英國(guó)文學(xué)名詞解釋

1、1 Romance: a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.2 Ballad 民謠 : a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the seco

2、nd and fourth lines rhymed.3 Heroic Couplet 英雄偶句詩(shī) : a couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentameter, and written in an elevated style.4Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy inthe 14th century and gradually spread all over Eur

3、ope. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.5 Sonnet 14 行詩(shī) : 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.6 Blank verse 無(wú)韻詩(shī) : poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.7 Enlightenment 啟蒙運(yùn)動(dòng) : a revival

4、of interest in the old classical works, logic, order, restrained emotion and accuracy.8Neoclassicism新古典主義 : the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.9 Sentimentalism 感情主義 : it was one of the important trends in English li

5、terature of the later decades of the 18 century. It concentrated on the free expression of thoughts and emotions, and presented a new view of human nature which prized feeling over thinking, passion over reason.10Romanticism : imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romant

6、icism.The particularcharacteristics of the literature ofromanticism include: subjectivityandanemphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefsthat imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.11 Lake Poets: the English poet

7、s who lived in and drew inspiration from the Lake District at thebeginning of the 19th century.12 ByronicHeroes 拜 倫 式 英 雄 : avariantofthe Romantic heroesas atypeofcharacter( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuingfreedom),named after the EnglishRomantic PoetGordon Byron.13 Aestheticism 唯美主義 : an art movem

8、ent supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.14Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a

9、narrative mode.15 Dramatic Monologue 戲劇獨(dú)白16Iambic Pentameter 抑揚(yáng)格五音步 : a poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable, that is, with each foot an iamb.17 Epic 史詩(shī) : a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and ref

10、lecting the values of the society from which it originated.18Elegy 挽歌 : a poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual; may also be a lament over the passing of life and beauty or a meditation of the nature of death; a type of lyric poem.19 Spenserian Stanza斯賓塞詩(shī)體 : a nine-line stanza ma

11、de up of 8 lines of iambic pentameter ending with an Alexandrine. Its thyme scheme is ababbcbcc. This stanza was common to travel literature.1.(杰弗里喬叟）： the Father of English Poetry; The Canterbury Tales埃特伯雷故事集（ 24stories)精品文庫(kù)2.Thomas More: Utopia 烏托邦 - the communication between more and the traveler

12、 which justcame back from Utopia.3.: the first English Essayist; Essays 隨筆集 - Of Studies, Of Truth (philosophical and literaryworks)4. Poets poet; The Fairy Queen仙后 (to Queen Elizabeth I)四大悲劇 ：（ 1）奧瑟羅敘述摩爾人貴族瑟羅由于聽(tīng)信手下旗官伊阿古的讒言，被嫉妒所壓倒， 掐死了無(wú)辜妻子苔絲狄蒙娜，隨后自己也悔恨自殺。奧瑟羅是個(gè)襟懷坦白、英勇豪爽的戰(zhàn)士， 苔絲德蒙娜天真癡情， 毅然愛(ài)上了他， 不顧家庭的反對(duì)

13、和社會(huì)的歧視，同他結(jié)了婚。但是，他們的愛(ài)情雖然戰(zhàn)勝了種族歧視，卻沒(méi)有逃脫伊阿古的陰謀陷害。伊阿古假裝忠誠(chéng)，心地奸詐， 由于升不上副將，就對(duì)奧瑟羅懷恨在心，千方百計(jì)害死奧瑟羅夫婦，最后自己也得不到好下場(chǎng)。 通過(guò)這個(gè)形象， 莎士比亞對(duì)原始積累時(shí)期新興資產(chǎn)階級(jí)中的極端利已主義進(jìn)行了深刻的揭露和批判。（ 2）李爾王描寫一個(gè)專制獨(dú)裁的昏君，由于剛愎自用，遭受到一場(chǎng)悲慘的結(jié)局。悲劇的目的同樣在于揭露原始積累時(shí)期的利已主義，批判對(duì)于權(quán)勢(shì)、 財(cái)富的貪欲。 悲劇還反映了當(dāng)時(shí)廣大農(nóng)民流離失所的英國(guó)現(xiàn)實(shí)。在第三幕第四場(chǎng)里， 李爾被兩個(gè)女兒驅(qū)逐出門以后，跑到暴風(fēng)雨的荒野，詛咒女兒忘恩負(fù)義。在雷電交加中，李爾對(duì)窮苦的人

14、們喊道：“衣不蔽體的不幸的人們， 無(wú)論你們?cè)谑裁吹胤?，都得忍受著這樣無(wú)情的暴風(fēng)雨的襲擊，你們的頭上沒(méi)有片瓦遮身，你們的腹中饑腸雷動(dòng)，你們的衣服千瘡百孔，怎么抵擋得了這樣的氣候呢？”這里，莎士比亞通過(guò)李爾的口表達(dá)了他對(duì)無(wú)家可歸的農(nóng)民的同情，同時(shí)也是對(duì)當(dāng)代現(xiàn)實(shí)的揭露。但是，緊接著上面那段話之后，李爾說(shuō)道：“安享榮華的人們呵，睜開(kāi)你們的眼睛來(lái)，到外面來(lái)體味一下窮人所忍受的苦，分一些你們享用不了的福澤給他們，讓上天知道你們不是全無(wú)心肝的人吧！ ？這種求助于剝削階級(jí)發(fā)善心以解決社會(huì)矛盾的想法，正是一種調(diào)和階級(jí)矛盾的人道主義思想。（ 3）麥克白 野心家麥克白將軍從戰(zhàn)場(chǎng)上立功凱旋，由于野心的驅(qū)使和妻子的慫恿

