考研英語語法全突破技巧歸納

1、A thesis submitted toXXXin partial fulfillment of the requirementfor the degree ofMaster of Engineering考研英語必備：時(shí)態(tài)、語法全突破一、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài) 時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)需要掌握的要點(diǎn)： 1.以下幾類動詞一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)，同樣不用于完成進(jìn)行時(shí)： (1)表示感知的動詞：hear, feel, notice, recognize, see, taste, smell； (2)表示意愿、情感的動詞：desire, dislike, forgive, hate, like, love, prefer, ref

2、use, want, wish, fear, love, hate； (3)表示思考、看法的動詞：believe, doubt, expect, forget, hope, feel, mean, know, agree, realize, mind, recall, recollect, remember, trust, suppose； (4)表示所有、占有的動詞：belong to, owe, own, possess, hold(容納)； (5)其他動詞：cost, appear, concern, contain, consist, deserve, matter, seem。 如：

3、 Id say whenever you are going after something that is belonging to you, anyone who is depriving you of the right to have it is criminal. (1997年考研題， belong表示歸屬，不用于進(jìn)行式) He was seeing somebody creeping into the house through the open window last night. (1990年考研題，see表示結(jié)果，不用于進(jìn)行式) 2. 不用will/shall表達(dá)將來時(shí)的形式

4、： (1)be going to表示現(xiàn)在的打算和意圖； (2)arrive, come, drive, go, leave, retire, return, set off, start, take off等表示移位的動詞的進(jìn)行體表示按計(jì)劃肯定要發(fā)生的將來動作； (3)be to (do)表示安排、計(jì)劃、決定、命令或注定要發(fā)生的事，如： Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage is to be avoided. (4)be about to (do)表示將要(做)，如：

5、Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders. (5)be on the point /verge of (doing)表示“馬上就要”，一般不與表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用； (6)be, begin, come, depart, get off, go, leave, return, start的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示按日歷或時(shí)刻表要發(fā)生的將來動作或事件，如： If you want your film to be properly pr

6、ocessed, youll have to wait and pick it up on Friday, which is the day after tomorrow. (畫線部分一般不用will be) (7)在時(shí)間、條件、讓步從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)，但要注意區(qū)別從句的類型，如： I dont know where he will go tomorrow. 我不知道他明天去哪兒。(賓語從句) Ill tell him when you will ring again. 我告訴他你什么時(shí)候再來電話。(賓語從句) 比較：Ill tell him when you ring again.

7、你再打電話時(shí)我告訴他。(狀語從句) (8)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that從句中，謂語動詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來時(shí)，如： See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didnt know the answer to last time. (include 不能用will include或其他形式) 3.完成時(shí)是時(shí)態(tài)測試的重點(diǎn)，注意與完成時(shí)連用的句型和時(shí)間狀語： (1)by/between/up to/till +過去時(shí)間、since、by the time/

8、when +表示過去發(fā)生情況的從句，主句用過去完成時(shí)。如： We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced. (表示1919年時(shí)已發(fā)生的情況) (2)by +將來時(shí)間、by the time/ when +謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的從句，主句用將來完成時(shí)。如： By the time you arriv

9、e in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks. I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year. (3)by now、since +過去時(shí)間、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具體數(shù)字)years/days/months，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí), 但在it is +具體時(shí)間since/before這一句型中，主句更多的時(shí)候不用完成時(shí)。如： The changes that howe

10、 taken place place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century. It is four years since John left school. (4)在It is the +序數(shù)詞/形容詞最高級+that的定語從句中，謂語動詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如： It isnt the first time that I have

11、found myself in an embarrassing situation. (5)在no soonerthan, hardly/scarcelywhen/before句型中，主句常用過去完成時(shí)。 (6)其他與完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語：all this while, all this year, for some time, so far, already, before, just, long, yet等。 4.完成進(jìn)行時(shí)指動作在完成時(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上還要繼續(xù)下去。如： The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but n

12、othing has happened. The school board listened quietly as John read the demand that his followers had been demonstrating for. 時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)答題思路： (1)先根據(jù)選項(xiàng)的區(qū)別點(diǎn)確定考題要點(diǎn)為時(shí)態(tài)，然后回到題句中尋找給出的或暗示的時(shí)間狀語，縮小選擇范圍，進(jìn)而選出正確答案； (2)根據(jù)謂語動詞與句子主語或非謂語動詞與其邏輯主語的關(guān)系，確定句子是主動語態(tài)還是被動語態(tài)。 二、不定式 1.不定式做主語 (1)做形式主語的代詞： 不定式做主語, 通常用it充當(dāng)形式主語, 把做主語的不定

