塑料模具畢業(yè)設(shè)計中英文對照資料外文翻譯文獻

1、中英文對照資料外文 翻譯文獻一個描述電鑄鎳殼在注塑模具的應(yīng)用的技術(shù)研究摘要：在過去幾年中快速成型技術(shù)及快速模具已被廣泛開發(fā)利用 . 在本文中,使用電芯作為核 心程序?qū)λ芰献⑸淠＞叻治?. 通過差分系統(tǒng)快速成型制造外殼模型 . 主要目的是分析電鑄 鎳殼力學(xué)特征、 研究相關(guān)金相組織,硬度,內(nèi)部壓力等不同方面，由這些特征參數(shù)以生產(chǎn)電 鑄設(shè)備的外殼. 最后一個核心是檢驗注塑模具.關(guān)鍵詞：電鍍；電鑄；微觀結(jié)構(gòu)；鎳1. 引言現(xiàn)代工業(yè)遇到很大的挑戰(zhàn)，其中最重要的是怎么樣提供更好的產(chǎn)品給消費者,更多種類 和更新?lián)Q代問題. 因此,現(xiàn)代工業(yè)必定產(chǎn)生更多的競爭性. 毫無疑問,結(jié)合時間變量和質(zhì)量變 量并不容易,因為他

2、們經(jīng)常彼此互為條件; 先進的生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)將允許該組合以更加有效可行的 方式進行，例如,如果是觀測注塑系統(tǒng)的轉(zhuǎn)變、 我們得出的結(jié)論是,事實上 一個新產(chǎn)品在市 場上具有較好的質(zhì)量它需要越來越少的時間 快速模具制造技術(shù)是在這一領(lǐng)域, 中可以改善 設(shè)計和制造注入部分的技術(shù)進步. 快速模具制造技術(shù)基本上是一個中小型系列的收集程序， 在很短的時間內(nèi)在可接受的精度水平基礎(chǔ)上讓我們獲得模具的塑料部件。其應(yīng)用不僅在更加 廣闊而且生產(chǎn)也不斷增多。本文包括了很廣泛的研究路線,在這些研究路線中我們可以嘗試去學(xué)習(xí)，定義，分析， 測試， 提出在工業(yè)水平方面的可行性， 從核心的注塑模具制造獲取電鑄鎳殼， 同時作為一個 初始模型

3、的原型在一個 FDM 設(shè)備上的快速成型。不得不說的是,先進的電鑄技術(shù)應(yīng)用在無數(shù)的行業(yè)，但這一研究工作調(diào)查到什么程度,并 根據(jù)這些參數(shù),使用這種技術(shù)生產(chǎn)快速模具在技術(shù)上是可行的 . 都產(chǎn)生一個準(zhǔn)確的，系統(tǒng)化 使用的方法以及建議的工作方法.2 制造過程的注塑模具 薄鎳外殼的核心是電鑄,獲得一個充滿 epoxic 金屬樹脂的一體化的核心板塊模具(圖 1)允許直接制造注射型多用標(biāo)本， 因為它們確定了新英格蘭大學(xué)英文國際表卓華組織3167 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。這樣做的目的是確定力學(xué)性能的材料收集代表行業(yè)。該階段取得的核心4，根據(jù)這一方法研究了這項工作,有如下:a,用 CAD 系統(tǒng)設(shè)計的理想對象b 模型制造的快速成型設(shè)

4、備(頻分多路系統(tǒng)). 所用材料將是一個 ABS 塑料c 一個制造的電鑄鎳殼，已事先涂有導(dǎo)電涂料(必須有導(dǎo)電).d 無外殼模型e 核心的生產(chǎn)是背面外殼環(huán)氧樹脂的抗高溫與具有制冷的銅管管道.有兩個腔的注塑模具、 其中一個是電核心和其他直接加工的移動版. 因此,在同一工 藝條件下，同時注入兩個標(biāo)準(zhǔn)技術(shù)制造，獲得相同的工作。3 獲得電殼:設(shè)備電鍍是電解質(zhì)時電流的化學(xué)變化,電解所形成的直流電有兩個電極，陽極和陰極。當(dāng)電 流流經(jīng)電路，在離子溶液中轉(zhuǎn)化為原子。電鍍液用于這項工作是由氨基磺酸鎳 400 毫升/升,氯化鎳(10 克/升)、硼酸(50 克/ 升),allbrite SLA(30 毫升/升),all

