大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫作技巧(幾類題型)

1、大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫作技巧大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)寫作技巧一寫作的目的及要求一寫作的目的及要求二、評(píng)分原則二、評(píng)分原則 三、四級(jí)短文寫作三、四級(jí)短文寫作目的：測(cè)試學(xué)生用英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)思想的能 力，能夠直接有效地測(cè)出考生綜合 運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力，較準(zhǔn)確地反映考 生的英語(yǔ)水平。一寫作的目的及要求一寫作的目的及要求要求: 大學(xué)英語(yǔ)作文測(cè)試要求考生能夠運(yùn)用 學(xué)到的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)，按規(guī)矩的題目要 求，在30分鐘內(nèi)寫出一篇120個(gè)詞左右 的短文，語(yǔ)義連貫，表達(dá)正確，無(wú)重 大語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。題目的內(nèi)容包括科技， 社會(huì)，文化，或日常生活等方面的一 般常識(shí)。題目形式多種多樣，有提綱 作文，段首句作文，關(guān)鍵詞作文，圖 表作文，書(shū)信作文，和規(guī)定情景作

2、文 等。 1.四級(jí)作文題采用總體評(píng)分總體評(píng)分方法。閱卷人員就總的印象給出獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)分，而不是按語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)的錯(cuò)誤數(shù)目扣分。 2.從內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言兩個(gè)方面對(duì)作文進(jìn)行綜從內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言兩個(gè)方面對(duì)作文進(jìn)行綜合評(píng)判合評(píng)判。內(nèi)容和語(yǔ)言是一個(gè)統(tǒng)一體。作文應(yīng)表達(dá)題目所規(guī)定的內(nèi)容，而內(nèi)容要通過(guò)語(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)。要考慮作文是否切題，是否充分表達(dá)思想，也要考慮是否用英語(yǔ)清楚而適切的表達(dá)思想，也就是要考慮語(yǔ)言上的錯(cuò)誤是否造成理解上的障礙。 二二. . 評(píng)分原則評(píng)分原則 考生要有較堅(jiān)實(shí)的語(yǔ)言功底，具有一定的英語(yǔ)短文的寫作知識(shí)，而且也要具備一定的寫作技巧。下面，我們擬就段落寫作、書(shū)信段落寫作、書(shū)信寫作、圖標(biāo)寫作寫作、圖標(biāo)寫作三方面講解四級(jí)短文寫

3、作。三、四級(jí)短文寫作三、四級(jí)短文寫作段落寫作段落寫作一段落的組成一段落的組成 段落大多由三個(gè)部分組成： 主題句(Topic sentence)； 擴(kuò)展句（Developing sentences）； 結(jié)尾句(Ending sentence). 1. 1.主題句主題句 主題句表明全段是關(guān)于什么及討論什么的段落中心句，即：明確地表示全段要展開(kāi)的中心點(diǎn),四級(jí)短文寫作中最好是把主題句放在段首 。 E.g. Smoking is harmful to peoples health. E.g. Smoking is harmful to peoples health. Medical science ha

4、s now proved that smoking can cause lung cancer and other diseases such as emphysema. Your chances of having a heart attack also increase the more you smoke. Smoking is definitely a health hazard. 2.擴(kuò)展句擴(kuò)展句擴(kuò)展句是用來(lái)說(shuō)明，解釋，引申，或論證主題句所表達(dá)的中心思想的句子。 It is not difficult to make a right choice between buying a h

5、ouse in the low-rise area and buying one in the high-rise area (主題句).If we want to economize and get more personal area, we can choose the low-rise; but if we want to live more comfortably, we will choose the high-rise (擴(kuò)展句). In a word, the key lies in the alternative of economy and comfort (結(jié)尾句). 3

6、.3.結(jié)尾句結(jié)尾句 結(jié)尾句是用一句話對(duì)段落的主題進(jìn)行重述,評(píng)論,或總結(jié),借以強(qiáng)化主題,加深讀者的印象. English is favored on the following grounds. It is the official language of a number of countries. Of other countries, it is their second language. In still others, English is spoken as their major foreign language. Thats why English is so popular