13、式短語后置。 如：It took me only five minutes to finish the job. To be frank, it is a great relief to have the task fulfilled in so short a time. (2)引導(dǎo)邏輯主語的介詞： 不定式的邏輯主語一般由介詞for引導(dǎo),但下列表示人的性格行為特征的形容詞做表語時(shí), 不定式的邏輯主語則由of引導(dǎo)： absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid,

14、good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。如： Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy. Its clever of you to have invented such a device. (3)不定式做主語補(bǔ)足語： 掌握常用不定式做主語補(bǔ)足語的句型。注意不定式表示的動作發(fā)生的時(shí)間

15、，并采用相應(yīng)形式。如： said reported thought be to do sth. believed known supposed Byron is said to have lived on vinegar and potatoes. The bank is reported in the local newspaper to have been robbed in broad daylight yesterday. 2.不定式做賓語 (1)必須接不定式做賓語的動詞： 掌握要求接不定式做賓語的動詞： agree, afford, aim, arrange, appear, ask

16、, attempt, choose, claim, decide, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, hope, endeavor, intend, long, mean, manage, offer, ought, plan, pledge, pretend, prepare, promise, proceed, prove, resolve, refuse, request, swear, tend, try, venture, wait, wish。如： Even though the children pretended to be

17、 asleep, the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room. 注意: 1)有的動詞要求特殊疑問詞+不定式做賓語, 這類動詞有： consider, discover, explain, forget, guess, know, learn, observe, remember, see, tell, understand, wonder，如： While still a young boy, Bizet knew how to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wr

18、ote operas, the most famous of which is Carmen. 2)如果該特殊疑問詞在不定式中做介詞賓語, 介詞往往置于該特殊疑問詞的前面。如: The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds on which to base his argument in favor of the new theory. Without facts, we cannot form worthwhile opinion for we need to have factual knowledge upon which to bas

19、e our thinking. (2)可以用不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語(復(fù)合賓語)的動詞： 下列動詞可以用不定式做賓語補(bǔ)足語(復(fù)合賓語)： advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, command, compel, enable, determine, encourage, expect, feel, find, force, hate, have, hear, help, inform, invite, let, like, make, mean, need, notice, notify, oblige, order, permit, persuade, remind, re

20、quest, require, see, send, teach, tell, tempt, trouble, urge, want, warn, watch, wish。 注意：畫線動詞后面的不定式不帶to。 如：Because of the recent accidents, our parents forbid my brother and me to swim in the river unless someone agrees to watch over us. 3.不定式做定語 (1)被修飾的名詞前有序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級或next, last, only, not a, the,

21、very等限定詞時(shí)，該名詞用不定式做定語。如： the first woman to set foot on the moon 第一個(gè)登上月球的女性 (2)如果其動詞要求不定式做賓語，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如： tendency to dotend to do, decision to dodecide to do This book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used. (3)如果其形容詞形式要求接不定式做補(bǔ)語，相應(yīng)的名詞一般用不定式做定語。如： ambition to do “干的雄心

22、”be ambitious to do“有雄心干” curiosity to do “對的好奇心”be curious to do“對好奇” ability to do“做的能力”able to do“有能力做” According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation. (4)表示方式、原因、時(shí)間、機(jī)會、權(quán)利等名詞用不定式做定語，這些名詞包括： way, method, r

23、eason, time, place, chance, occasion, opportunity, evidence, power, right, movement, drive (運(yùn)動)，effort等。如： I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus. We appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensive solution to the existing problem. (5)不定代詞someth

24、ing, nothing, little, much, a lot習(xí)慣上用不定式做定語。如： Though we have made great progress, there is still much to be improved. 4.不定式做狀語 不定式做狀語主要表示目的、程度、結(jié)果、方式。 (1)in order to(do), so as to(do)結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)目的狀語，so as to不能置于句首。如： To succeed in a scientific research project, one needs to be persistent . I advise them to

25、 withdraw so as not to get involved. (2)soas to, suchas to, enoughto, tooto結(jié)構(gòu)做程度狀語。如： The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, dont have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together. The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and Ame

26、rican English are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed. (3)不定式做結(jié)果狀語只能出現(xiàn)在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的結(jié)果，有時(shí)用only加強(qiáng)語氣。 常見的不定式動詞有find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce等。如： Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, only to find it locked. (4)not/never too to, too not to, but/only

