2016電大作業(yè)《閱讀與寫作基礎(chǔ)形成性考核冊》參考答案

1、;.電大閱讀與寫作基礎(chǔ)形成性考核參考答案 作業(yè)1一、填空題1、左氏春秋傳，左丘明 2、春秋，儒家 3、戰(zhàn)國，道家 4、小戴禮記，戴圣5、裴松之，三國志 6、“靖節(jié)” 7、幽明錄，記言則玄遠(yuǎn)冷峻，記行則高簡瑰奇 8、韓文公，文道合一 9、柳河?xùn)|，韓愈10、詩文革新，歐陽文忠公集 二、名詞解釋1、先秦諸子散文 2、“竹林七賢” 見大學(xué)語文P3 見大學(xué)語文P4950三、解釋語段中加點的詞1、見大學(xué)語文P17（注釋） 2、見大學(xué)語文P21（注釋）四、簡答題1. 簡述馮諼客孟嘗君中人物描繪的特點。 見大學(xué)語文P9102. 簡述世說新語“雪夜訪戴”一則中對文人士大夫豐神特點的描寫。見大學(xué)語文P57五、分析

2、題1.分析史記·伯夷列傳表達(dá)的主要觀點。 見大學(xué)語文P32-332.分析嵇康與山巨源絕交書一文中嵇康與山巨源“絕交”的原因。見大學(xué)語文P5051作業(yè)2一、填空題1、明，卓吾，“童心” 2、竟凌，鐘潭二、名詞解釋梧桐派 見大學(xué)語文P85三、 解釋語段中加點的詞1、見大學(xué)語文P91（注釋） 2、見大學(xué)語文P103（注釋）四、 簡答題1.簡述譚友夏小品二則中借景借人說己的寫作手法。 見大學(xué)語文P96972.簡述與友人論學(xué)書的主要內(nèi)容。 見大學(xué)語文P108 五、分析題1.論述李贄提倡“童心論”的目的和意義。 見大學(xué)語文P88892.分析湖心亭看雪是如何把寫景、記事與抒情融為一體的？ 見大學(xué)語

3、文P103104作業(yè)3一、填空題1、“革命文學(xué)” 2、“中國左翼作家聯(lián)盟” 3、之夜，家，駱駝祥子4、現(xiàn)代話劇成熟 5、生死場 6、“新感覺派”7、“中華全國文藝界抗敵協(xié)會 8、華威先生，在其香居茶館里9、路翎 10、艾青 11、文藝為工農(nóng)兵服務(wù)12、趙樹理 13、圍城 14、飲冰室合集15、朝花夕拾 16、駱駝祥子，“市民詩人” 二、名詞解釋1、“文學(xué)研究會” 見大學(xué)語文P122 2、“新月派” 見大學(xué)語文P1221233、“中國左翼作家聯(lián)盟” 見大學(xué)語文P1234、“京派“ 見大學(xué)語文P123三、簡答題1、簡述周作人小品文蒼蠅的內(nèi)容。 見大學(xué)語文P1371392、簡述老舍想北平的主要內(nèi)容。

4、 見大學(xué)語文P1523、簡述沈從文老伴的主要內(nèi)容。 見大學(xué)語文P159四、分析題1、試析魯迅春末閑談的現(xiàn)實針對性。 見大學(xué)語文P1331342、分析張愛玲談音樂一文所表現(xiàn)出的人生態(tài)度。 見大學(xué)語文P178作業(yè)4一、填空題1、曲波，梁斌，楊沫 2、白先勇 3、干校六記4、長恨歌 5、古希臘羅馬 6、但丁，神曲7、懺悔錄，愛彌兒 8、悲慘世界，九三年9、紅與黑 10、歐也妮·葛朗臺，幻滅11、戰(zhàn)爭與和平，安娜 ·卡列尼娜 12、堂吉訶德13、惡之花二、問答題1、簡析一只獨立獨行的豬中作者對獨立獨行的感慨與思考。 見大學(xué)語文P2252262、陰翳禮贊（節(jié)選）作者對日本建筑“陰翳之

5、美”是怎樣品味的？對美的總體和諧是如何闡述的？ 見大學(xué)語文P2472483、鄉(xiāng)村中作者描繪的鄉(xiāng)村圖景特點，從中反映出作者對生活理想怎樣的追求與思考？見大學(xué)語文P261262三、分析題1、分析故鄉(xiāng)的食物（節(jié)選）文中故鄉(xiāng)食物的特點及其寫作方法。 見大學(xué)語文P2032、分析秦腔的表達(dá)手法與感情色彩。見大學(xué)語文P215216請您刪除一下內(nèi)容，O(_)O謝謝！2016年中央電大期末復(fù)習(xí)考試小抄大全，電大期末考試必備小抄，電大考試必過小抄Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released from nerve endings (terminals) in both t

6、he peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is synthesized within the nerve terminal from choline, taken up from the tissue fluid into the nerve ending by a specialized transport mechanism. The enzyme necessary for this synthesis is formed in the nerve cell body and passes down the axon to its

