)生積極參及體育運(yùn)動(dòng)。2)用a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of 等引起主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞通常用單數(shù)。例如：A series of accidents has

9、 been reported. 媒體報(bào)道了一連串的事故。A pile of lots was set beside the hearth. 爐邊有一堆木柴。3)如many a 或 more than one 所修飾的短語作主語時(shí),謂語動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式。但由more than of 作主語時(shí),動(dòng)詞應(yīng)及其后的名詞或代詞保持一致。例如：Many a person has read the novel.許多人讀過這本書。 More than 60 percent of the students are from the city.百分之六十多的學(xué)生來自這個(gè)城市。Chapter 2. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一、概念

10、：英語的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞有以下五種形式：(1) 動(dòng)詞原形：動(dòng)詞原形在句子中形式不變。主要用于主語為非第三人稱單數(shù)的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),情態(tài)動(dòng)詞之后,或根據(jù)語法規(guī)定必須用動(dòng)詞原形的其他情況。(2) 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)第三人稱單數(shù)形式(簡(jiǎn)稱現(xiàn)單三)：主要用于主語為第三人稱單數(shù)的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。(3) 過去式：主要用于一般過去時(shí)。(4) 現(xiàn)在分詞：主要用于進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài),或語法規(guī)定的其他情況。(5) 過去分詞：主要用于完成時(shí)態(tài),或語法規(guī)定的其他情況。動(dòng)詞一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)第三人稱單數(shù)(現(xiàn)單三)的構(gòu)成,見下表：詞尾變化(規(guī)律及名詞變復(fù)數(shù)相同,讀音也及名詞復(fù)數(shù)相同)舉例一般加-sHelp-helps; read-reads在ch, sh, s,

11、 x 或元音字母o后面加-esDo, fix, pass, push, teach -does, fixes, passes, pushes, teaches以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的詞,變y為i再加-esTry, study - tries, stuides動(dòng)詞過去式和過去分詞,大多數(shù)是動(dòng)詞原形+ ed 構(gòu)成,這是規(guī)則動(dòng)詞。規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的拼寫和讀音規(guī)則如下表：詞尾變化舉例詞尾讀音動(dòng)詞后面加-edHelp-helped,Work-worked,Watch-watched清輔音之后讀tWant-wanted need-neededt ,d之后讀tTurn-turned play-played元音和濁輔音(

12、d除外)之后讀d以不發(fā)音的“e”結(jié)尾的詞,加-dLove-loved,Serve-served結(jié)尾是輔音字母+y時(shí),y變i,再加-edStudy-studied,Try-tried結(jié)尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)詞,雙寫輔音字母再加-edStop-stopped,Drop-dropped清輔音之后讀t不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過去式和過去分詞有其特殊變化形式,需要個(gè)別記憶,同時(shí)也要善于發(fā)現(xiàn)不規(guī)則中的規(guī)則,即某些字母組合的不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞有一定的規(guī)律。如：weepwept, sleepslept, sweepswept?，F(xiàn)在分詞一律由動(dòng)詞原形加-ing構(gòu)成,規(guī)則如下表：詞尾變化舉例一般加-ingLook-looki

13、ng, try-trying以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的詞,去掉e,再加-ingWrite-writing, dance-dancing以一個(gè)輔音字母(x除外)詞尾的重讀閉音節(jié)詞,先雙寫詞尾的輔音字母,再加-ingBegin-beginning, swim-swimming,Run-running, sit-sitting以-ie結(jié)尾的詞,變ie為y,再加-ingDie-dying, lie-lying時(shí)態(tài)是英語謂語動(dòng)詞的一種形式,表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間和所處的狀態(tài)。英語中的時(shí)態(tài)是通過動(dòng)詞形式本身的變化來實(shí)現(xiàn)的。為了學(xué)習(xí)的方便,人們把時(shí)間分為四個(gè)階段：“現(xiàn)在、過去、將來、過去將來”。 英語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作在

14、以上每個(gè)時(shí)間段中分別有四種狀態(tài)：一般、進(jìn)行、完成和完成進(jìn)行,因此英語有16種時(shí)態(tài)。以do為例,列表如下：時(shí)態(tài)一般進(jìn)行完成完成進(jìn)行現(xiàn)在時(shí)Does; doAm/is/are+doingHas/have+doneHas/have+been doing過去時(shí)DidWas/were+doingHad doneHad been doing將來時(shí)Shall/will+doShall/will be +doingShall/will have + doneShall/will+havebeendoing過去將來時(shí)Should/would/+doWould/should+be doingShould/would

