考研英國文學(xué)復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)(參照教材劉炳善《英國文學(xué)簡史》)(匯編)

1、精品文檔Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature1. Beowulf:national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration,metaphors andunderstatements （此處可能會有填空，選擇等小題）2. Romance （名詞解釋）3.“ Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”roman:famousabout King Arthur s story4. Ballad （名詞解釋）5. Character of Robin

2、Hood6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 storiesplanned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet)7. Heroic couplet ( 名詞解釋 )Part Two: The English Renaissance8. The Authorized Version of English Bible and its s

3、ignificance（填空選擇）9. Renaissance（名詞解釋）10.Thomas More Utopia11. Sonnet（名詞解釋）12. Blank verse （名詞解釋）13. Edmund Spenser“ The Faerie Queene ” ; Amoretti (collection of his sonnets)Spenserian Stanza（名詞解釋）14. Francis Bacon “ essays ” esp. “（Of推薦Studies閱讀，學(xué)”習(xí)寫正式語體的英文文章的好參照，本文用詞正式優(yōu)雅， 多排比句和長句，語言造詣非常高， 里面很多話都可以

4、引用做格言警句，非常值得一讀）15. Christopher Marlowe (“ Doctor Faustus” and his achievements)16. William Shakespeare可以說是英國文學(xué)史中最重要的作家，一定要看熟了。四大喜劇，四大悲劇比較重要，此外就是羅密歐與朱立葉了，這些劇的主題，背景，情節(jié)，人物形象都要熟悉，當(dāng)然他最重要的喜劇作品是Hamlet 這是肯定的。他的 sonnet 也很重要，最重要屬sonnet18。（其戲劇中著名對白和幾首有名的十四行詩可能會出選讀）Lecture 1Part 1 Early and Medieval English Lit

5、erature“ Early ”erehmeans English literature in primitive and slavery society.“ Medievalperiod ”is a quite special period in English history. In Chinese “ Medieval or”“ The Middle Age” means “中世紀(jì) ” .You may hear something about this period. It was called “ TheMiddle Age ”ecauseb it was considered as

6、 the time between ancient world and the modern world. Here “ Medieval ” means English literature in feudal England before the Renaissance.I. Early English Literature (Anglo-Saxon Literature) 1, Historical Background1 The earliest inhabitants of the British Isles were Britons, a tribe of Celts. Today

7、 most Celts lived in Scotland and Wales.2 From 55 B.C. to 410 A. D. Romans conquered the Great Britain. The Roman army was led by Julius Caesar, who was a very famous figure in ancient Rome. He was a famous general and conquered lot of places in Europe and then he became dictator of Rome. He had fam

8、ous wordscame, I saw, I conquered” . You can see how strong this man s will is.精品文檔精品文檔Consequence of Roman conquest: a network of highways; scores of towns, including London; Roman lifestyle3 English Conquest?Shortly after Romans retreat, the Britain was invaded by Anglos, Saxons and Jutes. And by

9、the7th century Old English emerged.?Anglo -Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.?Anglo -Saxons were Christianized in the 7th century. Before Christianization, Anglo-Saxons believed in old northern European mythologies. If you are interested in old Britain mythologiesy

10、ou may read the famous novel “ The Lord of the Rings ” , which was a collection of old northern European mythologies. The Christianization of Anglo-Saxons influenced the record of old Englishliterature.2, Beowulf National epic of English people1 Definition of epic: an extended narrative poem in elev

11、ated or dignified language, celebrating the feats of a legendary or traditional hero2 Story of Beowulf?Ask students to read the story of Beowulf on textbook by themselves and then ask them“are the three adventures mentioned in the story?”?The story of Beowulf includes three adventures: killing monst

12、er Grendel, killing Grendel s mother and killing a fire dragon.3 Some important points?“ Beowulf ” is a folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes.However it also reflected the features of the tribal society in Britain.?Originally Beowulf, the great epic, was in oral

13、 form and it must be a collective creation.?Beowulf in the epic is a legendary figure. In formal history you can not find a man named Beowulf. Artistic fea tures of“Beowulf ”?Using alliterationDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with thesame conson

