【步步高】2017版高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí) 語法專題 第一部分 詞法篇-動詞 專題1 動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)素材 外研版

1、專題1 動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)素動詞時態(tài)的核心考點1一般現(xiàn)在時考點分析(1)表示客觀事實或普遍真理(不受時態(tài)限制)。Time and tide wait for no man.(2)表示現(xiàn)狀、性質(zhì)、狀態(tài)時多用系動詞或狀態(tài)動詞；表示經(jīng)?；蛄?xí)慣性的動作，多用動作動詞，且常與表頻率的時間狀語連用。They always care for each other and help each other.(3)表示知覺、態(tài)度、感情、某種抽象的關(guān)系或概念的詞常用一般現(xiàn)在時：see，hear，smell，taste，feel，notice，agree，believe，like，hate，want，think，bel

2、ong to，seem等。Smith owns a car and a house.All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School.(4)在時間、條件狀語從句中常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時。但要注意由if 引導(dǎo)的條件狀語從句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示時態(tài)。If you will accept my invitation and come to our party，my family will be pleased.(5)少數(shù)用于表示起止或轉(zhuǎn)移的動詞如come，go，leave，arrive，fly，return，start

3、，begin，open，close，end，stop等常用一般現(xiàn)在時代替將來時，表示一個按規(guī)定、計劃或安排要發(fā)生的動作。當(dāng)be表示根據(jù)時間或事先安排肯定會出現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)時，只用一般現(xiàn)在時。The shop closes at 11：00 pm.every day.Tomorrow is Wednesday.2一般過去時考點分析(1)一般過去時的基本用法：表示過去的事情、動作或狀態(tài)，常與表示過去具體的時間狀語連用(或有上下文語境暗示)；用于表達(dá)過去的習(xí)慣；表示說話人原來沒有料到、想到或希望的事通常用過去式。We met her in the street yesterday.When he was

4、young，he took cold baths regularly.(2)如果從句中有一個過去的時間狀語，盡管從句中的動作先于主句發(fā)生，但從句中的謂語動詞仍用過去時。He told me he read an interesting novel last night.(3)表示兩個緊接著發(fā)生的動作，常由以下詞語連接，用一般過去時。如：but，and，when，as soon as，immediately，the moment，the minute等。He bought a watch but lost it.The moment she came in，she told me what ha

5、d happened to her.(4)常用一般過去時的句型。Why didnt you think of that?I didnt notice it.I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.I didnt recognize him.3一般將來時考點分析(1)表示未來的動作或狀態(tài)，常用will/shall動詞原形，常與表示將來的時間狀語連用，如：tomorrow，next week等。We will have a meeting tomorrow.(2)表示一種趨向或習(xí)慣動作。Well die withou

6、t air or water.(3)表示趨向行為的動詞如come，go，start，begin，leave等詞常用進(jìn)行時的形式表示將來時。The students are leaving on Sunday.(4)be going to do，will/shall do，be to do，be about to do的用法及區(qū)別：be going to do表示現(xiàn)在打算在最近或?qū)硪瞿呈?，這種打算往往經(jīng)過事先考慮，甚至已做了某種準(zhǔn)備；shall/will do表示未事先考慮過，即說話時臨時作出的決定。be going to 表將來，不能用在條件狀語從句的主句中；而will則能，表意愿。If

7、it is fine，well go fishing.If it is fine，we are going to go fishing.×be to do表按計劃、安排即將發(fā)生的動作，還可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等。A meeting is to be held at 3：00 oclock this afternoon.be about to do表示“即將，正要”，后面不能接時間狀語或狀語從句。Autumn harvest is about to start.4現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時考點分析(1)表示說話時正在發(fā)生著的一個動作；表示現(xiàn)階段但不一定是發(fā)生在講話時正在進(jìn)行的動作；表近期特定的

8、安排或計劃；go，come等表示移動的動詞可用進(jìn)行時代替將來時；與always，often等頻度副詞連用，表經(jīng)常反復(fù)的行動或某種感情色彩。She is teaching English and learning Chinese.He is working on a paper.I am meeting Mr.Wang tonight.We are leaving on Friday.The girl is always talking loud in public.(2)下面四類動詞不宜用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時。表示心理狀態(tài)、情感的動詞：like，love，hate，care，remember，belie

9、ve，want，mind，wish，agree，mean，need等。表存在狀態(tài)的動詞：appear，exist，lie，remain，seem，belong to等。表示行為結(jié)果的動詞：allow，accept，permit，promise，admit，complete等。表示感官的動詞：see，hear，notice，feel，smell，sound，taste，look等。5過去完成時考點分析(1)常用過去完成時的幾種情況。在by，by the end，by the time，until，before，since后接表示過去某一時間的短語或從句的句子中。By the end of las