7、in our present world. 二二. . 段落的基本特征段落的基本特征要寫好段落就要清楚段落應(yīng)具有的基本特征，即 統(tǒng)一性(unity)， 連貫性(coherence)， 簡(jiǎn)潔性(conciseness)， 重點(diǎn)突出(emphasis)， 用字遣句有變換(variety)1. 1.段落的統(tǒng)一性段落的統(tǒng)一性一個(gè)段落只有一個(gè)主題。組成該段落的所有一個(gè)段落只有一個(gè)主題。組成該段落的所有句子都應(yīng)為這個(gè)主題服務(wù)。任何與主題無(wú)關(guān)句子都應(yīng)為這個(gè)主題服務(wù)。任何與主題無(wú)關(guān)的內(nèi)容，任何不能支持段落主題的內(nèi)容都必的內(nèi)容，任何不能支持段落主題的內(nèi)容都必須舍棄。例如：須舍棄。例如： Autumn is a

8、good season for picnicAutumn is a good season for picnic. The . The weather is fine and it is not as hot as it is in weather is fine and it is not as hot as it is in the summer. People feel cool and the summer. People feel cool and comfortable. The scenery is very beautiful comfortable. The scenery

9、is very beautiful with all kinds of flowers here and there.with all kinds of flowers here and there. And And there are various kinds of fruits. The there are various kinds of fruits. The peasants begin to gather in crops and fruits.peasants begin to gather in crops and fruits.修改后的段落為：修改后的段落為： Autumn

10、 is a good season for picnic. It is easy for people to choose a fine day for an outing because the weather is always nice， neither too hot nor too cold. The scenery is beautiful，too. The red leaves covering the mountains， the wild flowers booming in the fields and colorful fruits hanging on the tree

11、s are all pleasant to look at. A picnic in the open air in autumn will certainly be enjoyed by everyone.2.2.段落的連貫性段落的連貫性 一個(gè)段落除了內(nèi)容統(tǒng)一一個(gè)段落除了內(nèi)容統(tǒng)一, , 意思完整之外意思完整之外, , 句句與句之間還必須按一個(gè)清晰與句之間還必須按一個(gè)清晰, , 合乎邏輯的順合乎邏輯的順序安排內(nèi)容序安排內(nèi)容, , 轉(zhuǎn)折自然轉(zhuǎn)折自然, ,結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊. . Since she lost her weight, Carole has changed her image. She

12、 no longer wears dark-colored clothes. In fact, she often wears red, pink, and even bright orange. In addition to wearing bright clothes, she has lighted the color of her hair. From mousy brown, she has progressed to sun-streaked blonde. 三三. .段落內(nèi)外的銜接過(guò)渡段落內(nèi)外的銜接過(guò)渡 為確保段落內(nèi)容的連貫性，除了內(nèi)容安排為確保段落內(nèi)容的連貫性，除了內(nèi)容安排要符

13、合一定的順序外，句子與句子之間還要符合一定的順序外，句子與句子之間還應(yīng)使用過(guò)渡句型或者是連接語(yǔ)。應(yīng)使用過(guò)渡句型或者是連接語(yǔ)。 例一：(1)To develop tourism has advantages. Tourism helps develop a nations commerce and contribute to one nations economy. Tourism provides jobs for many people and helps us solve or ease the social problem of unemployment. Tourism helps i

14、ncrease understanding between peoples and helps people learn about different cultures of the world. 上段無(wú)連接詞語(yǔ)，實(shí)質(zhì)是一堆簡(jiǎn)單句的拼湊，讀起來(lái)枯燥乏味。 (2) To develop tourism has many advantages. In the first place, tourism helps develop a nations commerce and contribute to one nations economy. In the second place, touris

15、m provides jobs for many people and helps us solve or ease the social problem of unemployment. Third, tourism helps increase understanding between peoples and helps people learn about different cultures of the world. 上段雖然也是由簡(jiǎn)單的句子組成，但由于有效使用了連接詞語(yǔ)，并不給人留下簡(jiǎn)單的印象； 相反，讀者通過(guò)連接詞語(yǔ)，正確地了解到作者所陳述的many advantages的具體