15、+havedoneWould/should+ have been doing16個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)中,常用的有12個(gè)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)、一般過去時(shí)、一般將來時(shí)、過去將來時(shí)、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)、過去進(jìn)行時(shí)、將來進(jìn)行時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)、過去完成時(shí)、將來完成時(shí)、現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)和過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。其他時(shí)態(tài)很少單獨(dú)使用。下面我們把各種時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成和用法做一個(gè)全面的介紹。二、相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)精講：1、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(1)構(gòu)成：通常以動(dòng)詞原形表示。主語為第三人稱單數(shù)時(shí),用現(xiàn)單三形式。動(dòng)詞be和have(表示“擁有”)各人稱的單數(shù)形式為：第一人稱單數(shù)第二人稱單數(shù)第三人稱單數(shù)HaveHaveHaveHasBeAmAreis一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的否定式、疑問式和簡(jiǎn)單

16、回答形式如下：動(dòng)詞be 及 have(表示“擁有”)：否定式直接把not放在動(dòng)詞之后,疑問式直接把動(dòng)詞放在主語之前,見下表：否定式疑問式BeHaveBeHaveI am not (Im not)I have not (havent)Am i?Have i?You are not (arent)You have not (havent)Are you?Have you?He is not (isnt)He has not (hasnt)Is he ?Has he ?動(dòng)詞be 的否定疑問式和簡(jiǎn)單回答：否定疑問式肯定回答否定回答Am I not (arent i)?Yes, you are.No,

17、you arentAre you not (arent you)?Yes, I am.No, Im not.Is he not (isnt he)?Yes, he is.No, he isnt動(dòng)詞have(表示“擁有”) 的否定疑問式和簡(jiǎn)單回答：否定疑問式肯定回答否定回答Have I not (havent i)?Yes, you have.No, you havent.Have you not (havent you)?Yes, I have.No, I havent.Has he not (hasnt he)?Yes, he has.No, he hasnt.注意：have 作為行為動(dòng)詞則

18、只能按照行為動(dòng)詞的規(guī)則變化。行為動(dòng)詞(以study為例)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的否定式、疑問式和簡(jiǎn)單回答(注意要加助動(dòng)詞do/does)否定式疑問式I do not (dont) studyDo I studyYou do not (dont) studyDo you studyHe does not (doesnt) studyDoes he study否定疑問句式簡(jiǎn)單回答(肯定/否定)Do I not (Dont I) study?Yes, I do. No, I dont.Do you not (Dont you) study?Yes, you do. No, you dont.Does he no

19、t (Doesnt he) study?Yes, he does. No, he doesnt.(2)用法：1)表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作,常及often, usually, always, sometimes, every day, once a week, on Sundays, never 等表示經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的時(shí)間狀語連用。例如：I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七點(diǎn)離開家。2)表示客觀真理,客觀存在,科學(xué)事實(shí)或用于強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的永久性、經(jīng)常或反復(fù)性。例如：The earth moves around the sun. 地球繞太

20、陽轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)。/Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中國(guó)東部。When Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? 冬天來了,春天還會(huì)遠(yuǎn)嗎?(英國(guó)浪漫主義詩人雪萊的名句。)Beauty is truth, truth beauty. 美即真理,真理即美。(英國(guó)浪漫主義詩人濟(jì)慈的名句。)3)表示格言或警句。例如：Pride goes before a fall.驕者必?cái)?。注：此用法如果出現(xiàn)在賓語從句中,即使主句是過去時(shí),從句謂語也要用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。例如：Columbus proved that the earth is ro

21、und. 哥倫布證實(shí)了地球是圓的。4)表示現(xiàn)在時(shí)刻的現(xiàn)狀、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)、能力、性格、個(gè)性。例如：Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英語寫得不錯(cuò),講的可不行。注：一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞,它們用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示心理狀態(tài)的詞：accept, agree, allow, believe, care, dislike, fear, forget, hate, know, like, love, mean, mind, need, prefer, realize, remember, respect, understand, wan

22、t, wish等。還有 admit, decide, permit, promise, receive, refuse等。感官動(dòng)詞和表示狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí)。系動(dòng)詞：如hear, look, notice, see, smell, sound, taste等詞。表示狀態(tài)的詞：be, belong to, exist, have, remain, seem, stay等詞。例如：I see him now,hes talking to a girl. 我看見他了,他正在和一個(gè)女孩說話The warships belong to the navy and the tanks belong to