14、ant sound（頭韻）Some examples on P5?Using metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled wayUnderstatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideas. You may find some examples on P6 Epic tradition in Europelong narrative verse, part-historica

15、l and part-legendary originThis tradition can be traced back to Homer s “ Iliad” and“ Odyssey ” . Similar works in Europe are“ Edda” and“ Saga” from Iceland etc. (referring歐to洲文學(xué)史)3,“ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle”? The book was conceived by King Alfred the Great. He also organized and supervised the writin

16、gprocess of the book.?This book is a very important historical document and specimen of Anglo-Saxon prose.II, Medieval English Literature1, Historical Background精品文檔精品文檔1 Norman conquest in 1066 marks the establishment of feudalism in England.2 By the end of the 14th century, the Middle English emer

17、ged.3 The ecclesiastics, from the monks and the clergy to the bishops and archbishops, together possessed over one third of the land in the country and owned numerous serfs, and had their tithes and ecclesiastical courts and the backing of the Pope in Rome. They had much political as well as religio

18、us power. Understanding the great influence of Christianity in the medieval Europe is very important for you to understand their literature because Christianity is one of the two resources of European culture. (referring toLecture 22. The Romance （騎士文學(xué)）1 Definition of the Romance: a long composition

19、, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero. (P10)* Knight is a special group of people existed in the Middle Age in Europe. Nearlyall nobles were knights. However, nobody was born a knight. One nobleman who want to become a knight must experience har

20、d training and then the king will give himknighthood.* Codes of the Knight （騎士準(zhǔn)則） :protectthe weak, fightfor church,loyal to yourlord, loyal to King, respect women of noble birth（西方人對于男士良好風(fēng)度的概念起源于這些騎士準(zhǔn)則，是以西方有“騎士風(fēng)度”說法。）（參閱歐洲文化入門）2 The great majority of the romances fall into three groups: matters of

21、Britain,matters of France and matters of Rome.* Charlemagne, a very great French emperor,查理曼大帝 （參閱歐洲文化入門）* Alexander the Great, a very great emperor in ancient Greece,亞歷山大大帝，目前埃及名城亞歷山大就是以他的名字命名（參閱歐洲文化入門）3 The Romance of King Arthur and hisRound Tableknights, whose originwas in Celticlegend, is compa

22、rativelythe most importantforthe historyof Englishliterature,especially the works called“Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”. 關(guān)于亞瑟王的傳說來自英國的凱爾特民族的傳說，格溫爵士和綠衣騎士的故事可以在陳嘉英國文學(xué)史第 34 到 35 頁找到。? The theme of loyaltyto kingand lordis an importantcommontheme of the Romance.So they were composed for the noble clas

23、s.* 英國的騎士文學(xué) (Romance) 并沒有產(chǎn)生如同法國的羅蘭之歌那樣多姿多彩的作品，中世紀(jì)在整個(gè)歐洲騎士文學(xué)還是有很多的讀者， 有一些人甚至對騎士文學(xué)的喜愛到達(dá)癡迷的程度，比如西班牙作家塞萬提斯的名作 唐吉訶德 中刻畫的主人公便是一位讓人覺的可笑又覺的同情的騎士文學(xué)迷。（參閱歐洲文學(xué)史）3.“Piers the Plowman ”（農(nóng)夫皮爾斯）精品文檔精品文檔1 The author William LanglandRead his life story by yourself. (P12)He was lived in lower social position all his li

24、fe and he was a person with strongChristian color. These two elements concerning with his life experience influenced his literary creation.2 StoryRead P12 to P16 and answer the following questions:?What kinds of people were considered as parasites?Religion was compared to what kind of person?What ki

25、nd of social phenomenon was represented by Lady Meed?Lady Meed is asked by King to marry whom?Why Conscience refused to marry Lady Meed?Who is the hero of the poem? What kind of person he is?3 Features?Importantpoint which makes the work special:The author considersthe peasant namedPiers to be the n

26、earest to truth and salvation. (It was in the Middle Ages. Nearlyall literary works produced at that time was written about those noblemen.)?Form: a series of dreams?Style: alliterative verse?Social significance: kindling the toiling peoples sense of human dignity andequality before God and playing

