高一英語語法-定語從句

1、定語從句-Attributive Clauses1定語從句：在復(fù)合句中起起形容詞的作用,用來修飾名詞、名詞性成分或代詞的從句，所以又稱為形容詞性從句。相關(guān)概念：先行詞定語從句中所修飾的名詞、名詞性成分或代詞叫做先行詞。 關(guān)系詞（引導(dǎo)詞）引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語從句的詞。Eg: She is an English teacher (who likes singing songs). I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.2.關(guān)系詞(引導(dǎo)詞)：引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞稱為關(guān)系詞，關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that, which, w

2、ho, whom, whose, as等；關(guān)系副詞有where, when, why等。關(guān)系代詞所代替的先行詞是人或物的名詞或代詞，并在句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、定語等成分。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，從句謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。關(guān)系詞先行詞所指關(guān)系詞在句中作用關(guān)系代詞that人/物主、 賓(可省) 、 表which物主、 賓(可省)who人主、 賓(可省)whom人賓Whose/of which人/物定as人/物/事情主、 賓 、 表關(guān)系副詞when時(shí)間時(shí)間狀語where地點(diǎn)地點(diǎn)狀語why原因原因狀語關(guān)系詞常有3個(gè)作用：1，引導(dǎo)定語從句。2，代替先行詞。3，在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分

3、。3.定語：定語用來限定、修飾名詞或代詞的，是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，漢語中常用的表示。主要由形容詞擔(dān)任。此外，名詞，代詞，數(shù)詞，分詞，副詞，不定式以及介詞短語也可以來擔(dān)任，也可以由一個(gè)句子來擔(dān)任單詞作定語時(shí)通常放在它所修飾的詞之前，作前置定語。短語和從句作定語時(shí)則放在所修飾的詞之后，作后置定語。 4. 定語從句有限制性和非限制性兩種1)限制性定語從句是先行詞不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；非限制性定語從句是先行詞的附加說明，去掉了也不會影響主句的意思，它與主句之間通常用逗號分開，例如：This is the house which we bought last

4、 month.這是我們上個(gè)月買的那幢房子。（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.這幢房子很漂亮，是我們上個(gè)月買的。（非限制性）2) 當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí)，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的，例如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年買的的那幢房子帶

5、著個(gè)漂亮的花園。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動人，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。3) 非限制性定語從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時(shí)從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。說明：關(guān)系代

6、詞that和關(guān)系副詞why不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。（一） 限定性定語從句1. who 指“人”，在定語從句中作主語Is he the man who invented the machine? 他就是發(fā)明這機(jī)器的人嗎?2. whom 指”人”,在從句中作賓語,可以用who來代替省略,當(dāng)前面有介詞時(shí),不能用who代替且不能省略The person (who/whom) I spoke to just now is our headmaster.剛才我和他說話的那個(gè)人是我們的校長.The teacher for whom you are waiting is coming.你等的那位教師就要來了

7、.3. whose 可指”人或”物”,在從句中作定語, whose修飾名詞作定語，相當(dāng)于所修飾成分的前置所有格.它引導(dǎo)的從句可以修飾人和物, 當(dāng)它引導(dǎo)的從句修飾物體時(shí), 可以與 of which 調(diào)換,表達(dá)的意思一樣This is the girl whose family is in the northeast.這就是家在東北的那位姑娘.Water is a liquid whose boiling point is 100.水是一種沸點(diǎn)為一百攝氏度的液體.4. which 指”物”,在從句中作主語或賓語,作賓語時(shí)可省略,但前面有介詞時(shí)不能省略 The train which has jus

8、t left is or Xian. 剛剛離開的那班火車是去西安的. Here is the pen (which) you lost yesterday. 這是你昨天丟的鋼筆. The room in which he lives is very new. 他住的房間很新.5. that 既指”人”,又指”物”,既在從句中作主語,又作賓語,作賓語時(shí)前面不能有介詞,可以省略,只能引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句. The woman that/who is in the next room is our English teacher.隔壁的那位女士是我們的英語老師. He is a man (that/w

