businessintegration物流理論ppt課件

1、Introductory RemarksThe impetus for changeBusiness Integration and IT AlignmentDale Hunter (.on.ca)Tony Brown (anthony.brownqunara)Meeting the challenge with Enterprise ArchitectureInformation Highways ConferenceMarch 24, 20041.Service DeliveryConnecting Government & CitizensBuildi

2、ng Internal Capacity PartnershipsPrivacy & AccessSecurityInformation ManagementInfrastructureApplying IM & IT in a comprehensive way to all functions of governmentTransformation agendaGovernment and cross-jurisdictional collaboration to drive social development, economic competitiveness and regulato

3、ry harmonizationEnterprise management systems and approaches that drive more value from investments, e.g., legacy renewal, back office reengineering, horizontal funding, project management and internal capacity buildingIntegrated, cross-jurisdictional service delivery through multiple channels that

4、is customer-focused, seamless and convenient Connecting government and citizens through increased transparency and citizen engagement opportunities2.The environmente-Business and e-GovernmentDistributed systemsHeterogeneous platforms and languagesLegacy and open source and new code and off-the-shelf

5、A need for inter-jurisdictional connectivityWireless devicesPrivacy and securityXMLFinancial constraints3.Business Integration and IT Alignment 4.Business Integration and IT AlignmentMeeting the challenge with Enterprise Architecture5.The questions to answerWhat is business integration?What is IT al

6、ignment and why is it important?What is enterprise architecture?How does it help you achieve business integration?How does it help you align IT investments with strategic business intentions?What is the Ontario Government doing?6.What is business integration?To integrate means to combine parts into

7、a whole.Business merger example: Company ACEOCommonFunctionsUniqueFunctionsCEO+Company BCommonFunctionsUniqueFunctionsCEO=Company ABUniqueFunctionsUniqueFunctionsCommonFunctions7.Business integration (cont.)Redefining business example 1:OrganizationFunctionFunctionFunctionRedesignedOrganizationCore

8、BusinessCore Business8.Business integration (cont.)Redefining business example 2:Organization AOrganization BCore Business A1Core Business A2Core Business A3Core Business B1Core Business B2Core Business B3Virtual Business 1Virtual Business 2Virtual Business 3Virtual Organization9.Implications of int

9、egrationNo discontinuity among meanings of concepts across the enterpriseConcepts defined once and sharedYou reuse what has already been definedExplicitly defined concepts are the Enterprisesequivalence of Standard Interchangeable Parts.10.What is IT alignment?Alignment means working towards a commo

10、n goal.IT alignment means all implemented information systemscontribute to Managements vision of the organizations future state.Why is this important?Because in the Information Agethe SYSTEM is the ENTERPRISE!11.The dilemmathe business is not defined or described very well?nobody can see much of wha

11、t needs to be changed?intentions cannot be communicated or share easily?if there is little explicit to align IT solutions with?How can anyone or any group manage integration and alignment if 12.The problemBusiness knowledge is often locked in peoples heads or in planning documentsWhatever explicit k

12、nowledge that might exist is too difficult to analyze in their current formsSystem designers usually just design solutions for specific business requirementsand their designs are not reusable in other applications13.The remedyMake business knowledge more explicitMake both business and IT knowledge m

13、ore granularMake it graphicalApply the discipline of enterprise architecture to it!In other words 14.Enterprise architectureDescriptive representations of the fundamental components of a purposeful endeavour. but mostjust happen.Every enterprise already has architecture.Someare designedand documente

14、d 15.Enterprise architecture is A thinking tool for analysis, change management and decision makingA communications toolAcross the enterpriseAcross the extended enterpriseA means to guide business integration and to align ITHow do you create enterprise architecture?Start by breaking down the subject

15、 area into its essential parts.The same problem that has faced thinkers for generations.16.Thinkers Aristotle (384 322 BCE)Linnaeus (1707 1778)Mendeleev (1834 1907)Dewey (1851 1931)Aristotelian Syllogistic SystemEvery Greek is a human.Every human is mortal.Every Greek is mortal.The Linnaean SystemKi

16、ngdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies Dewey Decimal System000 Generalities 100 Philosophy & psychology 200 Religion 300 Social sciences 400 Language 500 Natural sciences & mathematics 600 Technology (Applied sciences) 700 The arts 800 Literature & rhetoric 900 Geography & historyPeriodic Table of