5、brite703(2 毫升/升). 選擇這種組合主要原因是我們考慮注塑 模具程序是玻璃纖維. 氨基磺酸鎳讓我們獲得可以接受的內(nèi)部壓力(測試不同工藝條件結(jié)果, 而不是最佳工藝條件約2兆帕最高為50兆帕). 不過,這種內(nèi)部壓力是由touenesulfonamode 衍生物和甲醛水溶液使用的 ALLbrite 添加劑的結(jié)果。這種添加劑也增加了殼的阻力. Allbrite703 是一種可生物降解水溶液表使用劑 氯化鎳, 有利于解決金屬統(tǒng)一分布在陰極，提高導(dǎo)電性的問題。硼酸作為PH 值緩沖區(qū)。該設(shè)備用于制造殼的測試如下： 聚丙烯:600 毫米400 毫米500 毫米的尺寸 三聚四氟乙烯電阻器,每一個有

6、800W 具有機械攪拌系統(tǒng)的陰極循環(huán)和過濾系統(tǒng)用的泵和聚丙烯過濾器。 充電整流器. 最大強度在連續(xù) 50 個 A 和連續(xù)電流電壓介于 0 至 16 伏 籃鈦鎳陽極(鎳硫回合電解鎳)純度 99%以上 氣體注入系統(tǒng)一旦電流密度( 1-22A/dm） ,溫度(35 至 55)和 pH 值,已經(jīng)確定，執(zhí)行參數(shù)以及測試 的進程部分不可改變。4 獲得硬度電殼硬度的測試一直保持在相當(dāng)高的很穩(wěn)定的結(jié)果。如圖 2，可以看到：電流密度值2.5 到 22A/dm，硬度值介于 540 到 580 高壓， PH 值為 4+-0.2 和溫度為45 攝氏度，如果 PH 減少到 3.5 和溫度為55 攝氏度，硬度為 520

7、以上，高壓低于 560.這一測試使常規(guī)組成 不同于其他氨基磺酸鎳，允許其經(jīng)營更加廣泛，然而，這種operatyivity 將是一定的取決于 其他因素，如內(nèi)部壓力，因為他可能的變異。改變 PH 值，電流密度和溫度等，另一方面，傳統(tǒng)的硬度氨基磺酸鎳承受的高壓在 200-250 之間， 遠低于取得的一個實驗結(jié)果的電壓。 對于一個注塑模具， 硬度可以接受的起 點 300 高壓這是必須考慮的，注塑模具中最常見的材料，有改善鋼（290 高壓），整體淬 火（520-595 高壓）， casehardened 鋼鐵（760-8-高壓）等，以這樣一種方式，可以看到， 注塑模具硬度水平的鎳是殼內(nèi)的高范圍的材料。因

8、為這是一個負(fù)責(zé)內(nèi)部壓力的塑料注射液， 這種方式與環(huán)氧樹脂灌漿將遵循它， 相反對低韌性的殼補償， 這就是為什么它是必定盡可能 的外殼厚度均勻，并沒有重要的原因，如 腐蝕。5 金相組織為了分析金相結(jié)構(gòu)、電流密度、溫度主要變化. 在正面橫向部分（垂直沉積）對樣品進 行了分析，為了方便地封裝在樹脂，拋光。銘刻，在不同階段的混合乙酸和硝酸。該時刻間 隔 15,25,40,50 之后再次拋光, 為了在金相顯微鏡下觀察奧林巴斯 PME3-ADL3.3X/10X必須要說的是，這一條規(guī)定顯示了圖片之后的評論，用于制造該模型的殼在FDM 快速 成型機里融化的塑料材料 （澳大利亞統(tǒng)計局） 鞏固和解決了該階層。后來在