10、t year，we had produced 20,000 cars.The train had left before we reached the station.表示未曾實現(xiàn)的希望、打算、意圖、諾言等。常用had hoped/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expected等或用上述動詞的過去式接不定式的完成式，即：hoped/planned.to have done。“時間名詞before”在句中作狀語，謂語動詞用過去完成時；“時間名詞ago”在句中作狀語，謂語動詞用一般過去時。He said his first teacher had di

11、ed at least 10 years before.Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.在hardly/scarcely.when.，no sooner.than.句式中，主句常用過去完成時，表示“一就”。當(dāng)hardly，scarcely，no sooner置于句首時，其后要用部分倒裝。We had no sooner been seated than the bus started.No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.(2)在before或after引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句中用一般過去時代替過去完成時

12、。After he (had) left the room，the boss came in.We arrived home before it snowed.6過去將來時考點分析過去將來時表示從過去的觀點來預(yù)計以后要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)，這種時態(tài)常用于賓語從句中，主句常是一般過去時。He always said that he would study hard at that time.7過去進(jìn)行時考點分析過去進(jìn)行時表示在過去某個時刻正在進(jìn)行的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。He was reading an interesting book this time yesterday.8現(xiàn)在完成時考點分析

13、(1)現(xiàn)在完成時除可以和for，since引導(dǎo)的狀語連用外，還可以和下面的介詞短語連用：during/in/over the last(past) few years(months，weeks)，in recent years，so far，up to now等。(2)下列句型中常用現(xiàn)在完成時。It is(has been)一段時間since從句This(That/It) is the first(second.) time that現(xiàn)在完成時This(That/It) is the best/finest/most interesting.that現(xiàn)在完成時(3)在時間或條件狀語從句中，現(xiàn)在

14、完成時可以代替將來完成時。I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.If you have done the experiment，you will realize the theory better.Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.9注意幾組時態(tài)的區(qū)別(1)一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時：時間上有差異：凡有過去時間的均用一般過去時，不能用現(xiàn)在完成時，如含有ago，last year，just now，the other day等。結(jié)果上有差異：現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)的是對“現(xiàn)在”的影響和結(jié)果，

15、動作到現(xiàn)在剛完成或還在繼續(xù)；一般過去時強調(diào)的是動作發(fā)生在“過去”，和現(xiàn)在毫無關(guān)系。(2)過去完成時與一般過去時：過去完成時強調(diào)的是“過去的過去”；如出現(xiàn)同一主語連續(xù)幾個動作(“連謂”)形式則只用一般過去時即可。動詞被動語態(tài)的核心考點動詞的被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成方式：be過去分詞，口語中也用“get/become過去分詞”表示。被動語態(tài)的基本用法：不知道或沒必要提到動作的執(zhí)行者是誰時用被動語態(tài)；強調(diào)或突出動作的承受者常用被動語態(tài)(by短語有時可以省略)。1使用被動語態(tài)時應(yīng)注意的幾個問題。(1)主動變?yōu)楸粍訒r雙賓語的變化。My friend gave me an interesting book on m

16、y birthday.An interesting book was given to me (by my friend) on my birthday.I was given an interesting book (by my friend) on my birthday.(2)主動變?yōu)楸粍訒r，賓語成主語；(作補語的)不定式前需加to(位置不變)。The boss made him work all day long.He was made to work all day long (by the boss)(3)短語動詞變被動語態(tài)時，勿要掉“尾巴”。The children were t

17、aken good care of (by her)Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.(4)情態(tài)動詞，be going to，be to，be sure to，have to等結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時，只需將它們后面的動詞原形變?yōu)閎e過去分詞。(5)當(dāng)句子的謂語為say，believe，expect，think，know，write，consider，report等時，被動語態(tài)有兩種形式：謂語動詞用被動語態(tài)，動詞不定式作主補。用it作形式主語，真正的主語在后面用主語從句來表示。類似句型有：It is said/kn

18、own/suggested/believed/hoped/thought that.2不能用被動語態(tài)的幾種情況。(1)所有的不及物動詞或不及物動詞詞組不能用于被動語態(tài)之中。(2)表示狀態(tài)的謂語動詞，如：last，hold，contain，fit，cost等。(3)表示歸屬的動詞，如have，own，belong to等。(4)表示“希望、意圖”的動詞，如：wish，want，hope，like，love，hate等。(5)賓語是反身代詞或相互代詞時謂語動詞用主動語態(tài)，不能用被動語態(tài)。(6)賓語是同源賓語、不定式、動名詞等，謂語動詞不用被動語態(tài)。3主動形式表被動意義。(1)當(dāng)feel，look，