27、a part in arousing their revolutionary sentiment?Limitations:conservatism(See P16 “The Class Nature of Piers ”);StrongChristiancolor?Artistic feature of the production: allegory（寓言）, personification（擬人） ,symbolism （象征主義， 用作品中具體的形象來代替某種現(xiàn)象或一個(gè)抽象概念）The usage ofsymbolism became a tradition of English lit

28、erature. You may find lots of similarworks inlaterEnglish literature,forexample,BunyansThe PilgrimsProgress.4, The English Ballads1 Definitionoftheballad:A balladisa storytoldinsong,usuallyin4-linestanzas,with the second and fourth lines rhymed.（ rhymed 在這里指第二行和第四行最后一個(gè)詞以相同或近似的元音和輔音結(jié)尾）2 Features of b

29、allads?Flourished in the 15th century?Originally oral literature (Ballads were collected and written down in the 18thcentury.Earliestpublicationofcollectionofballads wasThomasPercy s“Reliques of Ancient English Poetry”.)精品文檔精品文檔?Collective creation (no certain writer for each ballad)?Ballads wrote o

30、n all kinds of subjects.3 Robin Hood Ballads（羅賓漢）?Of all the ballads, those written about Robin Hood are comparatively important.?Robin Hood is a partly historical and partly legendary character.（羅賓漢本來是一個(gè)很普通的歷史人物，但是在人們的傳說中逐漸被神化，成為了民謠中描寫的傳說中的形象，這種方式與中國歷史上關(guān)羽的形象很近似。）?Important point s of the character

31、of Robin Hood: hatred for the cruel oppressorsand lovefor the poor;orthodox in religion;reverenceforthe King (just an illusion)?SocialSignificance:showing the fightingspirit,courage and revolutionaryenergyof English peasantry（ Robin Hood 是英國文學(xué)史中的一個(gè)綠林英雄形象，與中國文學(xué)中的許多劫富濟(jì)貧的形象很相近，特別是水滸中的很多人物形象。）17.Ben Jon

32、son個(gè)別戲劇的名字要能和人對上號，如Every Man in His Humor,二外好像在這里出過一道匹配題，但是不用看太具體。Part Three: The Period of the English Bourgeois Revolution18.John Milton三大史詩非常重要，特別是Paradise Lost和 Samson Agonistes 。對于Paradise Lost需要知道它是 blank verse寫成的，故事情節(jié)來自O(shè)ld Testament，具體情節(jié)在課本 124 頁，另外要知道此書theme 和 Satan 的形象。對于Samson Agonistes 要知

33、道它是 poetical drama，知道故事大概情節(jié)及其來源。另外129頁到 130 頁 brief summary中 5 條要看。19.John Bunyan The Pilgrims Progress20.Founder of the Metaphysical school John Donne; features of the school:philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images21.Andrew Marvell此人不重要，但他有一首名詩To His Coy Mistress22.John Dryden “ All

34、for Love”(atragedy);“AnEssay ofDramaticPoesy”(Literary criticism); forerunner of the Classicism in BritainPart Four: The Eighteen Century23. Enlightenment （名詞解釋）24. Classicism （名詞解釋）25. Richard Steele“ The Tatler ”26. Joseph Addison “ The Spectator ”這個(gè)比上面那個(gè)要重要，注意這個(gè)報(bào)紙和我們今天的報(bào)紙不一樣， 它虛構(gòu)了一系列的人物， 以這些人物的口氣

35、來寫報(bào)紙上刊登的散文， 這一部分要仔細(xì)讀。精品文檔精品文檔27. Steels and Addison s styles and their contributions28. AlexanderPope: “Essay on Criticism”,“Essay on Man”,“The Rape ofLock”,“The Dunciad ”; his workmanship (features) and limitations29. Jonathan Swift:“Gullivers Travels ”此書非常重要，要知道具體內(nèi)容，就是Gulliver游歷過的四個(gè)地方的英文名稱，和每個(gè)部分具體