23、 the army. 軍艦屬于海軍,坦克屬于陸軍。The tea tastes fresh. 這茶味道很新鮮。5)少數(shù)動(dòng)詞如go, come, leave, arrive, begin, start, be 等的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)可以表示按規(guī)定、計(jì)劃或安排預(yù)計(jì)要發(fā)生的事情。例如：The plane takes off at six past five.飛機(jī)將于六點(diǎn)零五分起飛。6)在時(shí)間和條件狀語從句中可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替一般將來時(shí)。如When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in ca

24、se (that), unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, immediately等引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語從句,條件句。 He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京,就去看他姨媽。注：在make sure (certain) 后面的從句常用現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來時(shí)：There arent many seats left for the concert; youd better make sure that you get

25、one today. 7)在某些以here, there 開頭的句子中如：Here/There+動(dòng)詞+名詞主語、Here/There+代詞主語+動(dòng)詞,用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：There goes the bell.鈴響了。8)在進(jìn)行體育比賽過程中解說員敘述迅速、短暫動(dòng)作時(shí),可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示正在進(jìn)行的或剛剛發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如：Bater passes the ball to Yao Ming. Yao shoots?A fine shot! 巴特爾把球傳給姚明,姚明投籃,好球!9)在戲劇、電影等的劇本或圖片的說明文字中,可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示動(dòng)作。例如：When the curtain

26、 rises, Juliet is sitting at her desk. The phone rings. She picks it up and listens quietly. 幕啟,朱麗葉坐在桌旁。電話鈴響,她拿起聽筒,靜靜地聽著。比較：Now I put the sugar in the cup. &I am doing my homework now. 第一句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),用于操作演示或指導(dǎo)說明的示范性動(dòng)作,表示言行的瞬間動(dòng)作。第二句中的now是進(jìn)行時(shí)的標(biāo)志,表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作的客觀狀況,所以后句用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。2、一般過去時(shí)(1)構(gòu)成：一般過去時(shí)通常由動(dòng)詞過去式表示。一般過去時(shí)的

27、否定式、疑問式和簡(jiǎn)單回答形式要用助動(dòng)詞do 的過去式did, 同時(shí)注意實(shí)義動(dòng)詞要用原形。(2)用法：一般過去時(shí)動(dòng)詞主要表示過去某一時(shí)刻或某一段時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況,其中包括習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作,通常及表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。1)在確定的過去時(shí)間里所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)。例如：時(shí)間狀語有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。例如：Where did you go just now? 剛才你上哪兒去了?2)表示在過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi),經(jīng)常性或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。例如： When I was a child, I often playe

28、d football in the street. 我是個(gè)孩子的時(shí)候,常在馬路上踢足球。Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given a warm welcome.Li Hong lived in Shanghai for ten years when she was young.注：如果指的是在過去某事持續(xù)了一段時(shí)間,就要用一般過去時(shí),而不是完成時(shí)態(tài)。在動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí)的句子里通常有時(shí)間狀語,表明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間。如該句中沒有時(shí)間狀語,那么上下文中一定有表明過去的時(shí)間狀語或可以體現(xiàn)“動(dòng)作或情況發(fā)生在過去”這一概念。3)

29、句型：It is time for sb. to do sth到時(shí)間了該了。例如：It is time for you to go to bed.你該睡覺了。 It is time that sb. did sth. 時(shí)間已遲了早該了,例如It is time you went to bed.你早該睡覺了。 would(had)rather sb. did sth.表示寧愿某人做某事。例如：Id rather you came tomorrow.還是明天來吧。4) wish, wonder, think, hope等用過去時(shí),作試探性的詢問、請(qǐng)求、建議等,而一般過去時(shí)表示的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)都已成為過

30、去,現(xiàn)已不復(fù)存在。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以為你想要一些。比較：Christine was an invalid all her life.(她已不在人間。)&Christine has been an invalid all her life.(她現(xiàn)在還活著) Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義：達(dá)比太太已不再住在肯塔基州。) Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years. (含義：現(xiàn)在還住在肯塔基州,有可能指剛離去)注：用過去時(shí)表