16、內(nèi)容。作文開(kāi)頭常用句式和過(guò)渡連作文開(kāi)頭常用句式和過(guò)渡連接詞接詞 A proverb says It is easy to see that As the proverb says The pie graph shows Some people say that No one can deny that Many people believe that As we all know that It is quite clear that Various views exist as to, but There is much discussion about / attention to 擴(kuò)展段

17、的過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)或常用句式擴(kuò)展段的過(guò)渡性詞語(yǔ)或常用句式Clearly, However, Obviously, Similarly,Moreover, Likewise, In addition to ,Meanwhile, In contrast to, In principle, First, second, Third, FinallyLast but not the least, Not only but alsoFor one thing, for another,On the one hand, On the other hand,It is true that butThere is

18、 no doubt that終結(jié)段與擴(kuò)展段之間的過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)終結(jié)段與擴(kuò)展段之間的過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ) Personally, To sum up, As for me, To summarize, As far as I am concerned, To conclude, In my opinion, As a result, To be frank, I think For this (very) reason, With respect to From this point of view, It follows that All in all, In summary, In short, In a w

19、ord, On the whole,段落之間的轉(zhuǎn)接承啟詞語(yǔ)段落之間的轉(zhuǎn)接承啟詞語(yǔ) 結(jié)論歸納過(guò)渡詞 generally, speaking generally, as a general rule, in general, in a sense, on a larger scale, at a local level, to take the idea further, in a way, to some extent, in my view, practically speaking, in terms of, in some respects, all in all, in a word,

20、on the whole, as far as I am concerned, etc表例證關(guān)系的過(guò)渡性詞表例證關(guān)系的過(guò)渡性詞 for example, for instance, as an example, as an illustration, such as, a case in point is, to illustrate, in particular, specifically, say, next, namely, that is, like, take as an example, etc.讓步過(guò)渡詞讓步過(guò)渡詞 although, however, nevertheless,

21、 in spite of, it is true but, even though, but, granted that, yet, at the very worst, admittedly, though, still after all, of course, clearly, and still, etc.常用表因果關(guān)系的過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)常用表因果關(guān)系的過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ) because, as, since, for, owing to, because of, due to, on account of, as a result of, for the reason, result from, th

22、us, so, hence, therefore, accordingly, consequently, for this reason, on that account, as a consequence, it follows that, result in, contribute to 四四. . 段落寫作常用方法段落寫作常用方法 1. 1.列舉法列舉法2.2.舉例法舉例法3.3.比較和對(duì)照法比較和對(duì)照法 4. 4. 因果法因果法5. 5. 分類法分類法6. 6. 時(shí)間順序時(shí)間順序7. 7. 空間順序空間順序8. 8. 綜合法綜合法 1. 1.列舉法列舉法 列舉法是指在主題句之后列舉足夠

23、的（至少三個(gè)）足以支持主題觀點(diǎn)的具體細(xì)節(jié). Bicycle has many advantages. First, it is handy and convenient. It can carry you to anywhere you like in city and does not need a large parking place. Secondly, it is not so expensive, and therefore, every family can afford to buy it and to repair it. Thirdly, it does not cause

24、 air pollution. Besides, it does good to your health if you ride it regularly 2.2.舉例法舉例法舉例法通常指用具體的事例來(lái)闡述主題句中包含的中心思想. Public television in American presents many kinds of programs. . There are news and opinion programs. There are films about social and historical events. And there are shows about scie

25、nce and nature. There are shows to teach people how to cook, grow vegetables or fix a house. There are many drama programs produced in Britain. And there are programs that present music, dance and theater of America. 3.3.比較和對(duì)照法比較和對(duì)照法比較(comparison)主要是指出兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上不同種類的事物的共同點(diǎn)或相似點(diǎn)。(1). 整體對(duì)比。即先描述甲，再描述乙（A1,