9、ho/whom) you can depend on. 他是一個(gè)你可以依賴的人.6. as 引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句時(shí),可在從句中作主語或賓語,主要用于suchas和 the sameas句型中 I have never heard such a moving story as he told.我還從未聽過像他講的那么動人的故事. I have the same opinion as you have. 我和你意見相同.7. 關(guān)系副詞有why, when, where,在定語從句中代替先行詞,作狀語,不可省略,有時(shí)也可用”介詞+which”代替.(1) when表示時(shí)間,在從句中用作時(shí)間狀語 He

10、was born in the year when World War broke out.他出生于第二次世界大戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)的那一年. I cant remember the day when the day he went abroad. 我記不起他出國的日子了= I cant remember the day on which he went abroad.(2) where 表示地點(diǎn),在從句中用作地點(diǎn)狀語 This is the place where he was born. 這是他出生的地方.= This is the place in which he was born. I dont

11、know the exact spot where they will meet.我不知道他們將要見面的確切地點(diǎn).(3) why表示原因,在從句中用作原因狀語,主要用于先行詞是reason的情況Thats the reason why I did it.那就是我做這件事的原因.= This is the reason for which I did it.I dont know the reason why he didnt come. 我不知道他為什么沒來.8. 當(dāng)從句的邏輯主語是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, any

12、thing, everything或nothing時(shí)，常用there is來引導(dǎo)There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 這里有人要和你說話。 判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副詞方法一： 用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。不及物動詞后面無賓語，就必須要求用關(guān)系副詞或者是介詞加關(guān)系代詞；而及物動詞后接賓語，則要求用關(guān)系代詞。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.Ill never forget the days when I worked together

13、with you.（錯） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（錯） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（對） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.（對） Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.習(xí)慣上總把表地點(diǎn)或時(shí)間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞 where, when聯(lián)系在一起。此兩題錯

14、在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。 方法二： 準(zhǔn)確判斷先行詞在定語從句中的成分(主、謂、賓、定、狀)，也能正確選擇出關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?A. whereB. that C. on which D. the one例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held?A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one 答案：例1 D，例2 A例1變?yōu)榭隙ň洌?This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2變

15、為肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分為賓語，而where, that, on which都不能起到賓語的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表語，又可做從句的賓語，可以省略關(guān)系代詞，所以應(yīng)選D。 而句2中, 主、謂、賓俱全，從句部分為句子的狀語表地點(diǎn)，既可用副詞where，又因 in the museum詞組，可用介詞in + which 引導(dǎo)地點(diǎn)狀語。而此題中，介詞on 用的不對，所以選A。關(guān)系詞的選擇依據(jù)在從句中所做的成分，先行詞在從句中做主、定、賓語時(shí)，選擇關(guān)系代詞 (who, whom, that,

16、which, whose)；先行詞在從句中做狀語時(shí)，應(yīng)選擇關(guān)系副詞 ( where 地點(diǎn)狀語，when 時(shí)間狀語，why 原因狀語) 。（二）非限定性定語從句非限定性定語從句的作用是對所修飾的成分作進(jìn)一步說明，通常是引導(dǎo)詞和先行詞之間用逗號隔開，將從句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 1. which指“物”，在從句中作主語或賓語，引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句來說明前面整個(gè)句子的情況或主句的某一部分 I have read the book A tale of Two Cities, which was written by Charles Dickens.They came to a house, in f

17、ront of which there was a tall tree.They have invited me to visit their country, which is very kind of them.2. who指“人”，有從句中作主語He has a brother, who works in a factory.他有個(gè)哥哥，在一家工廠工作。3Whom指“人”，在從句中作賓語His father, whom he loved dearly, died last year.他父親去年去世了，他非常愛他父親。4. whose可指“人”或“物”，在從句中作定語This is Wan

18、g Gang, whose sister you met last week.這是王剛，上周你見過他姐姐。5. as在從句中可作主語或賓語，經(jīng)?？尚揎椪麄€(gè)主句或主句的一部分。as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句還可置于主句之前。He was strongly against the idea, as could be expected.正如可以預(yù)料到的，他強(qiáng)烈反對這個(gè)主意。6.where在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語I come from Qingdao, where I was brought up by my grandmother.我來自青島，我是在那里由我奶奶帶大的。7. when在從句中作時(shí)間狀語In t