7、 end, carried in the axoplasmic flow, the slow movement of intracellular substance (cytoplasm). Acetylcholine is stored in the nerve terminal, sequestered in small vesicles awaiting release. When a nerve action potential reaches and invades the nerve terminal, a shower of acetylcholine vesicles is r

8、eleased into the junction (synapse) between the nerve terminal and the effector cell which the nerve activates. This may be another nerve cell or a muscle or gland cell. Thus electrical signals are converted to chemical signals, allowing messages to be passed between nerve cells or between nerve cel

9、ls and non-nerve cells. This process is termed chemical neurotransmission and was first demonstrated, for nerves to the heart, by the German pharmacologist Loewi in 1921. Chemical transmission involving acetylcholine is known as cholinergic. Acetylcholine acts as a transmitter between motor nerves a

10、nd the fibres of skeletal muscle at all neuromuscular junctions. At this type of synapse, the nerve terminal is closely apposed to the cell membrane of a muscle fibre at the so-called motor end plate. On release, acetylcholine acts almost instantly, to cause a sequence of chemical and physical event

11、s (starting with depolarization of the motor endplate) which cause contraction of the muscle fibre. This is exactly what is required for voluntary muscles in which a rapid response to a command is required. The action of acetylcholine is terminated rapidly, in around 10 milliseconds; an enzyme (chol

12、inesterase) breaks the transmitter down into choline and an acetate ion. The choline is then available for re-uptake into the nerve terminal. These same principles apply to cholinergic transmission at sites other than neuromuscular junctions, although the structure of the synapses differs. In the au

13、tonomic nervous system these include nerve-to-nerve synapses at the relay stations (ganglia) in both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions, and the endings of parasympathetic nerve fibres on non-voluntary (smooth) muscle, the heart, and glandular cells; in response to activation of this

14、nerve supply, smooth muscle contracts (notably in the gut), the frequency of heart beat is slowed, and glands secrete. Acetylcholine is also an important transmitter at many sites in the brain at nerve-to-nerve synapses. To understand how acetylcholine brings about a variety of effects in different

15、cells it is necessary to understand membrane receptors. In post-synaptic membranes (those of the cells on which the nerve fibres terminate) there are many different sorts of receptors and some are receptors for acetylcholine. These are protein molecules that react specifically with acetylcholine in

16、a reversible fashion. It is the complex of receptor combined with acetylcholine which brings about a biophysical reaction, resulting in the response from the receptive cell. Two major types of acetylcholine receptors exist in the membranes of cells. The type in skeletal muscle is known as nicotinic;

17、 in glands, smooth muscle, and the heart they are muscarinic; and there are some of each type in the brain. These terms are used because nicotine mimics the action of acetylcholine at nicotinic receptors, whereas muscarine, an alkaloid from the mushroom Amanita muscaria, mimics the action of acetylc

18、holine at the muscarinic receptors. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter produced by neurons referred to as cholinergic neurons. In the peripheral nervous system acetylcholine plays a role in skeletal muscle movement, as well as in the regulation of smooth muscle and cardiac muscle. In the central

19、nervous system acetylcholine is believed to be involved in learning, memory, and mood. Acetylcholine is synthesized from choline and acetyl coenzyme A through the action of the enzyme choline acetyltransferase and becomes packaged into membrane-bound vesicles . After the arrival of a nerve

20、 signal at the termination of an axon, the vesicles fuse with the cell membrane, causing the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft . For the nerve signal to continue, acetylcholine must diffuse to another nearby neuron or muscle cell, where it will bind and activate a recep

21、tor protein. There are two main types of cholinergic receptors, nicotinic and muscarinic. Nicotinic receptors are located at synapses between two neurons and at synapses between neurons and skeletal muscle cells. Upon activation a nicotinic receptor acts as a channel for the movement of ions in

22、to and out of the neuron, directly resulting in depolarization of the neuron. Muscarinic receptors, located at the synapses of nerves with smooth or cardiac muscle, trigger a chain of chemical events referred to as signal transduction. For a cholinergic neuron to receive another impulse, a

23、cetylcholine must be released from the receptor to which it has bound. This will only happen if the concentration of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is very low. Low synaptic concentrations of acetylcholine can be maintained via a hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.

24、 This enzyme hydrolyzes acetylcholine into acetic acid and choline. If acetylcholinesterase activity is inhibited, the synaptic concentration of acetylcholine will remain higher than normal. If this inhibition is irreversible, as in the case of exposure to many nerve gases and some pesticides, sweat

25、ing, bronchial constriction, convulsions, paralysis, and possibly death can occur. Although irreversible inhibition is dangerous, beneficial effects may be derived from transient (reversible) inhibition. Drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase in a reversible manner have been shown to improve memory

26、 in some people with Alzheimer's disease. abstract expressionism, movement of abstract painting that emerged in New York City during the mid-1940s and attained singular prominence in American art in the following decade; also called action painting and the New York school. It was the first impor