9、每一個層， 擠出 的模具都留下一個大約 0.15 毫米直徑橫向和縱向的線程。因此，在表面可以看到細線表面 頭部的機器。 這些西路將作為參考信息解決鎳的重復(fù)性問題。重復(fù)性的模型將作為一個基本要素來評估注塑模具的表面紋理。表 1 測試系列：表 1. 檢驗系列系列 pH 溫度() 電流密度 A/mm212344.2 0.23.9 0.2 4.0 0.2 4.0 0.2554545452.225.5610.0022.22圖 3 說明該系列第一時刻表面的樣本它顯示了流道起點的頻率復(fù)用機， 這就是說， 又一個很好的重復(fù)性。 它不能仍然要注意四舍五入結(jié)構(gòu)。在圖 4 系列 2，經(jīng)過第二次，可以看到一條線的流道

10、的方式與以前的相比 不太清楚。在圖 5 系列 3 雖然第二次時刻開始出現(xiàn)圓形晶結(jié)果是非常困難的。此外，最黑 暗的部分表明時刻不足的進程和組成。這種現(xiàn)象表明，在低電流密度和高溫條件下工作，得到更小的晶粒尺寸和殼重現(xiàn)性好， 就是所需要的足夠的應(yīng)用程序。如果分析橫向平面進行的沉積，可以在所有測試樣品和條件增長的結(jié)構(gòu)層（圖6），犧 牲一個低延展性取得令人滿意的高機械阻力， 最重要的是添加劑的使用情況， 氨基磺酸鎳液 的添加劑通常創(chuàng)建一個纖維和非層狀結(jié)果9.這個問題表明在任何情況下改變潤濕劑，由于 該層結(jié)構(gòu)的決定因素是這種結(jié)構(gòu)的應(yīng)力減速器（ALLbriteSLA)。另一方面， 她也是測試的層 狀結(jié)構(gòu)不同

11、厚度中的電流密度.6 內(nèi)部壓力殼的一個主要特點是應(yīng)該有其應(yīng)用，如插入時要有一個低水平的內(nèi)部壓力。測試不同的 溫度很電流密度， 所采取的措施取決于陰極彎曲張力計法。 A 鋼測試控制使用側(cè)固定和其他自由度固定（160 毫米長， 12.7 毫米寬， 0.3 毫米厚）。金屬沉積只有在控制了機械拉伸力 （拉深或壓應(yīng)力），才能計算內(nèi)部壓力。彈性的角度來看，斯托尼模型應(yīng)用，假定鎳基質(zhì)厚 度，對部分鋼材產(chǎn)生足夠小（3 微米）的影響。在所有測試情況下，一個能夠接受的應(yīng)用程 序在內(nèi)部壓力在 50 兆帕的極端條件下和 2 兆帕的最佳條件下產(chǎn)生。得出的結(jié)論是，內(nèi)部壓 力在不同的工作條件和參數(shù)沒有明顯的變化條件下。7

12、校驗注塑模具試驗已進行了各種代表性熱塑性材料如聚丙烯、高密度聚乙烯和PC、 并進行了注射 部件性能的分析，如尺寸，重量，阻力，剛度和柔性。對殼的力學(xué)性能進行了拉伸破壞性測 試和分析。大約 500 個注射液在其余的條件下，進行了更多的檢驗總體而言, 為分析一種材料， 重要的是注意到行為標(biāo)本中的核心和那些加工腔之間的差 異。然而在分析光彈注入標(biāo)本（圖7）有人注意到不同的國家之間張力存在兩種不同的類型 的標(biāo)本， 是由于不同的模腔熱傳遞和剛度。 這種差異解釋了柔性的變化更加突出的部分晶體 材料，如聚乙烯和聚酰胺 6.有人注意到一個較低的柔性標(biāo)本在的高密度聚乙烯分析測試管在鎳核心的情況下，量化 30%左