15、，利用國(guó)王鄧肯到自己家中作客的機(jī)會(huì)，弒君而自立， 最后，這個(gè)血腥的篡位者被鄧肯的兒子和貴族麥克德夫所戰(zhàn)敗而死去。 他的妻子也因精神分裂而死。 這出悲劇深刻地揭示出個(gè)人野心對(duì)人所起的腐蝕作用，是莎士比亞心理描寫的杰作。（ 4）哈姆萊特（ 1601）是莎士比亞戲劇創(chuàng)作的最高成就，寫的是丹麥王子哈姆萊特為父復(fù)仇的故事。 悲劇的情節(jié)是這樣的： 丹麥王子哈姆萊特， 在德國(guó)威登堡大學(xué)接受人文主義教育。 因?yàn)楦竿跬蝗凰廊ィ瑧阎镣吹男那榛氐阶鎳?guó)；不久，母后又同新王他的叔父結(jié)婚，使他更加難堪。新王聲言老王是在花園里被毒蛇咬死的，王子正在疑惑時(shí)，老王的鬼魂向他顯現(xiàn)，告訴他“毒蛇”就是新王，并囑咐他為父復(fù)仇。哈姆

16、萊特認(rèn)為他這復(fù)仇不只是他個(gè)人的問(wèn)題，而是整個(gè)社會(huì)、國(guó)家的問(wèn)題。他說(shuō)自己有重整乾坤，挽狂瀾于既倒的責(zé)任。他考慮問(wèn)題的各個(gè)方面， 又怕泄漏心事， 又怕鬼魂是假 的，怕落入壞人的圈套，心煩意亂，憂郁不歡，只好裝瘋賣傻。同時(shí)，他叔父也懷疑他得知隱秘，派人到處偵察他的行動(dòng)和心事。 甚至利用他的兩個(gè)老同學(xué)和他的情人去偵察他。 他趁戲班子進(jìn)宮演出的機(jī)會(huì)， 改編一出陰謀殺兄的舊戲文 貢札古之死 叫戲班子演出， 來(lái)試探叔父。 戲未演完，叔父做賊心虛，坐立不住，倉(cāng)皇退席。這樣，更證明叔父的罪行屬實(shí)。叔父覺(jué)得事情不妙，隱私可能已被發(fā)覺(jué)。 宮內(nèi)大臣波洛涅斯獻(xiàn)計(jì)， 讓母后叫兒子到私房談話， 自己躲在帷幕后邊偷聽(tīng)；王子發(fā)

17、現(xiàn)幕后有人，以為是叔父，便一劍把他刺死。從此，奸王使用借刀殺人法，派他去英國(guó)， 并讓監(jiān)視他去的兩個(gè)同學(xué)帶去密信一封，要英王在王子上岸時(shí)就殺掉他；但被哈姆萊特察覺(jué)半路上掉換了密信， 反而叫英王殺掉了兩個(gè)密使； 他自己卻跳上海盜船， 脫險(xiǎn)回來(lái)?；貋?lái)后知道情人奧菲莉婭因父死、 愛(ài)人遠(yuǎn)離而發(fā)瘋落水溺死。 奸王利用波洛涅斯的兒子雷歐提斯為父復(fù)仇的機(jī)會(huì)，密謀在比劍中用毒劍、毒酒來(lái)置哈姆萊特于死地。結(jié)果，哈、雷歡迎下載2精品文庫(kù)二人都中了毒劍，王后飲了毒酒，奸王也被刺死。王子臨死遺囑好友霍拉旭傳播他的心愿。C:鑒賞與品評(píng) :莎士比亞的悲劇主要是理想與現(xiàn)實(shí)的矛盾和理想的破滅。如哈劇中安排三條復(fù)仇線索，以王子復(fù)

18、仇為主線， 另兩條線索穿插糅合其間。 李劇中也有兩條平行交錯(cuò)的線索。其次，人物形象鮮明， 作者善于深入刻畫(huà)人物的內(nèi)心世界， 使其性格更豐滿深刻。 如哈姆雷特的著名獨(dú)白，富有哲理性。麥克白殺人后精神崩潰的過(guò)程更是刻畫(huà)得細(xì)膩真切。此外， 作者還善于渲染氣氛，營(yíng)造悲劇性的氛圍，烘托人物的心理活動(dòng)。如麥劇中夜與血的形象貫穿始終，陰森恐怖。 李劇中暴雨荒原一場(chǎng)，激烈哀憤喜?。?A Midsummer Nights Dream 仲夏夜之夢(mèng) ，The Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人 ，As You Like It 皆大歡喜；Twelfth Night 第十二夜悲喜?。篟omeo and J

19、uliet羅密歐與朱麗葉5. Paradise Lost失樂(lè)園（ a revolt against Gods authority), Paradise Regained復(fù)樂(lè)園（ how Christ overcame Santa) stories were taken from Bible6.John Bunyan: the son of Renaissance; Pilgrims Progress天路歷程 (imagination, shadowing, realistic religious allegory)7.George Gordon Byron: vigorous, strong

20、and beautiful; Childe Harolds Pilgrimage恰爾德哈羅爾德游記 (spenserian stanza, fights for liberty); Don Juan 唐 璜(a broad critical picture of European life); When We Two Parted昔日依依別；She Walks in Beauty她走在美的光影中 ；The Isles of Greece哀希臘8.: Ode to the West Wind 西風(fēng)頌 -贊頌西風(fēng)，希望與其緊密相連; Prometheus Unbound解放了的普羅米修斯(the victory for mans struggle against tyranny and oppression)9.Jane Austen: wit,dryhumour, subtle irony,realistic;Pri