36、的諷刺對象;“The Drapier sLetters ” and “A Modest Proposal ”,后一篇比較重要，要注意后一篇作者用的irony也就是反諷手法。30. The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature.31. Daniel Defoe:“Robinson Crusoe ”,“Moll Flanders”,當(dāng)然是Robinson Crusoe比較重要，劇情要清楚， 179 頁這一節(jié)最后一段，有Ro

37、binsonCrusoe 的形象和故事中蘊(yùn)涵的早期黑奴的原形， 以及殖民主義的萌芽。 另外注意 Defoe 的 style和 feature，另外 Defoe是 forerunner of English realistic novel。32. Samuel Richardson “ Pamela” (firstepistolarynovel),“ClarissaHarlowe”,“Sir Charles Grandison ”33. Henry Fielding:“Joseph Andrews”,“Jonathan Wild ”,“Tom Jones”第一個(gè)和第三個(gè)比較重要，需要仔細(xì)看。他是

38、一個(gè)比較重要的作家，200 頁 founderofthe EnglishRealistic novel部分要看，201 頁第 3 點(diǎn) features也要看，另外 Fielding也被稱為 fatherof the English novel.34.Laurence Sterne“ Tristram Shandy”35.Richard Sheridan“ The School for Scandal”36.Samuel Johnson “ Dictionary”,“LettertoLordChesterfield ” (thewriters declaration of independenc

39、e)37.Oliver Goldsmith“ The Traveller”(poem),“The Deserted Village” (poem)(both two poems were written by heroiccouplet),“The Vicar ofWakefield ” (novel),“The Good- NaturedMan” (comedy), “She stoopsto Conquer” (comedy),“The Citizenof the World ” (collection of essays)38.Edward Gibbon“ The Decline and

40、 Fall of the Roman Empire”40.Sentimentalism（名詞解釋）41.Thomas Gray “ Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”（英國詩歌里非常著名的 一 首， 曾 經(jīng)被 譽(yù)為 “有 史 以來 英 國詩 歌里 最好 的 一首 ” ） (arepresentativeofsentimentalism and graveyard school of poets墓園派詩人 )*Gravey ard School / Poets”: A term applied to eighteenth-century poets wh

41、o wrote精品文檔精品文檔meditative poems, usually set in a graveyard, on the theme of human mortality, in moods which range from elegiac pensiveness to profound gloom. The vogue resultedin one of the most widely known English poems, Thomas Gray s “Elegy written in a country churchyard ”. The writing of grave

42、yard poems spread from England to Continental literature in the second part of the century and also influenced some American poets.42. In the latterhalfof the 18th century,Pre-Romanticism;representative:WilliamBlake and Robert Burns.43. Thomas Percy “ Reliques of Ancient English poetry ”許多中古的民謠都是在這個(gè)

43、時(shí)期重新收集和整理起來的，這個(gè)集子是那個(gè)時(shí)代比較有名的一個(gè)民謠集。44. William Blake Songs of Experience,比較重要，需要對主要作品有所了解，特別是這兩本集子的contrast一定要注意，另外Songs of Innocence和Blake 的寫作特點(diǎn)也要注意，比如語言的簡單明了，神秘主義氛圍等。45. Robert Burns 偉大的蘇格蘭民族詩人 , A Red Red Rose, Scots Wha Hae, Auld Lang Syne 等名詩，寫作特點(diǎn) : Scottish dialect; a poet of peasant and Scottis

44、h people; plainlanguage; influence from Scottish folk songs and ballads; musical quality of his poems.Part Five: Romanticism in England46. Romanticism （名詞解釋）要對浪漫主義興起的時(shí)間，根源，主要特點(diǎn)，主要代表作家都有所了解。47.William Wordsworth要知道他的“ Lyrical Ballads 前言是”英國浪漫主義時(shí)期開始的標(biāo)志，也是宣言。 Lake Poets（名詞解釋） 。他詩歌的主要兩類題材 :nature and co

45、mmon people s lives。寫過的著名作品 :I wandered lonely as a cloud; To the cuckoo; Lines composed a few miles aboveTintern Abbey; The solitary reaper; We are seven 等等。48.Samuel Taylor Coleridge 兩首名詩 :The Rime of the Ancient Mariner; Kubla Khan主要寫作supernatural 題材。49.George Gordon Byron ，Byronic Heroes ( 名詞解釋