19、smell，taste，sound等后面接形容詞時；當(dāng)cut，read，sell，wear，write等帶狀語修飾語時；當(dāng)動詞表示“開始、結(jié)束、關(guān)、停、轉(zhuǎn)、啟動”等意義時。The fish smells good.This kind of cloth washes easily.These novels wont sell well.My pen writes smoothly.The door wont lock.(2)當(dāng)break out，take place，shut off，turn off，work out等動詞表示“發(fā)生、關(guān)閉、制定”等意思時。The plan worked out

20、 successfully.The lamps on the wall turned off.(3)want，require，need后面的動名詞用主動形式表示被動含義。(4)be worth doing用主動形式表示被動含義。(5)在“be形容詞to do”中，不定式的邏輯賓語是句子的主語，用主動代被動。This kind of water isnt fit to drink.The girl isnt easy to get along with.注意：be to blame(受譴責(zé))，be to rent(出租)也用主動形式表被動。4被動形式表示主動意義的幾種情況。be seated坐著

21、；be hidden躲藏；be lost迷路；be drunk喝醉；be dressed穿著5被動語態(tài)與系表結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別。此處的系表結(jié)構(gòu)指“連系動詞用作表語的過去分詞”結(jié)構(gòu)，它與被動語態(tài)的形式完全一樣。要注意它們的區(qū)別：被動語態(tài)強調(diào)動作；系表結(jié)構(gòu)表示主語的特點或狀態(tài)。The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被動語態(tài))The book is well sold.(系表結(jié)構(gòu))謂語動詞與語法填空在語法填空中，動詞的時態(tài)是必考內(nèi)容。其中，最?？嫉氖且话氵^去時或者主語是第三人稱單數(shù)的一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，以及現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時、過去進(jìn)行時和一般將來時。被動語態(tài)是?？嫉膬?nèi)容，會涉

22、及一般現(xiàn)在時或一般過去時的被動語態(tài)。典題試做1用所給動詞的正確形式填空1It was raining lightly when I (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.But I didnt care.(2015·全國)答案arrived解析主句謂語動詞使用了過去進(jìn)行時was raining，后一句中用了一般過去時didnt care，根據(jù)語境此處要用一般過去時態(tài)。2This cycle (go) day after day：The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the nig

23、ht and are thus always a timely offset(抵消) for the outside temperatures.(2015·全國)答案goes解析此處指這種循環(huán)不斷地持續(xù)下去，由冒號后內(nèi)容的時態(tài)可知這種情況是客觀事實，故用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。3He sold or exchanged some of the milk in the towns nearby for other food and made cheese and butter for the family with what (leave)(2015·廣東)答案was left解析除去

24、賣掉的和換其他食物的牛奶，剩下的他就用來制作奶酪和黃油。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，這里是what引導(dǎo)的一個賓語從句，根據(jù)句意可知用一般過去時的被動語態(tài)。故填was left。4In 1969，the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland，Ohio.It (be) unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up.(2014·新課標(biāo)全國)答案was解析事情發(fā)生在1969年，是一個過去的時間，故此處要用一般過去時。故填was。5Be patient！Tai Chi (

25、call) “shadow boxing” in English.It asks you to act like water：.(2014·遼寧)答案is called解析根據(jù)后一句可知用一般現(xiàn)在時，且Tai Chi與call之間是被動關(guān)系，所以要用一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài)。故填is called。6James has just arrived，but I didnt know he (come) until yesterday.(2014·重慶)答案was coming解析know后面為賓語從句，從句動詞相對于know而言指將要發(fā)生的動作，而come，leave等瞬間動詞可用

26、進(jìn)行時態(tài)表示將來的動作。根據(jù)didnt可知此處應(yīng)該用過去進(jìn)行時態(tài)表示過去將來的動作。故填was coming。應(yīng)對策略11句中若缺少謂語，注意要考慮所給動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。判斷時態(tài)首先要確定時間，然后根據(jù)動作發(fā)生的狀態(tài)來判斷應(yīng)該運用哪種時態(tài)。有時也可以根據(jù)空格后和該句中已經(jīng)存在的謂語動詞的并列關(guān)系來確定時態(tài)。2句中缺少謂語，且與主語存在被動關(guān)系，考慮根據(jù)時間和動作存在的方式，確定相應(yīng)時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)。注意只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)。3在確定謂語動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)時，我們可從四個方面來進(jìn)行判斷：(1)看句子中的時間狀語或時間狀語從句。(2)看上下文的謂語動詞的形式。(3)看是否是特殊的句型。如：was/