31、示現(xiàn)在,表示委婉語氣。動(dòng)詞want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如： Did you want anything else? 您還要些什么嗎?/I wondered if you could help me. 能不能幫我一下。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could, would。例如：Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行車,能借用一些嗎? 3、一般將來時(shí) (1)構(gòu)成：一般將來時(shí)動(dòng)詞表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。主要有以下幾種表現(xiàn)形式：shall/will + 動(dòng)詞原形、be going + 動(dòng)詞不定式、be to + 動(dòng)詞原形、be about + 動(dòng)

32、詞不定式、be doing。(2)用法：1)shall/will + 動(dòng)詞原形表示單純的將來,不涉及主語的主觀意愿。第一人稱I, we用shall 或will,其余用will。will 在陳述句中用于各人稱,在征求意見時(shí)常用于第二人稱。其否定式、疑問式和簡(jiǎn)單回答形式如下：否定式疑問式I shall/will not study.Shall I study?You will not study.Will you study?He will not study.Will he study?否定疑問式簡(jiǎn)單回答(肯定/否定)Shall I not (shant i) study?Yes, you wi

33、ll. No, you wont.Will you not (Wont you) study?Yes, I shall/will. No, I shant/wont.Will he not (Wont he) study.?Yes, he will. No, he wont.例如：Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先讀哪一段呢? Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七點(diǎn)回家好嗎?注：will 用于第一人稱時(shí),可以表示將來的意愿、決心、允諾、命令等;shall用于第二、三人稱時(shí),可以表示說話人的將來的意

34、愿。Shall I open the window? 我打開窗戶好嗎?(征求允諾)You shall have the book as soon as I get it. 我一拿到書就給你。(說話人的允諾)The enemy shall not pass. 決不讓敵人通過。(說話人的保證)I will do my best to help you. 我愿意盡力幫助你。(意愿)Nobody shall be late for the meeting. 任何人開會(huì)都不能遲到。(說話人的命令)2)be going to +不定式,表示將來。主語的意圖,即將做某事,這種打算往往是事先考慮好的。例如：W

35、hat are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?計(jì)劃,安排要發(fā)生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced next month。這出戲下月開播。有跡象要發(fā)生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm.看那烏云,快要下雨了。注：will 和be going to 都可以表示某種意愿。例如：I wont (am not going to) tell you my age.我不(愿意)告訴你我的年齡。 be going to 和will在含義和用法上略

36、有不同。Be going to往往表示事先經(jīng)過考慮的打算;will多表示意愿,決心。有時(shí)不能互換。例如：I have bought some bricks and I am going to build a kitchen with them.我買了些磚,我要用它們蓋個(gè)廚房。(不能用will替換)Can somebody help me? ?I will. 誰能幫我一些嗎?我來。(不能用be going to替換) be going to可用于條件從句,表示單純的將來;will則不能。例如：If you are going to go to the cinema this evening, y

37、oud better take your umbrella with you. 你若今晚去看電影,最好帶著雨傘。3)be +不定式,表示安排、命令或肯定將會(huì)發(fā)生的事情;在問句中表示征求意見。例如：You are not to smoke in this room.你不許在這個(gè)房間里抽煙。(表命令)The President is to arrive in Rome at three oclock this afternoon. 總統(tǒng)今天下午三點(diǎn)到達(dá)羅馬。(表安排)4)be about to +不定式,表示正要、即將發(fā)生的事情。例如：He is about to leave for Beijin

38、g. 他馬上就要去北京了。注：be about to do不能及tomorrow, next week 等表示明確將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語連用。練習(xí)：用be going to 或will.填空：Who will post this letter for me? ?I _. (will)She has bought a length of cloth; she _ (make) herself a dress. (is going to make)4、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) (1)構(gòu)成：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由助動(dòng)詞have + 過去分詞構(gòu)成,助動(dòng)詞have 有人稱和數(shù)的變化。第三人稱單數(shù)用has,其余用have.現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的

39、否定式直接在助動(dòng)詞后面加上not、疑問式是把助動(dòng)詞提到主語之前。以study 為例,其否定式、疑問式和簡(jiǎn)單回答形式如下：否定式疑問式I have not (havent) studied.Have I studied?You have not (havent) studied.Have you studied?He has not (hasnt) studied.Has he studied?否定疑問式簡(jiǎn)單回答(肯定/否定)Have I not (Havent i) studied?Yes, you have. No, you havent.Have you not (Havent you)