19、he old days, when I was a little boy, I often swam in this small river.注意：（1）當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時(shí)，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的，Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾經(jīng)是我的老師。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年買的的那幢房子帶著個(gè)漂亮的花園。This novel, which I hav

20、e read three times, is very touching. 這本小說很動人，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍。（2）.非限制性定語從句還能將整個(gè)主句作為先行詞, 對其進(jìn)行修飾, 這時(shí)從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎沒抓住我的意思，這使我心煩。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液態(tài)水變?yōu)檎羝?，這就叫做蒸發(fā)。（3）在非限定性定語從句中，不能用關(guān)系副詞why和關(guān)系代詞tha

21、t，而用who, whom代表人，用which代表事物。 （三）注意介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做介詞賓語時(shí),從句常由介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a mag

22、azine for which you asked.(5) Well go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.(6) Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.注意：1. 含有介詞的動詞短語一般不拆開使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T正確)(2) Thi

23、s is the watch for which I am looking. (F錯誤)2. 若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用whom，不可用who或者that；指物時(shí)用which，不能用that；關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whose(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)(2) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)(4) The plane in t

24、hat we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)3. “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.(3) There are forty students in our

25、 class in all, most of whom are from big cities. （四）先行詞和關(guān)系詞二合一1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)2) The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替) （五）as, which引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句由as, which 引導(dǎo)的非限定性定語從句，as和which可代整個(gè)主句，相當(dāng)于

26、and this或and that。as一般放在句首，which在句中，并且在從句中充當(dāng)主語和賓語。He married well, which/as was natural. (作主語)他的婚姻很幸福，這是很自然的事。She is a French woman, which/as we know from her accent.（作賓語）她是一個(gè)法國人，我們是從她的口音得知的。1.關(guān)系代詞在非限制性定語從句中代替主句中某個(gè)名詞或詞組，并對該名詞或詞組進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充或說明時(shí)，只能用which引導(dǎo)從句。The dictionary, which I bought last Wednesday, is

27、very helpful to me.2. 關(guān)系代詞在非限制性定語從句中，只替代主句謂語部分的整個(gè)概念時(shí)，只能用which引導(dǎo)從句。I asked him to lend me his car, which he did.3.關(guān)系代詞在非限制性定語從句中代替主句所表達(dá)的整體內(nèi)容，并當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞等于and this/ that時(shí)，只能用which引導(dǎo)從句It was raining hard, which kept us from arriving there on time.4.關(guān)系代詞在非限制性定語從句中替代主句所表達(dá)的整體部分內(nèi)容，并當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞等于which fact時(shí)，非限制性定語從句只能

28、用as引導(dǎo)He came to work very early this morning, as was usual.5.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句放在主句之前時(shí)，該從句只能用as引導(dǎo)As we all know, Taiwan is a part of China.6.當(dāng)非限制性定語從句的謂語為know, say, report, announce, imagine, expect, explain, point out等動詞的被動形式時(shí)，該定語從句只能用as引導(dǎo)He is a famous pianist in the world, as is known to us all.7.關(guān)系

29、代詞在非限制性定語從句中替代主句中替代主句中表語的意思，并在從句中作表語時(shí)，一般只能用as引導(dǎo)從句This question is very simple, as indeed it is.這個(gè)問題非常簡單，的確是這樣的。8.as常用于一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中，如as often happens(正如經(jīng)常發(fā)生的)，as I remember（正如我記得的），as appears(正如出現(xiàn)的)，as follows(如下)，as was said earlier(正如早些時(shí)候所說的)等。He has read widely, as appears from his articles.9.如果定語從句的內(nèi)容