27、were about to do.when.did .It is/has been時間段since從句(一般過去時)It/This/That is the first time that.have/has done.或It/This/That was the first time that.had done.Its (high time) that.did/should do.Hardly had主語done.when.did.或No sooner had主語done.than.did.這樣的句型還有很多，平時要注意積累。(4)看與主語存在主動關(guān)系還是被動關(guān)系。若是被動，還需看所給詞是否為及物

28、動詞，是否考查主動表被動等。(5)注意主謂是否一致。謂語動詞與短文改錯短文改錯中對于謂語動詞的考查點常會涉及到考查上下文時態(tài)不一致、被動語態(tài)漏掉be或過去分詞拼寫錯誤。典題試做2單句改錯(每小題1處錯誤)1When I was a child，I hoped to live in the city.I think I would be happy there.(2015·全國)答案thinkthought解析整個語境講的都是過去的事情，所以think也是當(dāng)時的想法，故應(yīng)該用一般過去時，故think改為thought。2In the mornings，it was full of st

29、udents exercising.The view from the back of the classroom is also splendid.Close to the school there was a beautiful park with many trees.(2015·浙江)答案iswas解析從前一句中的it was到后面一句的there was可以判斷整個語境應(yīng)該是一般過去時，所以將is改為was。3A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside the shop.(2015·全國)答案tel

30、lingtold解析句子的主語為A woman，謂語為saw，crying為賓補，and連接的是兩個謂語，而不是兩個賓補，所以telling改為told。4Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very serious problem.(2015·全國)答案去掉been解析studies與show之間為主動關(guān)系，所以去掉been。5Tony was scared and begun to cry.(2015·全國)答案begunbegan解析was scared 與

31、begun是由and連接的兩個并列謂語，由was scared可知應(yīng)用一般過去時，begin的過去式是began，begun是其過去分詞，所以begun改為began。6The early morning barking have been disturbing us as we are often up all night with the baby.(2014·遼寧)答案havehas解析本句主語為The early morning barking，barking為不可數(shù)名詞作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)第三人稱形式，故謂語動詞have改為has。7My dream school loo

32、k like a big garden.There are all kinds of flowers and trees around the classroom buildings.We can lie on the grass.(2014·新課標(biāo)全國)答案looklooks解析由下文可知，語境為一般現(xiàn)在時，而且主語為第三人稱單數(shù)My dream school，因此謂語動詞應(yīng)用第三人稱單數(shù)，故look改為looks。8Tea in China was traditionally drank from cups without handles.(2013·新課標(biāo)全國)答案d

33、rankdrunk解析tea與drink之間為動賓關(guān)系，所以用被動語態(tài)，動詞drink的過去分詞為drunk。故drank改為drunk。應(yīng)對策略2做動詞類改錯題時，需注意以下幾個方面：(1)判斷一般現(xiàn)在時與一般過去時是否錯用；(2)and，but，so，or等并列連詞前后的時態(tài)是否一致；(3)除了時態(tài)，還要注意主謂是否一致；(4)看是否考查虛擬語氣；(5)看謂語部分是否缺少動詞，特別是be動詞；(6)看動詞的形式是否正確，尤其是第三人稱單數(shù)形式是否錯用；(7)看主動語態(tài)和被動語態(tài)是否錯用。書面表達(dá)中謂語動詞易錯點聚焦1中式英語比比皆是。(誤)I very like listen music

34、and every day I also will see some newspapers.(正)I like listening to music very much and every day I read some newspapers as well.(習(xí)慣性動作用一般現(xiàn)在時)(誤)I dont know I should do what.(正)I dont know what I should do.2句子沒有謂語動詞或一個句子中出現(xiàn)多個謂語。(誤)The windows broken.(正)The windows broke.(正)The windows are (were) br

35、oken.(誤)Today，the largest number of people speak English may be in China.(正)Today，the largest number of people who speak English may be in China.(正)Today，the largest number of people speaking English may be in China.3動詞的時態(tài)、語態(tài)及系動詞be隨意亂用。(誤)Recently，the CCTV and some TVs began to take some measures.(正