26、A2, A3,; B1, B2, B3） (2) 逐項(xiàng)對(duì)比。 即雙方同時(shí)描述，逐點(diǎn)進(jìn)行比較（A1，B1；A2，B2；A3，B3；） 整體對(duì)比 It is easy to be a winner. A winner can show his joy publicly. He can laugh and sing and dance and celebrate his victory. People love to be with winners. Winners are never lonely. Unlike winners, losers are the lonely ones of the

27、 world. It is difficult to face defeat with dignity. Losers can not show their disappointment publicly. They can not cry or grieve about their defeat. They must suffer privately, but they must be composed in public. They have nothing to celebrate and no one to share their sadness. 逐項(xiàng)對(duì)比 My two friend

28、s have similar and different characteristics, such as appearance, personality and hobbies. Wendy is short and blonde. In contrast, Lisa is taller than Wendy, and Lisas hair is much darker and curlier than Wendys. Wendy is the shy type and doesnt talk loudly when other people are there. On the other

29、hand, Lisa is more outgoing than Wendy and likes to speak more. Both Lisa and Wendy enjoy doing different things ,and they do them well. For instance, Wendy is a folk dancer, and she dances more gracefully than Lisa, but Lisa can play baseball better than Wendy. Wendy and Lisa are friends; for this

30、reason, other people like to compare them. 4.4.因果法因果法 因果法是指按事物的因果關(guān)系發(fā)展段落.可以先把結(jié)果提出來(lái), 然后解釋其(多種)原因, 也可以先列出原因, 再說(shuō)明其(多個(gè))結(jié)果. (1). 先因后果 (2). 先果后因 (1). (1). 先因后果先因后果 Since I have changed my curriculum to law enforcement, there have been amazing consequences. First of all, I am now interested in my courses. I

31、 am so interested, in fact, that I have done a lot of extra reading for the course. Also, my parents are much more involved with what I am doing in school since my father is a policeman. Finally, my grades have shown remarkable improvement. I expected better grades to result form the switch, but I n

32、ever thought I would get all the As I have been getting. (2). (2). 先果后因先果后因 Guiyou Restaurant is losing business for three major reasons. First, customers are staying away because of the unsanitary conditions in the restaurant. The tables are often messy and the floors dirty. In addition, the servic

33、e is poor. The waiters and waitresses are generally slow and unfriendly. The waiters and waitresses wear uniforms. Most important of all, customers are not pleased with the food at Guiyou Restaurant. The meals are of poor quality and overpriced. 5.5.分類法分類法 分類，即將某一復(fù)雜的事物分拆開(kāi)來(lái)，根據(jù)性質(zhì)、形態(tài)、成因功能等屬性的差別分成若干類，然后

34、逐一進(jìn)行說(shuō)明.Chinese food can be classified into four types: Chinese food can be classified into four types: northern, coastal, inland and southern.northern, coastal, inland and southern. Northern Chinese food is light and delicate. Beijing duck is an example of a northern specialty. Coastal food contains

35、 a lot of soy sauce and sugar, soy sauce chicken is typical of this area. Most inland food is very spicy and contains hot pepper. Kang-pao chicken, for example, is found in the inland area. Food from the southern area is often stir-fried and contains highly concentrated chicken broth. 6.6.時(shí)間順序時(shí)間順序 H

36、ow to make a telephone call? First, you lift the telephone receiver. Then, you listen for the dial tone. Next, you dial the number you want. After that, you carry on a conversation. Finally, when finished you put the receiver back in the telephone. 7. 7. 空間順序空間順序 My room is on the second floor of Do

37、rm No. 3. It is a small rectangular room with a white ceiling and green walls. As you enter the room, straight ahead you will see two large windows. My bed which is covered with a blue bedspread is under the left window. Under the right window is Marks bed. Desks and chairs are placed in the middle

38、of the room. Behind the door there is a built-in closet. 8.8.綜合法：同時(shí)使用幾種不同的方法來(lái)展開(kāi)段落綜合法：同時(shí)使用幾種不同的方法來(lái)展開(kāi)段落例如：例如： The United States Census Bureau reports that Las Vegas is the fastest growing city in the United States. The population increased almost 14 percent between 1990 and 1992. The city now has more