40、studied?Yes, I have. No, I havent.Has he not (Hasnt he) studied?Yes, he has. No, he hasnt.(2)用法：1)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常表示在說話之前已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài),其結(jié)果的影響現(xiàn)在還存在。例如：I am sure weve met before. 2)表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),是個(gè)現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài),不及明確表示過去某個(gè)時(shí)間的狀語連用,往往和包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用,如already, ever, , yet,today, these days, recently, now, lately, for,

41、since, in the last/past two weeks/years/days/months, just,so far (到目前為止),up till now (直到現(xiàn)在), up to the present (直到現(xiàn)在)等。如：They have been away for two years./ We havent seen you recently.Up to the present, great changes have taken place. 到現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大變化。注：比較一般過去時(shí)及現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 1)一般過去時(shí)表示過去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過去的事情,強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作,和

42、現(xiàn)在不發(fā)生聯(lián)系；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過去發(fā)生的,強(qiáng)調(diào)過去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響,強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。 2)一般過去時(shí)常及具體的時(shí)間狀語連用,而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常及模糊的時(shí)間狀語連用或無時(shí)間狀語,不能和具體的表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用。一般過去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語：yesterday, last week,ago, in1980, in October, just now等,皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等,皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語。共同的時(shí)間狀語：

43、this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等,但所表達(dá)的意義有所不同。用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示包括“現(xiàn)在 ”而用于一般過去時(shí)則及“現(xiàn)在”無關(guān)。例如：I have written two letters this morning. 今天上午我寫了兩封信。(講話時(shí)仍是上午)I wrote two letters this morning. 今天上午我寫了兩封信。(講話時(shí)是下午或晚上)3)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, k

44、now.一般過去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有open, come, go, leave, arrive, start, die, finish, become, get married lose, fall等。表示短暫意義的動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中不能和包括現(xiàn)在在內(nèi)的表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用,因?yàn)樗鼈儽硎镜膭?dòng)作不能持續(xù)。例如：The old man has died for 4 months.()/ The old man has been dead for 4 months.()注：have (has) been 和have (has) gone的區(qū)別：表示“曾到過某地”要用 “have (has) been

45、”; 表示“已經(jīng)去某地”要用 “have (has) gone”。例如：They have been to Canada. 他們到過加拿大。(現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不在加拿大)They have gone to Canada. 他們到加拿大去了。(可能在路上和已經(jīng)到加拿大).注：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)不能和明確指出時(shí)間的狀語,如yesterday, last year, in 1976, two days ago, just now, when I came in 等連用, 但可以和不明確指出時(shí)間的狀語,如already, yet, sometimes, always, often, before, lately, r

46、ecently, once, twice, ever, never等連用。(3)用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的句型舉例：1)It is the first / second time. that結(jié)構(gòu)中的從句部分,用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如：It is the first time that I have visited the city.這是我第一次訪問這城市。It was the third time that the boy had been late. 2)This is +形容詞最高級(jí)+that結(jié)構(gòu),that 從句要用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如：This is the best film that Ive (ever

47、) seen. 這是我看過的最好的電影。 注：比較since和forSince 用來說明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間,for用來說明動(dòng)作延續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度。例如： I have lived here for more than twenty years./ I have lived here since I was born.并非有for 作為時(shí)間狀語的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。例如：I worked here for more than twenty years. (我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作。) I have worked here for many years.(現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作。)用句型轉(zhuǎn)換的方法,很容易排除非延續(xù)動(dòng)

48、詞在有for/since結(jié)構(gòu)的完成時(shí)中的誤用。1)(對(duì))Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2)(錯(cuò))Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is still getting married now.顯然,第二句不對(duì),它應(yīng)改為 Harry got married six y

49、ears ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.注：since的四種用法：since +過去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點(diǎn)、1980, last month, half past six)。例如：I have been here since 1989. 1989起,我一直在這兒。since +一段時(shí)間+ ago。例如：I have been here since five months ago. 我在這兒,已經(jīng)有五個(gè)月了。since +從句。例如：Great changes have taken place since you left

50、. 你走后,變化可大了。Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我們走后,變化可大了。It is +一段時(shí)間+ since從句。例如：It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有兩年了。注：延續(xù)動(dòng)詞及瞬間動(dòng)詞 用于完成時(shí)的區(qū)別：延續(xù)動(dòng)詞表示經(jīng)驗(yàn)、經(jīng)歷； 瞬間動(dòng)詞表示行為的結(jié)果,不能及表示段的時(shí)間狀語連用。例如：He has completed the work.他已完成了那項(xiàng)工作。 (表結(jié)果)Ive known him since then.我從那時(shí)起就