36、)Recently，the CCTV and some TVs have begun to take some measures.(誤)She liked it very much and reads it to the class.(正)She liked it very much and read it to the class.(誤)People were used to believe that the earth was flat.(正)People used to believe that the earth was flat.(誤)Our village has taken pl

37、ace great changes.(誤)Great changes have been taken place in our village.(正)Great changes have taken place in our village.單句語法填空1This proverb is saying we have to let things go in their natural course.Being too anxious to help an event develop often (result) in the contrary to our intention.答案results

38、解析動名詞短語作主語是第三人稱單數(shù)，空格處作謂語，又根據(jù)語境分析，這個諺語所說明的道理是個客觀真理，故用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)第三人稱單數(shù)results。2If you listen to rap music，you will notice how the lyrics(歌詞) (speak) in the background of the songs.答案are spoken解析notice后是一個由how引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，該從句中缺謂語，而且the lyrics與動詞speak之間是動賓關(guān)系，因此用被動語態(tài)。根據(jù)語境可知這里講的是一般情況，故用一般現(xiàn)在時。3By the time you have

39、finished this book，your meal (get) cold.答案will get解析by the time引導(dǎo)時間狀語從句，從句中用現(xiàn)在完成時代替將來完成時，故主句應(yīng)該用一般將來時。4They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house (rebuild)答案is being rebuilt解析句意為：目前，他們正和父母一起居住，因為他們自己的房子正在重建中。房子和重建之間為被動關(guān)系，根據(jù)句意可知，“房子正在重建之中”，故用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)。5Ill go to the li

40、brary as soon as I finish what I (do)答案am doing解析根據(jù)題干所提供的信息可知，設(shè)空處表示現(xiàn)在正在進(jìn)行的動作，應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時。6Did you predict that many students (sign) up for the dance competition?答案would sign解析考查動詞的時態(tài)。that引導(dǎo)賓語從句，由主句中的Did可知表過去；根據(jù)predict可知從句的動作應(yīng)該發(fā)生在將來，故用過去將來時。7In order to find the missing child，villagers (do) all they can

41、over the past five hours.答案have been doing解析句意為：為了找到那個失蹤的孩子，在過去的五個小時里，村民們一直在竭盡全力(尋找)。根據(jù)over the past five hours可知用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時，表示動作開始于過去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，且現(xiàn)在還在進(jìn)行。8Dont worry.The hard work that you do now (repay) later in life.答案will be repaid解析考查動詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)。根據(jù)later in life可知，設(shè)空處用一般將來時，又因為主語the hard work與動詞(repay)為被動關(guān)系

42、，應(yīng)用一般將來時的被動語態(tài)。9After school we went to the reading­room to do some reading，only to be told that it (decorate)答案was being decorated解析考查動詞的時態(tài)及語態(tài)。根據(jù)句中的went可知，空格處也應(yīng)該用過去的某種時態(tài)；又根據(jù)句意可知空格處敘述正在發(fā)生的情況；根據(jù)it(the reading­room)與decorate之間的關(guān)系可知用被動語態(tài)，所以用過去進(jìn)行時的被動語態(tài)。10This is the first time we (see) a film i

43、n the cinema together as a family.答案have seen解析“It is the序數(shù)詞timethat從句”為固定句型，that從句需用現(xiàn)在完成時。.單句改錯(每小題1處錯誤)1As I tell you last time，I made three new friends here.答案telltold2My soccer coach retired last week.I wanted to do something special for him at his retirement party.My mum makes the best biscuits

44、 in the world，so I decide to ask her for help.答案decidedecided3I was taking a train to Londons Victoria Station.I had noticed that the carriage was noisy and filled with people.答案去掉had4Suddenly the arrows were flying down at us from the skythey were looked like rain!答案去掉were/looked5Suddenly Mary，my b

45、est friend，asking me to let her copy my answers.答案askingasked6Here I am in the middle of a city,350 miles away from our farmhouse.Do you want to know why we move last week?答案movemoved7I knew that they will be worried about me because I was so far away，and that my mother would not sleep if she knew.答

46、案willwould8Thank you for all you had done for me.Mom，though I may not often say it，I do love you.答案hadhave.語法填空A(時態(tài)和語態(tài)專練)A university graduate described as a “respectable and intelligent” woman 1.is seeking(seek) professional help after being convicted of (證明有罪) shoplifting for the second time in six months.Aha Luz，recently studying for PhD 2.has been told(tell) she could end up behind bars unless she can control the desire to steal from shops.Luz，who 3.lives(live) with her partner in Fitzwdliam Road，Cambridge,4.admitted(admit) steal