27、tant school in American painting to declare its independence from European styles and to influence the development of art abroad. Arshile Gorky first gave impetus to the movement. His paintings, derived at first from the art of Picasso, Miró, and surrealism, became more personally expressive. J

28、ackson Pollock's turbulent yet elegant abstract paintings, which were created by spattering paint on huge canvases placed on the floor, brought abstract expressionism before a hostile public. Willem de Kooning's first one-man show in 1948 established him as a highly influential artist. His i

29、ntensely complicated abstract paintings of the 1940s were followed by images of Woman, grotesque versions of buxom womanhood, which were virtually unparalleled in the sustained savagery of their execution. Painters such as Philip Guston and Franz Kline turned to the abstract late in the 1940s and so

30、on developed strikingly original stylesthe former, lyrical and evocative, the latter, forceful and boldly dramatic. Other important artists involved with the movement included Hans Hofmann, Robert Motherwell, and Mark Rothko; among other major abstract expressionists were such painters as Clyfford S

31、till, Theodoros Stamos, Adolph Gottlieb, Helen Frankenthaler, Lee Krasner, and Esteban Vicente. Abstract expressionism presented a broad range of stylistic diversity within its largely, though not exclusively, nonrepresentational framework. For example, the expressive violence and activity in painti

32、ngs by de Kooning or Pollock marked the opposite end of the pole from the simple, quiescent images of Mark Rothko. Basic to most abstract expressionist painting were the attention paid to surface qualities, i.e., qualities of brushstroke and texture; the use of huge canvases; the adoption of an appr

33、oach to space in which all parts of the canvas played an equally vital role in the total work; the harnessing of accidents that occurred during the process of painting; the glorification of the act of painting itself as a means of visual communication; and the attempt to transfer pure emotion direct

34、ly onto the canvas. The movement had an inestimable influence on the many varieties of work that followed it, especially in the way its proponents used color and materials. Its essential energy transmitted an enduring excitement to the American art scene. Science and technology is quite a broad cate

35、gory, and it covers everything from studying the stars and the planets to studying molecules and viruses. Beginning with the Greeks and Hipparchus, continuing through Ptolemy, Copernicus and Galileo, and today with our work on the International Space Station, man continues to learn more and more abo

36、ut the heavens.  From here, we look inward to biochemistry and biology. To truly understand biochemistry, scientists study and see the unseen by studying the chemistry of biological processes. This science, along with biophysics, aims to bring a better understanding of how bodies work from

37、 how we turn food into energy to how nerve impulses transmit. analytic geometry, branch of geometry in which points are represented with respect to a coordinate system, such as Cartesian coordinates, and in which the approach to geometric problems is primarily algebraic. Its most

38、 common application is in the representation of equations involving two or three variables as curves in two or three dimensions or surfaces in three dimensions. For example, the linear equation ax+by+c=0 represents a straight line in thexy-plane, and the linear equation ax+by+cz+d=0 repres

39、ents a plane in space, where a, b, c, and dare constant numbers (coefficients). In this way a geometric problem can be translated into an algebraic problem and the methods of algebra brought to bear on its solution. Conversely, the solution of a problem in algebra, such as finding the

40、 roots of an equation or system of equations, can be estimated or sometimes given exactly by geometric means, e.g., plotting curves and surfaces and determining points of intersection.  In plane analytic geometry a line is frequently described in terms of its slope, which expresses its inclinat

41、ion to the coordinate axes; technically, the slope m of a straight line is the (trigonometric) tangent of the angle it makes with the x-axis. If the line is parallel to the x-axis, its slope is zero. Two or more lines with equal slopes are parallel to one another. In general, the

42、 slope of the line through the points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is given by m= (y2-y1) / (x2-x1). The conic sections are treated in analytic geometry as the curves corresponding to the general quadratic equation ax2+bxy+cy2+dx+ey+f=0, where a, b, f are constants and a,

43、 b, and c are not all zero. In solid analytic geometry the orientation of a straight line is given not by one slope but by its direction cosines, , , and , the cosines of the angles the line makes with the x-, y-, and z-axes, respectively; these satisfy the relationship

44、 2+2+2= 1. In the same way that the conic sections are studied in two dimensions, the 17 quadric surfaces, e.g., the ellipsoid, paraboloid, and elliptic paraboloid, are studied in solid analytic geometry in terms of the general equationax2+by2+cz2+dxy+exz+fyz+px+qy+rz+s=0. The methods of analytic ge

45、ometry have been generalized to four or more dimensions and have been combined with other branches of geometry. Analytic geometry was introduced by RenéDescartes in 1637 and was of fundamental importance in the development of the calculus by Sir Isaac Newton and G. W. Leibniz in

46、the late 17th cent. More recently it has served as the basis for the modern development and exploitation of algebraic geometry. circle, closed plane curve consisting of all points at a given distance from some fixed point, called the center. A circle is a conic section cut by a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cone. The term circle is also used to refer to the region enclosed by the curve, more properly called a circular region. The radius of a circle is any line segment connecting the center and a point on the cur