13、右。如尼龍 6 這個值也接近 50%。8 結(jié)論經(jīng)過連續(xù)的測試， 注塑模具在不同條件下檢查的氨基磺酸鎳液使用添加劑。這就是說塑 性好， 硬度好和摩擦力好的層狀結(jié)構(gòu)， 已取得的力學(xué)性能是可以接受的。 借鞋缺陷的鎳殼將 部分取代環(huán)氧樹脂為核心的注塑模具，使注入的一系列中型塑料零部件達到可接受的質(zhì)量的 水平。A technical note on the characterization ofelectroformed nickel shells for theirapplication to injection moldsaUniversidad de Las Palmas de Gran Cana

14、ria, Departamento de Ingenieria Mecanica, SpainAbstractThe techniques of rapid prototyping and rapid tooling have been widelydeveloped during the last years. In this article, electroforming as aprocedure to make cores for plastics injection molds is analysed.Shells are obtained from models manufactu

15、red through rapid prototypingusing the FDM system. The main objective is to analyze the mechanicalfeatures of electroformed nickel shells, studying different aspectsrelated to their metallographic structure, hardness, internal stressesand possible failures, by relating these features to the paramete

16、rs ofproduction of the shells with an electroforming equipment. Finally a corewas tested in an injection mold.Keywords: Electroplating; Electroforming; Microstructure; Nickel1. IntroductionOne of the most important challenges with which modern industry comesacross is to offer the consumer better pro

17、ducts with outstanding varietyand time variability (new designs). For this reason, modern industry mustbe more and more competitive and it has to produce with acceptable costs.There is no doubt that combining the time variable and the quality variableis not easy because they frequently condition one

18、 another; thetechnological advances in the productive systems are going to permit thatcombination to be more efficient and feasible in a way that, for example,if it is observed the evolution of the systems and techniques of plasticsinjection, we arrive at the conclusion that, in fact, it takes less

19、andless time to put a new product on the market and with higher levels ofquality. The manufacturing technology of rapid tooling is, in this field,one of those technological advances that makes possible the improvementsin the processes of designing and manufacturing injected parts. Rapidtooling techn

20、iques are basically composed ofa collection of procedures that are going to allow us to obtain a mold of plastic pa,rti small or medium series, in a short period of time and with acceptable accuracy levels. Their application is not only included in the field of making plastic injected pieces 1, 2 an

21、d 3, however, it is true that it is where they have developed more and where they find the highest output.This paper is includedwithin a widerresearch line where it attempts tostudy, define, analyze, test and propose, at an industrial level, thepossibility of creating cores for injection molds start

22、ing from obtainingelectroformed nickel shells, taking as an initial model a prototype madein a FDM rapid prototyping equipment.It also would have to say beforehand that the electroforming techniqueis not something new because its applications in the industry arecountless 3, but this research work ha

23、s tried to investigate to whatextent and under which parameters the use of this technique in theproduction of rapid molds is technically feasible. All made in an accurateand systematized way of use and proposing a working method.2. Manufacturing process of an injection moldThe core is formed by a th

24、in nickel shell that is obtained through theelectroforming process, and that is filled with an epoxic resin withmetallic charge during the integration in the core plate 4 This mold(Fig. 1) permits the direct manufacturing by injection of a type a multiple use specimen, as they are defined by the UNE

25、-EN ISO 3167 standard. The purpose of this specimen is to determine the mechanical properties of a collection of materials representative industry, injected in these tools and its coMParison with the properties obtained by conventional tools.Fig. 1. Manufactured injection mold with electroformed cor

26、e.The stages to obtain a core 4, according to the methodology researched in this work, are the following:(a) Design in CAD system of the desired object.(b) Model manufacturing in a rapid prototyping equipment (FDM system).The material used will be an ABS plastic.(c) Manufacturing of a nickel electro