17、Elements and for enterprise knowledge Zachman (1936 - )17.Zachman says Inherent in all enterprises are six abstract perspectives.Plannerthe scope and boundary viewOwnerthe business requirements viewDesignerthe logical design viewBuilderthe physical, technical viewSubcontractorthe detailed components

18、 viewUserthe functional view18.Different aspects or focusesWhatis itmadeof? And for each perspective there are six fundamental focuses.Howdoes itfunction?Wherearethingslocated?Whoisinvolved?Whendothingshappen?Whyarethingsdone?19.The Framework for Enterprise Architecture is formed by associating pers

19、pectives and focuses.WHATHOWWHEREWHOWHENWHYPLANNEROWNERDESIGNERBUILDERSUB-CONTRACTORUSER 36 different representations for describing an enterprise.Cells of knowledge20.John A. Zachman, Zachman InternationalDATA ImplementationDATAWhatFUNCTIONHowNETWORKWheree.g. Data DefinitionEntity = FieldRel. = Add

20、resse.g., Physical Data ModelEntity = Tables/Segments/etc.Rel. = Key/Pointer/etc.e.g., Logical Data ModelEntity = Data EntityRel. = Data Relationshipe.g., Semantic ModelEntity = Business EntityRel. = Business RelationshipList of Things - Important to the BusinessEntity = Class ofBusiness ThingList o

21、f Processes -the Business PerformsFunction = Class ofBusiness Processe.g., Application ArchitectureProcess.= Application FunctionI/O = User Viewse.g., System DesignProcess= Computer FunctionI/O =Data Elements/Setse.g. ProgramProcess= Language StatementI/O = Control BlockFUNCTIONImplementatione.g., B

22、usiness Process ModelProcess = Business ProcessI/O = Business ResourcesList of Locations -in which the Business OperatesNode = Major BusinessLocatione.g., Logistics NetworkNode = Business Location Link = Business Linkagee.g., Distributed System ArchitectureNode = IS FunctionLink = Line Characteristi

23、cse.g., Technical ArchitectureNode = Hardware/System SoftwareLink = Line Specificationse.g. Network ArchitectureNode = AddressesLink = ProtocolsNETWORKImplementationMOTIVATIONWhyTIMEWhenPEOPLEWhoe.g. Rule SpecificationEnd = Sub-conditionMeans = Stepe.g., Rule DesignEnd = ConditionMeans = Actione.g.,

24、 Business Rule ModelEnd = Structural AssertionMeans =Action AssertionEnd = Business ObjectiveMeans = Business StrategyList of Business Goals and StrategiesEnds/Means=Major BusinessGoal/Critical Success FactorList of Events -Significant to the BusinessTime = Major Business Evente.g., Processing Struc

25、tureTime = System EventCycle = Processing Cyclee.g., Control StructureTime = ExecuteCycle = Component Cyclee.g. Timing DefinitionTime = InterruptCycle = Machine CycleSCHEDULEImplementatione.g., Master ScheduleTime = Business EventCycle = Business CycleList of Organizations -Important to the Business

26、People = Class of People andMajor Organizationse.g., Work Flow ModelPeople = Organization UnitWork = Work Producte.g., Human Interface ArchitecturePeople = RoleWork = Deliverablee.g., Presentation ArchitecturePeople = UserWork = Screen/Device Formate.g. Security ArchitecturePeople = IdentityWork = J

27、obORGANIZATIONImplementationSTRATEGYImplementatione.g., Business PlanSCOPEPlannerSYSTEM MODELDesignerTECHNOLOGYCONSTRAINEDMODELBuilderDETAILEDREPRESEN-TATIONSSubcontractorENTERPRISE MODEL Ownercontextualconceptuallogicalphysicalout-of-contextFUNCTIONINGENTERPRISEperspectivesabstractionsTechnicalBusi

28、nessZachman Framework for Enterprise Architecture21.Zachman frameworkA device for classifyng enterprise knowledgeA framework for describing enterprises (for modeling them)Reduces complexity to manageable proportionsIs easy to understandUnites business and IT communitiesOK, but what about content?22.