27、 tooto, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意義。如： I am only too pleased to hear from you further. 能再聽到你的消息，我太高興了。 三、動名詞 1.必須接動名詞做賓語的動詞 牢記下列要求接動名詞做賓語的動詞： acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, advise, avoid, admit, confess, consider, defend, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy,

28、 favor, finish, forgive, imagine, include, involve, justify, keep mind, miss, mention, pardon, practice, postpone, permit, report, resent, resume, recall，recollect，risk, resist, suggest, tolerate。如： Although a teenager, Fred could resist being told what to do and what not to do. I appreciate having

29、been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. 2.動名詞做介詞短語 考生尤其要識別下列短語中的to是介詞，不是不定式符號： object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be reconciled to, be cont

30、rary to, be (get) used to, come close to, get down to, give oneself up to, preferto, see to, set to, take to, in addition to, with regard to, with a view to, on the way to。如： There was no sign that Mr. Jospin , who keeps a firm control on the party despite having resigned from leadership of it, woul

31、d intervene personally. Our modern civilization must not be thought of as having been created in a short period of time. Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen. As the children become financially independent of the

32、family, the emphasis on family financial security will shift from protection to saving for the retirement years. Everyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery being just around the corner was untrue. 四、分詞 分詞起形容詞和副詞的作用，在句中做定語或狀語。在概念上考生應(yīng)清楚： 現(xiàn)在分詞表

33、示主動，表示動作在進(jìn)行。 過去分詞表示被動，表示動作結(jié)束了的狀態(tài)或結(jié)果。 1.分詞做定語，弄清現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞的區(qū)別 分詞短語做定語相當(dāng)于省略了的定語從句，考生應(yīng)掌握： (1)現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間具有主動意義。如： Its easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place in our ever-increasing world.(相當(dāng)于the changes which take place.) There was a ver

34、y interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.(相當(dāng)于which gave.) How many of us attending, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?(相當(dāng)于How many of us who will attend.) (2)過

35、去分詞與被修飾詞之間具有被動意義。如： Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered. (相當(dāng)于recapture of the port which had been announced) Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone added to

36、 the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out. (相當(dāng)于each new phone which is added to) The author gave a detailed description based on his personal observation of nature. (相當(dāng)于description which was based on) (3)下列不及物動詞也以過去分詞形式做定語或表語，但不具有被動意義： deceased, de

37、parted, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, grown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-travelled, newly arrived, recently come。如： an escaped prisoner一個(gè)逃犯 a retired worker一位退休工人 a faded curtain一個(gè)褪了色的窗簾 a newly arrived student一個(gè)新來的學(xué)生 2.分詞做狀語，注意區(qū)分分詞的一般式與完成式 (1)表示時(shí)間，多置于句首，注意如果分詞表示的動作的時(shí)間先于謂語動詞，要用完

38、成式。如： Having completed one task, we started on another one. (complete先于start之前發(fā)生) (2)表示原因，置于句首句尾均可，根據(jù)情況有時(shí)要用完成式，有時(shí)用一般式。如： He wasnt asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, being considered insufficiently popular with all members. There seemed little hope that the explorer, having been desert

39、ed in the tropical forest, would find his way through it. (3)表示伴隨、方式，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如： Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely lost to the outside world. (4)表示結(jié)果，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如： The city found itself in a

40、crisis situation last summer when the air conditioning on dozens of the new buses broke down, them unusable. (5)表示補(bǔ)充說明(同位)，置于句尾，用分詞的一般式。如： The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each making one major point in contrast with the other. Ford tried dividing the labor, each w

41、orker assigned a separate task. 歷年考研試卷中常見的實(shí)用詞組1 a host of 大量2 a test for檢測目的3 a test on對進(jìn)行測試4 a test with檢測手段5 above all 最重要的; 6 according to根據(jù)7 achieve equilibrium取得平衡8 achieve ones purpose達(dá)到目的9 achieve success 獲得成功10 achieve victory獲得勝利11 act on 遵照行動，作用于； 12 act on對有影響13 add up to 總計(jì)，合計(jì)14 add to 把

42、加到. 15 adhere to 堅(jiān)持，奉行； 16 after all 畢竟，均不合題意； 17 agree on對取得一致意見18 agree to同意19 agree with sb.同意某人的話20 along with 和一道,和一起; 21 alternate (with)交替；22 amount to 合計(jì),共計(jì); 23 an equal to與相當(dāng)?shù)娜?物，(地位)相同的人24 and yet然而25 anything but 一點(diǎn)也不； 26 anything like像那樣的東西27 anywhere near接近于28 apart form除之外尚有29 apply to