39、 the 970 thousand people（例證）. There are several reasons why people are moving to Las Vegas（列舉原因）. The weather is always warm and sunny. There are many jobs in the building industry and in the hotels. There are no earthquakes. And people do not have to pay taxes on the money they earn（原因）.英文書(shū)信信頭 (hea

40、ding) 信頭指的是發(fā)信人的地址以及發(fā)信日期. 一般寫在信紙的右上角.先寫發(fā)信的地址,地址的書(shū)寫順是由小到大,依次為: 門牌號(hào)、 街名、 城市名、省或州名、郵政編碼、國(guó)名 如在院系寄信的,地址順序應(yīng)為:班級(jí)、年級(jí)、系名、院名、學(xué)校名、城市名、省州名、郵政編碼、國(guó)名 發(fā)信日期單獨(dú)成行.日期要按英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣書(shū)寫,常用寫法有兩種: 月、日、年, 如: June 3, 2002 或者日、月、年, 如: 3rd June, 2002 在年份之前有一個(gè)逗號(hào)如果信是寫給熟悉的人,常常只寫日期就可以了. 2. 稱呼 (Salutation) 稱呼指對(duì)收信人的稱呼.稱呼語(yǔ)后常用逗號(hào)“，”第一類書(shū)信是寫給個(gè)人. 1

41、) 寫信人認(rèn)識(shí)收信人,但關(guān)系不是很親密Dear Mr. (Miss, Dr, Prof等), 后接收信人姓氏, 如: Dear Mr. Smith, Dear Dr Tan, Dear Miss Chen, Dear President， 2) 寫給朋友，兩人關(guān)系較為親密，可直呼其名，如：Dear Mary, Dear Jack, Dear Mom, 等 第二類書(shū)信是寫給某個(gè)團(tuán)體組織或機(jī)構(gòu)的1)寫信人不認(rèn)識(shí)其負(fù)責(zé)人,稱呼語(yǔ)可用Dear Sir，或者Dear Sir or Madam， 2)寫信人認(rèn)識(shí)其負(fù)責(zé)人可稱Dear Mr. Black, Dear Professor Chen. 3. 正文

42、 (Body) 正文是信的主體部分，正文每段第一行往右縮進(jìn)個(gè)字母 英語(yǔ)信件習(xí)慣上不用“你好”開(kāi)頭，可以直接用一兩句話講明寫信的目的所以正文常為三個(gè)部分：開(kāi)頭段，正文段和結(jié)尾段 4. 結(jié)束語(yǔ) (Complimentary close) 結(jié)束語(yǔ)是正文下面的寫信人對(duì)收信人的謙稱一般從信紙中央稍右的地方寫起，第一個(gè)字母要大寫，后面要用逗號(hào)不同的通信關(guān)系要用不同的結(jié)束語(yǔ) 寫給公司或相識(shí)的人 Yours (very) truly, Yours (very) faithfully, Yours (very) sincerely, Yours (very) cordially, 寫給上司或長(zhǎng)輩 Yours (

43、very) respectfully, Yours (very) obediently, 寫給親朋好友 Yours (ever), (With) love, Miss you, Always yours, Yours affectionately, (With) best wishes, Your sincere/good friend, your loving mother/son， . . 簽名 (Signature) 署名發(fā)信人的簽名寫在結(jié)束語(yǔ)下面一行，信紙中央梢偏右的位置即便有了打印的姓名，也要加上親筆簽名，以示鄭重簽名時(shí)，一般寫上全名 6. 信內(nèi)地址 (Inside address)

44、 信內(nèi)地址指的是收信人的姓名職務(wù)單位及地址.多見(jiàn)于正式的商務(wù)信件,私人信件可以省略不寫.第一行寫收信人姓名,第二行寫地址.18 Hanzheng StreetWuhan, Hubei 430020P.R.ChinaOct. 25, 1994Dear Mr. William Madison, -Yours sincerely, Patrick BakerMr. William MadisonGeneral ManagerRoss Engineering Associates1767 Palm StreetLong Beach, CA96104U.S.A.Iamasophomoremajoring