30、對主句有消極作用或含義不一致，則從句用which引導(dǎo)，如果語義一致，則用as引導(dǎo)She did nothing but sit there, which showed her laziness.10.非限制性定語從句是復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)和從句是否定結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，常用which引導(dǎo)She always tells a lie, which her parents found strange.她總是撒謊，她父母對此感到奇怪。11.as與which在非限制性定語從句時(shí), as 多用于被動語態(tài)，which多用于主動語態(tài) He has been absent again, as is expected.正如所料，他又

31、缺席了。（六）區(qū)別用法關(guān)系代詞that 的用法(1)不用that的情況(a) 在引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句時(shí)。(錯)The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here.(b) 介詞后不能用。We depend on the land from which we get our food.We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.(2) 只能用that作為定語從句的關(guān)系代詞的情況(a)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。There is a r

32、ule that you dont know here.這兒有一條你不知道的規(guī)則。(b)在不定代詞，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行詞時(shí)，只用that，不用which。Is there anything (that) I can do for you in town? 在城里有我能替你做的事嗎？注意：all指人時(shí)后面也可用who, something, everything表示心中所指的情況下其后面也可用whichThere is always something which he doesnt like

33、 to say.他總是有不想說的事。(c)先行詞有the only, the very, the same, the last, just修飾時(shí)，只用that。The only thing that I can do is to wait. 我能做的唯一的事情就是等待。(d)先行詞為序數(shù)詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級時(shí)，只用that。This is the third film that has been shown in our school this term.這是本學(xué)期在我校放映的第三部影片。(e)先行詞既有人，又有物時(shí)。The writer and his novel that you tal

34、ked about are well known.你談到的那位作家和他的小說很有名氣。(f) 當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞本身在定語從句中作系動詞be的表語時(shí)，只能用thatTom is no longer the boy that he was five years ago.湯姆不再是五年前的那個(gè)男孩了。(g) 在以who, which開頭的句子中，為了避免重復(fù)，只用that Who is the lady that is playing the piano.彈鋼琴的那位女子是誰？關(guān)系代詞who的用法定語從句中的先行指人時(shí),其關(guān)系代詞用who或whom,也可用that,但在以下情況則只能用who或whom(a

35、) 在非限制性定語從句中,關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)The boy, who is young, can work out the maths problems.那男孩,他很年輕,會解這道數(shù)學(xué)題.(b) 定語從句中指人的關(guān)系代詞是介詞的賓語時(shí)The person to whom I spoke just now is my biology teacher.剛才同我說話的那個(gè)人是我的生物老師.(c) 先行詞為單得數(shù)同形的集體名詞,如family, team, club, class, government等用于復(fù)數(shù),表示各個(gè)成員時(shí),用who,如果著眼于集體,用that/whichMr Smith came

36、to visit my family, who were watching TV.史密斯先生來看望我的家人,我們都在看電視Our class, which is a very good one, was praised again at the meeting.我們班是一個(gè)很棒的班集體,又在會上受到表揚(yáng)了.(d) 先行詞為he, she, man, these, one(指人),people, all及由body, one與any 構(gòu)成的不定代詞時(shí)He who doesnt reach the Great Wall is not a true man.不到長城非好漢.People all li

37、ke those who have good manners.所有人都喜歡那些有禮貌的人.（七）難點(diǎn)分析1.who作先行詞時(shí),一般用that引導(dǎo)定語從句;that作先行詞時(shí),一般用which引導(dǎo) Who that is human can do such a cruel thing? 這種殘酷的事不是人干出來的. He found that which he had looked for. 他找到他過去一直尋找的東西.2. 當(dāng)先行次受such, the same修飾時(shí)，常用as(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.(2) He is n

38、ot such a fool as he looks.(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.注意：當(dāng)先行詞由the same修飾時(shí)，偶爾也用that引導(dǎo)定語從句，但是和由as所引導(dǎo)的定語從句意思不同(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Marys wedding. 她穿著她在MARY婚禮上穿過的一條裙子。(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿著和她妹妹所穿的一樣的裙子。3. 以the way為先行詞的定語從句通常由i