51、認(rèn)識(shí)他了。(表經(jīng)歷)用于till / until從句的差異：延續(xù)動(dòng)詞用于肯定句,表示做直到 瞬間動(dòng)詞用于否定句,表示到,才。例如：He didnt come back until ten oclock. 他到10 點(diǎn)才回來。He slept until ten oclock.他一直睡到10點(diǎn)。 5、過去完成時(shí) (1)構(gòu)成：一律用had + 過去分詞構(gòu)成。(2)用法：1)表示發(fā)生在過去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前的事情,即“過去的過去”。用過去完成時(shí),必須有一個(gè)過去的時(shí)間或動(dòng)作來作參照,說明在此之前某事已發(fā)生。如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作都是在過去發(fā)生的,先發(fā)生的用過去完成時(shí),后發(fā)生的用一般過去時(shí)。例如：She told

52、 me she had been there three times before. 她告訴我她以前到過那里三次。(“去過”發(fā)生在“告訴”之前)It was five years since I had left middle school.(以過去為依據(jù)) 我離開中學(xué)到那時(shí)已經(jīng)有五年了。The film had been on for minutes when he arrived at the cinema. 電影已經(jīng)開始幾分鐘了他才到電影院。2)過去完成時(shí)動(dòng)詞可以表示過去某一時(shí)刻之前發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或呈現(xiàn)的狀態(tài),這一動(dòng)作一直持續(xù)到過去這一時(shí)刻或?qū)⒗^續(xù)下去。例如：When I came to S

53、hanghai, he had been there for a long time. 我到上海時(shí),他在那里很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。3)動(dòng)詞 expect, hope, mean, plan, suppose, think的過去完成時(shí)表示過去未曾實(shí)現(xiàn)的想法、希望、打算或意圖。例如：They had hoped to be able to come and see me. 他們本希望能來看我的。4)過去完成時(shí)常用于no soonerthan 和 hardly(scarcely) when 這兩個(gè)句型,前面部分用過去完成時(shí),后面部分用一般過去時(shí)。例如：No sooner had he stolen the p

54、urse than he was caught red-handed. = He had no sooner stolen the purse than he was caught red-handed. 他剛偷到錢包就被當(dāng)場(chǎng)抓獲。6、將來完成時(shí)(1)構(gòu)成：shall/will + have + 過去分詞(2)用法：將來完成時(shí)動(dòng)詞主要表示在將來的某一時(shí)刻或?qū)淼哪骋粫r(shí)刻之前完成的動(dòng)作,這一動(dòng)作也可能繼續(xù)進(jìn)行。1)狀態(tài)完成：表示某事繼續(xù)到將來某一時(shí)為止一直有的狀態(tài)。例如：They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那時(shí)他們結(jié)婚將有二十年了

55、。2)動(dòng)作完成：表示將來某一時(shí)或另一個(gè)將來的動(dòng)作之前,已經(jīng)完成的動(dòng)作或獲得的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。例如：By seven oclock this afternoon we shall have got to Shanghai if the train keeps good line. By February next year this foreign expert will have been here on this job for five years.7、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) (1)構(gòu)成：由助動(dòng)詞be + 現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成。其中be有人稱和數(shù)的變化,有三種形式：第一人稱單數(shù)用am, 第三人稱單數(shù)用is, 其他用ar

56、e?，F(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的否定式是：直接在助動(dòng)詞be后面加上not;疑問式是：把助動(dòng)詞be提到主語之前。(2)用法：1)表示現(xiàn)在(指說話人說話時(shí))正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作、事情。例如：We are waiting for you. 我們正在等你。2)習(xí)慣進(jìn)行：表示長(zhǎng)期的或重復(fù)性的動(dòng)作,有時(shí)表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行而說話時(shí)動(dòng)作未必正在進(jìn)行。例如：Mr. Green is writing another novel.他在寫另一部小說。(說話時(shí)并未在寫,只處于寫作的狀態(tài)。)3)表示漸變,如come,get, end, leave, return, grow, set out, meet, open, die, arrive, become, turn, run, go, begin等,它們的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)可表示不遠(yuǎn)的將來要發(fā)生的事情。例如：The leaves are turning red. 葉子在變紅。/Its getting warmer and warmer. 天越來越熱了