43、 向申請，適用于30 appreciation of對的欣賞/贊賞31 argue against 反對32 as a result of作為的結(jié)果，由于33 as a result（作為結(jié)果，因此）表結(jié)果，用不用逗號隔開看情況而定； 34 as a whole 作為一個(gè)整體，整個(gè)看來35 as far as /are concerned就而言36 as for至于，就方面說37 as if好像，仿佛38 as soon as一就 39 as though好像，仿佛40 as to 至于，關(guān)于； 41 as well也，一樣42 as yet迄今，到目前為止43 aside from 除之外;

44、44 associate with由聯(lián)想到，把聯(lián)系起來45 association with與的交往46 at a disadvantage處于不利地位47 at a loss不知所措48 at a time每次，一次49 at all 絲毫,根本; 50 at any moment即使，隨時(shí)。 51 at first 首先,開始的時(shí)候; 52 at large未被捕獲的,大多數(shù); 53 at last 終于，最終； 54 at least至少55 at length 最終,詳細(xì)地; 56 at most最多57 at no time從不，決不58 at one time曾經(jīng)，從前曾59 at

45、 the cost of以為代價(jià)60 at the least 至少； 61 at times有時(shí),間或; 62 atspeed以的速度63 attend on 照顧，侍候；64 attribute to 把歸于65 back up 后退，支持；66 base on 基于67 be able to能夠，勝任68 be about to正打算69 be accustomed to習(xí)慣于70 be associated with 與有關(guān)，與有關(guān)系71 be aware of 意識到； 72 be capable of 有能力干； 73 be caught 遇到，陷入74 be committed

46、to被交給,答應(yīng)承擔(dān)義務(wù);75 be confined to 限制在,局限于; 76 be confined/be restricted受限制77 be dedicated to 奉獻(xiàn),獻(xiàn)給; 78 be devoted to 被用于，貢獻(xiàn)給79 be directed to指向，針對80 be drawn to 被所吸引; 81 be due to由于，因此82 be exposed to 暴露在下,處在的作用之下; 83 be fond of 喜愛 84 be full of 充滿他85 be habitual to(him) 對(他來說)習(xí)以為常86 be in order合適，恰當(dāng)。

47、87 be involved in 參與，參加； 88 be involved with 與有關(guān)連， 89 be left to 由來決定,由來想辦法;90 be limited to限制在,限定在; 91 be linked to/with something 與連接92 be proud of 為而驕傲。93 be referred to被提及，被提交94 be related to與有關(guān)95 be sick of 厭惡,討厭; 96 be subject to 經(jīng)受,遭受; 97 be suitable for適合于98 be sure of 對的肯定; 99 be thrown in

48、額外贈送100 be tied by/with被捆綁101 be tied to 束縛于，捆綁于102 be tired of 厭倦,厭煩; 103 behind time 晚點(diǎn) 104 belief in對的真實(shí)性或正確性具有的信心105 believe( to be) 相信是106 better than好于107 beyond question毋庸置疑 108 break away脫離，逃跑109 break down 損壞，分解，瓦解110 break into闖入111 break in強(qiáng)行進(jìn)行，打斷112 break off斷絕，結(jié)束113 break out突發(fā)，爆發(fā)114 br

49、eak through突破115 break up終止，結(jié)束，打碎116 bring about 產(chǎn)生；117 bring forward 提出。118 bring out 使出現(xiàn)；公布；出版；119 bring up 培養(yǎng)，養(yǎng)大； 120 by accident偶然，含有不幸的因素121 by all means無論如何，必定122 by chance偶然，意外地123 by choice處于選擇124 by contrast 對比之下; 125 by means of 用，依靠； 借助于 126 by means of借助于127 by mistake錯誤地128 by the way順便

50、提一下129 by virtue of 憑借，借助；因?yàn)椋?130 by way of經(jīng)由，通過方式131 call forth喚起，引起132 call for邀請，要求，需要133 call off放棄，取消134 call on/upon訪問，拜訪135 care for 照顧，關(guān)心136 carry out貫徹，執(zhí)行，實(shí)現(xiàn)137 cast light on闡明某事；138 catch up with趕上； 139 catch sight of 看見； 140 center on 把集中在，以為中心；141 characterized by 以為特征；142 coincide with