39、n which, that引導(dǎo)，而且通?？梢允÷浴he way in which/ that/ he answered the question was surprising.4. but有時(shí)也可以做關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)定語從句There are very few but understand his idea. (but= who dont )(八) “介詞關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語從句“介詞關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語從句是我們學(xué)習(xí)定語從句的重點(diǎn)，也是高考的常考點(diǎn)。學(xué)習(xí)這種從句應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：1. 用于這種情況的關(guān)系代詞一般為which（指物）和whom（指人）。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，介詞的選擇非常關(guān)鍵，可以遵循以下四個(gè)原

40、則：（1）根據(jù)定語從句中的謂語動詞確定介詞，其動詞與介詞搭配，構(gòu)成動詞短語。例如：Is this the car for which you paid a high price? （pay for）這是你花大價(jià)錢買的車嗎？In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help. （turn to sb. for help）在黑暗的街上，她找不到一個(gè)人來幫助她。The man with whom you shook hands just now is our English teacher.

41、（shake hands with sb. ）剛才你和他握手的那個(gè)人是我們的英語老師。（2）根據(jù)定語從句中的形容詞確定介詞，其形容詞與介詞搭配，構(gòu)成形容詞短語。例如：The two things about which Karl Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms. （be sure about）馬克思沒有把握的兩件事是：語法和習(xí)慣用法。The teacher with whom the students in our class are popular is Mr Wang, our English teache

42、r. （be popular with）在我們班，深受學(xué)生歡迎的是王老師我們的英語老師。（3）根據(jù)定語從句修飾的先行詞確定介詞，其先行詞往往是表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、方法、工具等的詞，它們與介詞之間有一定的聯(lián)系。當(dāng)“介詞關(guān)系代詞”在定語從句中充當(dāng)時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因狀語時(shí)，可分別用when, where, why替換。例如：Ill never forget the day on which （= when ）I joined the army. 我永遠(yuǎn)也忘不了我參軍的那一天。The factory in which（= where）his father works is far away from

43、my hometown. 他父親工作的那家工廠離我們家鄉(xiāng)很遠(yuǎn)。I dont know the reason for which （why）he was late for school. 我不知道他為何上學(xué)遲到。This is the camera with which he often takes photos. 這就是他經(jīng)常用來拍照的相機(jī)。（4）根據(jù)句子的意思確定介詞。有些句子，先行詞完全一樣，定語從句中謂語動詞不是由固定的動詞短語構(gòu)成的，這時(shí)，要根據(jù)句子所要表達(dá)的意思，選用不同的介詞。例如：This is the pilot for whom I bought a camera.（意思是：

44、I bought a camera for the pilot.）這就是我給他買相機(jī)的那位飛行員。This is the pilot with whom my brother has worked for ten years.（意思是：My brother has worked with the pilot for ten years. ）這就是和我弟弟一起工作了十年的那位飛行員。This is the pilot by whom my son was saved.（意思是：My son was saved by this pilot.）這就是救了我兒子的那位飛行員。2. 介詞若與從句中的動詞

45、詞組有關(guān)，可前置于關(guān)系代詞前，也可置于動詞后，但若此介詞與動詞為固定詞組，則此介詞一般不前置。例如：Yesterday we paid a visit to the house in which Lu Xun lived. Yesterday we paid a visit to the house which Lu Xun lived in. 昨天，我們參觀了魯迅的故居。This is the very pen that Im look for. （look for為固定詞組，則介詞for不可前置。）那就是我正在找的那支鋼筆。3. 限定性定語從句中，介詞前置時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞不能用that，且不能

46、省略；若介詞后置，則可以用that，也可省略。This is the school in which I studied 3 years ago. This is the school（which / that）I studied in 3 years ago. 這就是三年前我學(xué)習(xí)的那所學(xué)校。4. 表示所屬關(guān)系時(shí)，介詞應(yīng)用of，關(guān)系代詞為which / whom, 即n. + of + which / whom，可轉(zhuǎn)換為whose+ n. 。He lives in a room, the window of which faces west. He lives in a room, whose