27、formed shell starting from theprevious model that has been coated with a conductive paint beforehand(it must have electrical conductivity).(d) Removal of the shell from the model.(e) Production of the core by filling the back of the shell with epoxyresin resistant to high temperatures and with the r

28、efrigerating ducts madewith copper tubes.The injection mold had two cavities, one of them was the electroformedcore and the other was directly machined in the moving platen. Thus, itwas obtained, with the same tool and in the same process conditions, toinject simultaneously two specimens in cavities

29、 manufactured withdifferent technologies.3. Obtaining an electroformed shell: the equipmentElectrodeposition 5 and 6 is an electrochemical process in which a chemical change has its origin within an electrolyte when passing an electric current through it. The electrolytic bath is formed by metal sal

30、ts with two submerged electrodes, an anode (nickel) and a cathode (model), through which it is made to pass an intensity coming from a DC current. When the current flows through the circuit, the metal ionspresent in the solution are transformed into atoms that are settled onthe cathode creating a mo

31、re or less uniform deposit layer.The plating bath used in this work is formed by nickel sulfamate 7 and 8 at a concentration of 400 ml/l, nickel chloride (10 g/l), boric acid(50 g/l), Allbrite SLA (30 cc/l) and Allbrite 703 (2 cc/l). The selectionof this composition is mainly due to the type of appl

32、ication we intend,that is to say, injection molds, even when the injection is made withfibreglass. Nickel sulfamate allows us to obtain an acceptable level ofinternal stresses in the shell (the tests gave results, for differentprocess conditions, not superior to 50 MPa and for optimum conditionsarou

33、nd 2 MPa). Nevertheless, such level of internal pressure is also aconsequence of using as an additive Allbrite SLA, which is a stress reducerconstituted by derivatives of toluenesulfonamide and by formaldehyde inaqueous solution. Such additive also favours the increase of theresistance of the shell

34、when permitting a smaller grain. Allbrite 703 isan aqueous solution of biodegradable surface-acting agents that has beenutilized to reduce the risk of pitting. Nickel chloride, in spite of beingharmful for the internal stresses, is added to enhance the conductivityof the solution and to favour the u

35、niformity in the metallic distributionin the cathode. The boric acid acts as a pH buffer.The equipment used to manufacture the nickel shells tested has been asfollows: Polypropylene tank: 600 mm 400 mm 500 mm in size. Three teflon resistors, each one with 800 W. Mechanical stirring system of the cat

36、hode. System for recirculation and filtration of the bath formed by a pump and a polypropylene filter. Charging rectifier. Maximum intensity in continuous 50 A and continuous current voltage between 0 and 16 V. Titanium basket with nickel anodes (Inco S-Rounds Electrolytic Nickel) with a purity of 9

37、9%. Gases aspiration system.Once the bath has been defined, the operative parameters that have beenaltered for testing different conditions of the process have been thecurrent density (between 1 and 22 A/dm2), the temperature (between 35 and55 C) and the pH, partially modifying the bath composition.

38、4. Obtained hardnessOne of the most interesting conclusions obtained during the tests has been that the level of hardness of the different electroformed shells has remained at rather high and stable values. In Fig. 2, it can be observed the way in which for current density values between 2.5 and 22

39、A/dm2, the hardness values range from 540 and 580 HV, at pH 4 0.2 and with a temperature of 45 C. If the pH of the bath is reduced at 3.5 and the temperature is 55 C those values are above 520 HV and below 560 HV. This feature makes the tested bath different from other conventional ones composed by

40、nickel sulfamate, allowing to operate with a wider range of values; nevertheless, such operativity will be limited depending on other factors, such as internal stress because its variability may condition the work at certainvalues of pH, current density or temperature.On the other hand, the hardness

41、 of a conventional sulfamate bath is between 200 250 HV, much lower than the one obtained in the tests. It is necessary to take into account that, for an injection mold, the hardness is acceptable starting from 300 HV. Among the most usual materials for injection molds it is possible to find steel f