45、inCivicEngineering.Iamwritingtoyoutosaysomethingaboutthecanteenserviceoncampus.Whensteppingintothebrightandspaciouscanteen,weareimmediatelyattractedbythewhitericeandthesmellofvariousdishes.Theservicepersonsarealwayssmilingandfairlyenthusiasticfortheirwork.Butwegetalittlesurprisedwhenpayingforthefood

46、,becauseitspriceistwicethatoftheuniversitynearby.Thehighpriceisthebiggestobstacleforustohaveadeliciousmeal.Onthisaccountanumberofstudentshavetochoosethefoodthatischeapandwithlittlenutrition.Itisunhealthfultoourhealthandreducestheeffectivenessinourlearning.Soitisadvisabletodropthefoodpriceinourcantee

47、n.Astowhatpercentageofpriceshouldbereduced,astudentpollmaybehelpful.Iamoneofthousandsofthestudentswhoarezealoustoseeouruniversitytakeeffortstoreducetheprice.Yoursrespectfully,LiMingJanuary 12th, 2002Dear Mr. President, 常見(jiàn)的圖表類型有: 1.table(表格) 2.curve graph(曲線) 3.Bar Graph(柱狀) 4.Pie Graph(餅狀) 圖表作文圖表作文1

48、) 1) 表格表格(table),(table),它表示多種事物的相互關(guān)系它表示多種事物的相互關(guān)系EDABCmnfgezpqxyoh2)2)曲線曲線(curve graph ),(curve graph ),它常用表示事物的變化趨勢(shì)它常用表示事物的變化趨勢(shì): :3)3)柱狀柱狀(Bar Graph)(Bar Graph)它用來(lái)表示幾種事物的變化情況及相互關(guān)系它用來(lái)表示幾種事物的變化情況及相互關(guān)系4)4)餅狀餅狀(Pie Graph)(Pie Graph)表示各事物在總體中所占的比例及相互關(guān)系表示各事物在總體中所占的比例及相互關(guān)系 圖表式作文的特點(diǎn)一般涉及5個(gè)方面： 描述圖表、指明寓意、分析原因

49、、聯(lián)系實(shí)際、給出建議.四級(jí)考試一般從這5項(xiàng)內(nèi)容中選出3個(gè)內(nèi)容考察學(xué)生的寫作水平。FeaturesFeatures Writing Steps Useful Expressions in Graph WritingWriting StrategyWriting StrategyWriting StepsWriting Steps (圖表作文的寫作步驟): 1)分析圖表及說(shuō)明文字; 2)觀察數(shù)字變化趨勢(shì),分析主旨,得出中心論點(diǎn); 3)列提綱; 4)寫作 Useful Expressions in Graph WritingUseful Expressions in Graph Writing(1)

50、 According to figures shown in the table/graph/chart/pie we can see / conclude that(2) The graph shows /tells/reveals that(3) As is shown/can be seen in the chart that(4) The table is /gives information/about(5) The table represents the development and changes in (6) After considering the informatio

51、n in the table we might conclude that Directions： For this part you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Reading preferences. You should write at least 120 words and base your composition on the chart and the outline given belowAn Example:An Example:ReadingPreferenceofStude

52、ntsinanAmericanUniversityin2002Categories of BooksPercentage of Books Circulation in the LibraryPopular Fiction65.9%General Nonfiction18.2%Science /Technology/Education10.8%Art/Literature /poetry5.1% 1) 根據(jù)上表，簡(jiǎn)要描述美國(guó) 某大學(xué)學(xué)生借閱圖書(shū)的分布情況. 2）你對(duì)于這些學(xué)生閱讀偏愛(ài)的評(píng)論. 3）你通常喜歡閱讀哪一類書(shū)籍？ 說(shuō)明理由.現(xiàn)象解釋型模板一現(xiàn)象解釋型模板一 1) We have witnessed 總體現(xiàn)象. 2) According to 描述圖表 , 具體表現(xiàn)一. 3) And 具體表現(xiàn)二 . 4) Many reasons contribute to 過(guò)渡句. 5)To begin with, 原因一. 6)