托達(dá)羅發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) 第十章10

1、Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.Chapter 10第十章第十章The Environment and Development環(huán)境與發(fā)展Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-2Economics and the Environment經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與環(huán)境經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)與環(huán)境nEnvironmental issues affect, and are affected by, economic developmentn環(huán)境問(wèn)題影響經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展并被經(jīng)

2、濟(jì)發(fā)展所影響nPoverty and ignorance may lead to non-sustainable use of environmental resourcesn貧窮和愚昧將會(huì)導(dǎo)致環(huán)境資源的非可持續(xù)利用Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-3Environment and Development: The Basic Issues環(huán)境與發(fā)展的基本問(wèn)題環(huán)境與發(fā)展的基本問(wèn)題nSustainable development and environmental accountingn可持續(xù)發(fā)展與環(huán)境成本

3、計(jì)算Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-4Environment and Development: The Basic Issues環(huán)境與發(fā)展的基本問(wèn)題環(huán)境與發(fā)展的基本問(wèn)題nmDDGNINNI*Sustainable net national product is:可持續(xù)的國(guó)民總收入，即：Where式中：NNI*：可持續(xù)的國(guó)民總收入sustainable national income GNI： 國(guó)民總收入Gross national incomeDm ： 資本性制造品資產(chǎn)的折舊 the depreciat

4、ion of manufactured capital assets Dn ： 環(huán)境資本的折舊 the depreciation of environmental capitalCopyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-5Environment and Development: The Basic Issues環(huán)境與發(fā)展的基本問(wèn)題環(huán)境與發(fā)展的基本問(wèn)題ARDDGNINNInm*Alternatively, sustainable net national product is:或者，可持續(xù)的國(guó)民總收入可表示為：Wh

5、ere式中：NNI*, GNI, Dm, 和 Dn 含義與前式一樣are as before needed to restore environmental capital R：恢復(fù)環(huán)境資本所需的支出 required to avert destruction of environmental capital A：防止環(huán)境資本受污染和破壞所需的支出 Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-6Environment and Development: The Basic Issues環(huán)境與發(fā)展的基本問(wèn)題環(huán)境與發(fā)展的

6、基本問(wèn)題nSustainable development and environmental accountingn可持續(xù)發(fā)展與環(huán)境成本計(jì)算nPopulation, resources, and the environmentn人口、資源與環(huán)境nPoverty and the environmentn貧窮與環(huán)境nGrowth versus the environmentn經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)與環(huán)境nRural development and the environmentn農(nóng)村發(fā)展與環(huán)境Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.1

7、0-7Environment and Development: The Basic Issues (contd)環(huán)境與發(fā)展的基本問(wèn)題（續(xù)）環(huán)境與發(fā)展的基本問(wèn)題（續(xù)）nUrban development and the environmentn城市發(fā)展與環(huán)境nThe global environmentn全球環(huán)境Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-8The Scope of Environmental Degradation: A Brief Statistical Review環(huán)境惡化的總體格局環(huán)境惡化的總

8、體格局nEnvironmental problems have consequences both for health and productivityn環(huán)境破壞對(duì)健康和生產(chǎn)率的主要影響Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-9Table 10.1環(huán)境破壞對(duì)健康和生產(chǎn)率的主要影響表10-1環(huán)境破壞對(duì)健康的影響對(duì)生產(chǎn)率的影響水污染與水資源匱乏空氣污染固體廢物與有害廢棄物每年由于水污染造成超過(guò)200萬(wàn)人死亡，數(shù)十億人患上疾??；由于水資源匱乏，家庭衛(wèi)生條件惡劣，健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加漁業(yè)產(chǎn)出減少；農(nóng)村家庭需花費(fèi)更多時(shí)間，城市

9、家庭需花費(fèi)更多成本來(lái)獲取安全的水資源；地下蓄水層出現(xiàn)無(wú)法逆轉(zhuǎn)的壓縮；經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)受限通過(guò)腐敗的垃圾和淤水傳播的疾??；有害廢棄物造成的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)雖然是局部的，但往往也是比較嚴(yán)重的地下水資源受污染很多急、慢性健康問(wèn)題：城市空氣粉塵污染導(dǎo)致30-70萬(wàn)的人夭折，還有近一半兒童慢性咳嗽病是由空氣污染造成的；貧困地區(qū)有4-7億人，主要是婦女和兒童，遭受了室內(nèi)煙塵的污染在空氣質(zhì)量極其糟糕的時(shí)候，限制車輛出行和工業(yè)活動(dòng)；森林和水體受到酸雨的污染Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-10Table 10.1 (contd)表10-1環(huán)

10、境破壞對(duì)健康和生產(chǎn)率的主要影響環(huán)境破壞對(duì)健康的影響對(duì)生產(chǎn)率的影響主要退化森林砍伐破壞生物多樣性大氣變化耕種貧瘠土地的貧困農(nóng)民營(yíng)養(yǎng)減少；更易受干旱的影響局部性洪水，導(dǎo)致死亡和疾病有可能失去新的藥材媒介傳播疾病可能變化；氣候自然災(zāi)害的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；由于臭氧損害帶來(lái)的疾病（每年全球范圍內(nèi)大約新增30萬(wàn)的皮膚癌病癥，170萬(wàn)的白內(nèi)障病例）海潮損失導(dǎo)致海岸建設(shè)投資；農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)發(fā)生地區(qū)變化；海洋產(chǎn)品鏈斷裂減少生態(tài)環(huán)境的可適應(yīng)性，基因 資源遺失失去可持續(xù)采伐的潛力，失去森林的防蝕化能力、分水作用和碳吸存能力土地產(chǎn)出減少占國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值的0.5%-1.5%；河流湖泊淤積的通疏、水運(yùn)渠道的建設(shè)和其他形式的水利投資Copyr