46、); 著名作品 :Child Harold s Pilgrimage要知道大致內(nèi)容， 另外此詩用 Spenserian Stanza寫成；Don Juan 要知道大致內(nèi)容， 及其詩體 attavarima。50.Percy Bysshe Shelley 著名作品 :Queen Mab;The Revolt of Islam; Prometheus Unbound（lyrical drama，要知道大致內(nèi)容及此劇與古希臘的“被束縛的普羅米修斯 ”不同之處及其意義。）其它名作 : Ode to the West Wind; To a skylark; One word is too often p

47、rofaned等等。51.John Keats 著名作品 :Ode to Autumn; Ode to a Nightingale; Ode on a Grecian Urn。注意”Keats 與 Byron 和 Shelley 的不同， Keats 的詩歌沒有兩人那么強(qiáng)的革命性，他的詩歌主要是為了締造一個(gè)唯美的世界，為了追求美而寫作的。52. Charles Lamb:The Essays of Elia (humorous, archaisms, quotations from other writers)53. Walter Scott: founder and great master

48、 of the historical novel; his death marks the ending ofRomantic Period in English literature; famous novels:Rob Roy, Ivanhoe; features of his novels(P322)Part Six: English Critical Realism精品文檔精品文檔54. Critical Realism 批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義，要知道它興起的時(shí)間，歷史背景，主要代表人物及主要特點(diǎn)。55. Charles Dickens 主要作品 : The Pickwick Papers (f

49、irst novel); Oliver Twist; Dombey and Son;David Copperfield; A Tales of Two Cities等等，對這些主要作品除了第一部以外剩下的要對情節(jié)，主要人物形象， 主題及其意義有所了解，另外要知道狄更斯的小說的特色（ P362-P363）。56. William Makepeace Thackeray 主要作品即Vanity Fair 要知道這個(gè)題目出自John Bunyan的 The Pilgrim s Progress，另外小說的副標(biāo)題“A novel without a hero 的意”思，小說的情節(jié)，主題，人物形象都要了

50、解。57. Jane Austen 主要作品ride and Prejudice 其它 5 部小說在書上 372 頁，知道名字即可，對于傲慢與偏見 課本上介紹的不詳細(xì)， 可以找其它文學(xué)史書籍來簡單看一下它的情節(jié)和主要人物。 Austen 的寫作特點(diǎn) :thin plot, mostly everyday life of simle country society; good atwriting young girls; modest satire; witty dialogues。58. Charlotte Bronte 主要作品 Jane Eyre，要知道其情節(jié)和意義，另外簡愛的人物形象也比

51、較重要。59. Emily Bronte 主要作品 Wuthering Heights ，情節(jié)，人物形象及意義。 勃朗特姐妹的小說雖然寫作在批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義時(shí)期， 但其作品有明顯的浪漫主義特色， 比如包含的一些 supernaturalelements，特別體現(xiàn)在呼嘯山莊中。60. Mrs. Gaskell, one of the first English writers to describe the class struggle in a novel, famous novel: “ Mary Barton不需”要.看太詳細(xì)。61.George Eliot 主要作品 : Adam Bede,

52、 The Mill on Floss, Silas Marner 簡單了解即可。Part Seven: Prose-writers and poets of the mid and later 19th century62.Thomas Carlyle, John Ruskin, Matthew Arnold 簡單了解即可。63.Alfred Tennyson 主要作品 : In Memoriam, The Idylls of the Kings；有名的短詩 Break, Break,Break; Crossing the bar 等，此人政治態(tài)度保守， 作品追求形式上的完美，富于音樂性和色彩。具體寫作特色參看 P410-P411。64.Robert Browning introduceddramatic monologue to poetry.(P416)His famous poems:“ Home-thoughts from abroad” etc. Elizabeth Barrett Browning:“ Sonnets from the Portuguese65. 簡單了解 William Morris 主要作品，寫作特點(diǎn)，及其意義等。66. A