47、 window faces west. 他住的房間，窗子向西開著。The child was saved by a man, the name of whom was not known. The child was saved by a man, whose name was not known. 這個(gè)孩子被一位不知姓名的男子所救。5. 表示整體中的一部分或中最的，介詞一般也用of。例如：The Greens have two daughters, both of whom are college students. 格林夫婦有兩個(gè)女兒，她們都是大學(xué)生。China has many rive

48、rs, the longest of which is the Yangtze River. 中國有眾多河流，最長的是長江。(九)易混辨析1.限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句(1)從形式上看,限制性定語從句緊跟在先行詞的后面,不能用逗號把從句與先行詞隔開來;非限制性定語從句通常由逗號與句子其他成分隔開;從意義上看,限制性定語從句使先行詞的意思十分明確,成為特定的人或東西,是句子中不可缺少的成分,少了它句子就會失去意義不能成立,或意思不清楚,不說明問題;非限制性定語從句只是對先行詞作進(jìn)一步的說明,沒有它句子仍能成立,意思仍很清楚.(2) 譯為漢語時(shí),限制性定語從句通常譯為定語,非限制性定語從句通

49、常譯為并列的句子(3) 限制性定語從句,that可代替who/ whom/ which,且關(guān)系代詞作賓語時(shí)可省略,非限制性定語從句中,不能使用that,且關(guān)系代詞作賓語時(shí)也不能省略(4) 先行詞為“人”，限制性定語從句中需要主語時(shí)用who/that,需要賓語時(shí)用whom/who/that,還可省略，非限制性定語從句中需要主語時(shí)用who,需要賓語時(shí)用whom/who，不可省略（5）不管先行詞是“人”還是“物”，不管是限制性還是非限制性定語從句，從句需要定語時(shí)都用whose(6)先行詞為“物”限制性定語從句中需要主語或賓語時(shí)都可用which/that，作賓語時(shí)可省略，但介詞后面不用that；非限制

50、性定語從句中需要主語或賓語時(shí)都用which，作賓語時(shí)不可省略(十) 定語從句的轉(zhuǎn)換在復(fù)合句中作定語的從句叫定語從句，在實(shí)際運(yùn)用中，我們可將定語從句轉(zhuǎn)換為分詞短語，不定式短語，形容詞短語，介詞短語等。1.可轉(zhuǎn)換為分詞短語的定語從句1.1在下列情況下定語從句的主動式可轉(zhuǎn)換成現(xiàn)在分詞短語：(1)主句與從句的謂語動詞時(shí)間一致，如：He used to live in the house which faced south=He used to live in the house facing south他以前住在那間朝南的房子里。Tomorrow youll meet a man who will b

51、e caring a red umbrella in hi s hand=Tomorrow youll meet a man carrying a red umbrella in hi s hand明天你去見一位手里拿一把紅傘的男人。(2)從句的謂語動詞是進(jìn)時(shí)，如：The girl who is playing basketball used to be weak=The girl playing basketball used to be weak正在打籃球的那個(gè)女孩，以前身體很虛弱。We met a group of student s who were walking home=We m

52、et a group of s students walking home我們碰到一群回家去的學(xué)生。(3)主句和從句的動作都是泛指的，如：China is a developing country which belongs to the third world.=China is a developing country belonging to the third word.中國是一個(gè)發(fā)展中國家，屬于第三世界。(4)從句謂語動詞的動作一發(fā)生，主句謂語的動作接著發(fā)生，如：The man who stole into the room was caught immediately on the

53、 spot.= The man stealing into the room was caught immediately on the spot.偷偷溜進(jìn)房間去的那個(gè)人當(dāng)場被抓住了。1.2在下列情況下，定語從句和被動式可轉(zhuǎn)換為分詞短語(1)定語從句是一般過去時(shí)，可用過去分詞來轉(zhuǎn)換，如：The bike that was repaired yesterday by him is mine= The bike repaired yesterday by him is mine.(2)定語從句從的時(shí)向是泛指的，也可用過去分詞不達(dá)意來轉(zhuǎn)換，如：Books which are written in English are more expensive= Books written in English are more expensive.(3)從句是現(xiàn)在