11、ight 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-11Rural Development and the Environment: A Tale of Two Villages農(nóng)村發(fā)展與環(huán)境：兩個(gè)村莊的故事農(nóng)村發(fā)展與環(huán)境：兩個(gè)村莊的故事nRepresentative African villagen以非洲村莊為代表nRepresentative South American villagen以南美洲村莊為代表Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-

12、12Traditional Economic Models of the Environment關(guān)于環(huán)境的傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)模型關(guān)于環(huán)境的傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)模型nPrivately owned resourcesn私人物品框架下的環(huán)境資源Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-13Figure 10.1圖10-1資源配置的靜態(tài)效率邊隙收益和邊際成本單位資源Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-14Figure 10.2圖10-2各期最優(yōu)資源配置價(jià)

13、格數(shù)量Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-15Traditional Economic Models of the Environment關(guān)于環(huán)境的傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)模型關(guān)于環(huán)境的傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)模型nPrivately owned resourcesn私人物品下的環(huán)境資源nCommon property resourcesn公共物品下的環(huán)境資源Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-16Figure 10.3圖10-3公共物品框架下的環(huán)境資

14、源及配置勞動(dòng)收益勞動(dòng)力數(shù)量Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-17Traditional Economic Models of the Environment關(guān)于環(huán)境的傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)模型關(guān)于環(huán)境的傳統(tǒng)經(jīng)濟(jì)模型nPrivately owned resourcesn私人物品下的環(huán)境資源nCommon property resourcesn公共物品下的環(huán)境資源nPublic goods and bads: regional environmental degradation and the free-rider pro

15、blemn公共“好”物品與“壞”物品：地區(qū)環(huán)境惡化與搭便車問(wèn)題nLimitations of the public goods frameworkn對(duì)公共物品理論的批評(píng)Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-18Figure 10.4圖10-4公共物品、私人物品和搭便車問(wèn)題價(jià)格數(shù)量數(shù)量?jī)r(jià)格公共物品（垂直相加）私人物品（水平相加）Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-19Urban Development and the Env

16、ironment城市發(fā)展與環(huán)境城市發(fā)展與環(huán)境nThe ecology of urban slumsn城市貧民區(qū)的生態(tài)環(huán)境nIndustrialization and urban air pollutionn工業(yè)化與城市空氣污染Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-20Figure 10.5圖圖10.5污染外部性：私人成本和社會(huì)成本及稅收影響X產(chǎn)品數(shù)量?jī)r(jià)格Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-21Figure 10.6污染外部

17、性隨經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)增強(qiáng)圖10-6價(jià)格X產(chǎn)品數(shù)量Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-22Urban Development and the Environment城市發(fā)展與環(huán)境城市發(fā)展與環(huán)境nThe ecology of urban slumsn城市貧民區(qū)的生態(tài)環(huán)境nIndustrialization and urban air pollutionn工業(yè)化與城市空氣污染nProblems of congestion and the availability of clean water and sanitation

18、n城市擁擠問(wèn)題與潔凈水源Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-23The Need for Policy Reform政策改革的必要性政策改革的必要性nThe recognition that action to reduce environmental hazards has been insufficient is now widespreadnHowever, budgets are limitednBetter pricing policies would improve mattersnInclus

19、ion of women in the design of environmental policy is importantCopyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-24The Global Environment: Rain Forest Destruction and Greenhouse Gases全球環(huán)境：雨林破壞與溫室氣體全球環(huán)境：雨林破壞與溫室氣體nMany scientists are alarmed by recent evidence regarding ozone depletion and

20、 global warmingn對(duì)最近證明臭氧消耗與全球變暖有關(guān)，許多科學(xué)家感到擔(dān)憂nEconomists also are concerned with the costs of global climate changen經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們還關(guān)心的是全球氣候變化的成本nThe solutions seem to involve both LDCs and industrialized countriesn解決方案似乎涉及不發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和工業(yè)化國(guó)家Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-25Policy Options

21、in Developing and Developed Countries發(fā)展中國(guó)家和發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的政策選擇發(fā)展中國(guó)家和發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的政策選擇nWhat LDCs can don發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家能做些什么 合理的資源定價(jià)Proper resource pricing 動(dòng)員全社會(huì)的參與Community involvement 明晰產(chǎn)權(quán)和資源所有權(quán)Clearer property rights and resource ownership 給窮人更多更好的經(jīng)濟(jì)選擇Improved economic alternatives for the poor 提高婦女的經(jīng)濟(jì)地位Improved economic stat

22、us of women 減少工業(yè)污染Industrial emissions abatement policiesCopyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-26Policy Options in Developing and Developed Countries (contd)發(fā)展中國(guó)家和發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的政策選擇（續(xù)）發(fā)展中國(guó)家和發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的政策選擇（續(xù)）nHow developed countries can help LDCsn發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家如何幫助發(fā)展中國(guó)家 貿(mào)易政策Trade policies 債務(wù)減免和以債務(wù)換環(huán)境

23、Debt relief and debt for nature swaps 發(fā)展援助Development assistancenWhat developed countries can don發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家可以為全球環(huán)境做些什么 減少有害污染物的排放Emissions controls 開(kāi)發(fā)適用的污染控制技術(shù)R&D 進(jìn)口限制Import restrictionsCopyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-27Table 10.2Copyright 2006 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.10-28Concepts for Review概念復(fù)習(xí)概念復(fù)習(xí)nAbsorptive capacityn吸收能力nBiomass