29、John A. Zachman, Zachman InternationalDATA ImplementationDATAWhatFUNCTIONHowNETWORKWheree.g. Data DefinitionEntity = FieldRel. = Addresse.g., Physical Data ModelEntity = Tables/Segments/etc.Rel. = Key/Pointer/etc.e.g., Logical Data ModelEntity = Data EntityRel. = Data Relationshipe.g., Semantic Mode

30、lEntity = Business EntityRel. = Business RelationshipList of Things - Important to the BusinessEntity = Class ofBusiness ThingList of Processes -the Business PerformsFunction = Class ofBusiness Processe.g., Application ArchitectureProcess.= Application FunctionI/O = User Viewse.g., System DesignProc

31、ess= Computer FunctionI/O =Data Elements/Setse.g. ProgramProcess= Language StatementI/O = Control BlockFUNCTIONImplementatione.g., Business Process ModelProcess = Business ProcessI/O = Business ResourcesList of Locations -in which the Business OperatesNode = Major BusinessLocatione.g., Logistics Net

32、workNode = Business Location Link = Business Linkagee.g., Distributed System ArchitectureNode = IS FunctionLink = Line Characteristicse.g., Technical ArchitectureNode = Hardware/System SoftwareLink = Line Specificationse.g. Network ArchitectureNode = AddressesLink = ProtocolsNETWORKImplementationMOT

33、IVATIONWhyTIMEWhenPEOPLEWhoe.g. Rule SpecificationEnd = Sub-conditionMeans = Stepe.g., Rule DesignEnd = ConditionMeans = Actione.g., Business Rule ModelEnd = Structural AssertionMeans =Action AssertionEnd = Business ObjectiveMeans = Business StrategyList of Business Goals and StrategiesEnds/Means=Ma

34、jor BusinessGoal/Critical Success FactorList of Events -Significant to the BusinessTime = Major Business Evente.g., Processing StructureTime = System EventCycle = Processing Cyclee.g., Control StructureTime = ExecuteCycle = Component Cyclee.g. Timing DefinitionTime = InterruptCycle = Machine CycleSC

35、HEDULEImplementatione.g., Master ScheduleTime = Business EventCycle = Business CycleList of Organizations -Important to the BusinessPeople = Class of People andMajor Organizationse.g., Work Flow ModelPeople = Organization UnitWork = Work Producte.g., Human Interface ArchitecturePeople = RoleWork = D

36、eliverablee.g., Presentation ArchitecturePeople = UserWork = Screen/Device Formate.g. Security ArchitecturePeople = IdentityWork = JobORGANIZATIONImplementationSTRATEGYImplementatione.g., Business PlanSCOPEPlannerSYSTEM MODELDesignerTECHNOLOGYCONSTRAINEDMODELBuilderDETAILEDREPRESEN-TATIONSSubcontrac

37、torENTERPRISE MODEL Ownercontextualconceptuallogicalphysicalout-of-contextFUNCTIONINGENTERPRISEperspectivesabstractionsZachman Framework for Enterprise ArchitectureImportant Fact #1: Business integration will not occur unlessthis knowledge is made explicit, shared and reused.Important Fact #3: IT al

38、ignment will not occur unlesslower level models are constrained by the upper level models.Important Fact #2: Business integration will not occur unlessyou use these models to engineer commonality across the enterprise23.Ultimate aimProject AProject BSystem DesignsMust be createdfrom common architect

39、ure.Enterprise ArchitectureIT InfrastructureIntegrated,aligned withenterprise.24.Reality check #1Attempts to architect enterprises from top to bottom always fail not feasibleManagements intentions can at least be made explicit at the top feasibleSystem designers can at least use that information, th

40、en provide slivers of architecture back to the framework when projects are implemented feasible?25.Reality check #2System designers use different automated design tools and modeling languagesRaises question of feasibility of drawing info from a common source and putting new info back in26.Architectu

41、re Design ContinuumSearch and SelectImportEnterprise Knowledge RepositoryWhich processes involve water safety inspectors?What transactionsrequire authentication and authorization?What services would be affected if we change the privacy policy?If we stop doing these functions, what organization units

42、 are affected?27.Case Study: Ontario Goverment Public service transformation (since mid-1990s)e-GovernmentEA program to faciliate integration and IT alignment across government28.Ontario Government EA programAdvancedDedicated resourcesStrong governance structureIntegrated with IT planning and approval processZachman framework approach for creation of architecture products29.Search and SelectImportEnterpris