51、與相符143 come from 來自，來源于; 144 come off 成功； 145 come on涉及，談及，到達(dá)，結(jié)束，總共，共計(jì)，突然想起146 come out出版，出現(xiàn)，結(jié)局是147 come to 等于,結(jié)果是; 總計(jì)，達(dá)到148 come under attack受到打擊149 come under歸人，受到150 come up 發(fā)生，形成； 151 comment on 評論，發(fā)表意見；152 commit to交付，把投入153 comply with 遵守，服從； 154 conform to 遵守，符合，順應(yīng)155 consist of組成156 consiste

52、nt in 在(某方面)一致157 consistent with與一致158 contribute to 有助于 ，促進(jìn)，加劇; 159 copy out 抄寫； 160 correlate with找出一一對應(yīng)的關(guān)系161 count on指望； 162 cut away 砍掉；163 cut down 削減； 164 cut off 打斷，中斷； 165 cut out 刪掉166 dedicate to 奉獻(xiàn)； 167 depend on依靠，依賴168 die back 枯死； 169 die down 逐漸消失；止息； 170 die off 相繼死去； 171 die out消失

53、；死絕; 172 difference in在方面的差別173 do something for/to 改進(jìn)，增強(qiáng)174 doubt about懷疑175 due to 由于，因?yàn)?76 dwell on 利用 177 enter for 報(bào)名參加；178 enter into 開始 （談話，討論） 179 entertain a proposal愿意考慮這一建設(shè)180 entertain an idea抱著一種想法181 even if甚至，即使182 even though （雖然，盡管）表讓步； 183 ever since（自從之后，從此以后）表時(shí)間；184 faithful to忠心

54、于185 fall from 從落下； 186 far from毫不，遠(yuǎn)非187 favor of喜歡188 figure out計(jì)算出189 find out查明190 focus on集中于，集中研究191 followed by 接著是; 192 for all 盡管; 193 for example舉例來說194 for instance 和 such as 都表示舉例，前者常接句子，后者常接名詞或名詞短語； 195 for instance 例196 for the purpose of 為了目的； 197 for the sake of為了起見198 frankly speakin

55、g坦白來說199 freedom from免于(的自由)200 from all appearances從所能見到和所能知道的情況判斷201 from all sides 從四面八方，全面地202 from now on從現(xiàn)在開始203 from/by all accounts根據(jù)方面所說204 gather up拾起，集攏； 205 generally speaking一般來說206 get along with進(jìn)展，相處融洽207 get away逃脫，離開208 get away逃脫，離開209 get down to開始，著手210 get in進(jìn)入，收獲，收集211 give in妥

56、協(xié)，讓步，投降，屈服212 give off放出，釋放213 give out分發(fā)，放出214 give something away泄露215 give up停止，放棄216 give way讓路，讓步217 go beyond 超越，超過； 218 go by從旁走過，順訪219 go for追求220 go in進(jìn)入，參加221 go through經(jīng)歷222 hand on傳下來，依次傳遞223 hand out分發(fā)，散發(fā)224 hand over交出，移交225 have a bearing on與有關(guān)系226 have difficulty with與-有分歧，相處不好227 ho

57、ld back躊躇，退縮，阻止228 hold down 控制229 hold on to緊緊抓住，堅(jiān)持230 hold on繼續(xù)，握住不放，堅(jiān)持231 hold out維持，伸出，提出，堅(jiān)持232 hold up 保持良好，停止；阻滯233 hold up舉起，承載，阻擋234 if only(要是，只要)表?xiàng)l件； 235 in use 在使用； 236 in degree在速度上237 in a sense (從某種意義上說)它可以放在句首、句中或者句尾，一般不用逗號隔開； 238 in a state of 處于的狀態(tài)239 in a way從某一點(diǎn)上看240 in accord wit

58、h與一致241 in addition to 除之外，并且242 in all 總共; 243 in any case 無論如何，不管怎樣； 244 in case of 萬一發(fā)生 245 in case 假使，以防； 246 in circles=in a circle在原地兜圈子，毫無進(jìn)展247 in consequence 因此； 248 in doubt 有懷疑249 in effect （實(shí)質(zhì)上，實(shí)際上）它在句中一般不需要用逗號隔開； 250 in essence實(shí)質(zhì)上，本質(zhì)上，根本上251 in fact實(shí)際上252 in firm voice 用清晰，堅(jiān)定的聲音。 253 in general 總的來說,大體上; 254 in general一般來說： 255 in lin