42、or improvement (290 HV), steel for integral hardening (520 595 HV), casehardened steel (760 800 HV), etc., in such a way that it can be observed that the hardness levels of the nickel shells would be within the medium high range of the materials for injection molds. The objection to the low ductilit

43、y of the shell is compensated in such a way with the epoxy resin filling that would follow it because this is the one responsible forholding inwardly the pressure charges of the processes of plastics injection; this is the reason why it is necessary for the shell to have a thickness as homogeneous a

44、s possible (above a minimum value) and with absence of important failures such as pitting.Fig. 2. Hardness variation with current density. pH 4 0.2, T = 45 C.5. Metallographic structureIn order to analyze the metallographic structure, the values of currentdensity and temperature were mainly modified

45、. The samples were analyzedin frontal section and in transversal section (perpendicular to thedeposition). For achieving a convenient preparation, they wereconveniently encapsulated in resin, polished and etched in differentstages with a mixture of acetic acid and nitric acid. The etches arecarried

46、out at intervals of 15, 25, 40 and 50 s, after being polished again,in order to be observed afterwards in a metallographic microscope OlympusPME3-ADL 3.3/10.Before going on to comment the photographs shown in this article, it isnecessary to say that the models used to manufacture the shells were mad

47、ein a FDM rapid prototyping machine where the molten plastic material (ABS),that later solidifies, is settled layer by layer. In each layer, theextruder die leaves a thread approximately 0.15 mm in diameter which iscompacted horizontal and vertically withthe thread settled inmediatelyafter. Thus, in

48、 the surface it can be observed thin lines that indicatethe roads followed by the head of the machine. These lines are going toact as a reference to indicate the reproducibility level of the nickelsettled. The reproducibility of the model is going to be a fundamentalelement to evaluate a basic aspec

49、t of injection molds: the surfacetexture.The tested series are indicated in Table 1.Table 1.Tested seriesSeries pH Temperature (C) Current density (A/dm2)12344.2 0.23.9 0.2 4.0 0.2 4.0 0.2554545452.225.5610.0022.22Fig. 3 illustrates the surface of a sample of the series after the firstetch. It shows

50、 the roads originated by the FDM machine, that is to say that there is a good reproducibility. It cannot be still noticed the rounded grain structure. In Fig. 4, series 2, after a second etch, it can be observed a line of the road in a way less clear than in the previous case. In Fig. 5, series 3 an

51、d 2 etch it begins to appear the roundedgrain structure although it is very difficult to check the roadsat thistime. Besides, the most darkened areas indicate the presence of pittingby inadequate conditions of process and bath composition.Fig. 3. Series 1 (150), etch 1.Fig. 4. Series 2 (300), etch 2

52、.Fig. 5. Series 3 (300), etch 2.This behavior indicates that, working at a low current density and a hightemperature, shells with a good reproducibility of the model and with asmall grain size are obtained, that is, adequate for the requiredapplication.If the analysis iscarried out in a plane transv

53、ersal tothe deposition,it can be tested in all the samples and for all the conditions that thegrowth structure of the deposit is laminar (Fig. 6), what is very satisfactory to obtain a high mechanical resistance although at theexpense of a low ductibility. This quality is due, above all, to the pres

54、ence of the additives used because a nickel sulfamate bath without additives normally creates a fibrous and non-laminar structure 9. The modification until a nearly null value of the wetting agent gave as a result that the laminar structure was maintained in any case, that matter demonstrated that t

55、he determinant for such structure was the stress reducer (Allbrite SLA). On the other hand, it was also tested that the laminar structure varies according to the thickness of the layer in terms of the current density.Fig. 6. Plane transversal of series 2 (600), etch 2.6. Internal stressesOne of the main characteristic that a shell should have for its applicationlike an insert is to have a low level of internal stresses. Different testsat different bath temperatures and current densities were done and ameasur