2017版高考英語一輪復習語法專題第二部分詞法篇-其他詞類專題1名詞課件外研版

1、第二部分 詞法篇其他詞類專題1 名詞核心考點精析名詞在高考中的應用模擬強化練123核心考點精析名詞的核心考點1.可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)這里主要講其不規(guī)則變化。(1)單、復數(shù)同形。如：means，aircraft，deer，fish，Chinese，Japanese，sheep，works(工廠)，cattle。(2)合成名詞的復數(shù)。如：boyfriendboyfriends，gobetweengobetweens(中間人)，grownupgrownups。(3)有些名詞通常只用作復數(shù)。如：glasses眼鏡，clothes衣服，goods貨物，trousers褲子，belongings所有物，wages

2、工資，riches財富，surroundings環(huán)境，ashes灰塵，compasses圓規(guī)，cattle家畜，congratulations祝賀，have words with sb.同某人吵架，in high spirits情緒高漲地，give ones regards to sb.向某人問好，in rags衣衫襤褸，It is good manners to do sth.做某事是有禮貌的。(4)集體名詞的數(shù)。有些集體名詞通常只用作復數(shù)，如：people，cattle，police；有些名詞只用作單數(shù)，如：machinery，furniture，mankind，jewellery；有些名

3、詞既可用作單數(shù)又可用作復數(shù)，單數(shù)看作整體，復數(shù)看作集體的各個成員。如：The crew is large.船員人數(shù)很多(指整體)。The crew are all tired.船員們都累壞了(指個體)。2.不可數(shù)名詞的數(shù)(1)一般說來抽象名詞為不可數(shù)名詞，但當抽象名詞表示具體的東西時，可用作可數(shù)名詞且詞義發(fā)生變化，主要類型如下：抽象名詞表示具有某種特性、狀態(tài)、感情情緒的人或事。抽象名詞(不可數(shù))具體化(個體名詞，可數(shù)名詞)in surprise驚訝地a surprise一件令人驚訝的事win success獲得成功a success一個(件)成功的人(事)win honour贏得榮譽an ho

4、nour一個(件)引起尊敬的人(事)failure失敗a failure一個失敗者/一件失敗的事by experience靠經(jīng)驗an experience一次經(jīng)歷with pleasure樂意a pleasure一件樂事抽象名詞與a(an)連用，淡化了抽象概念，轉化為似乎可以體驗到的動作、行為或類別。A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.Would you like to have a walk (swim，bath，talk) with me?It is a waste of time reading such a n

5、ovel.She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings.(2)物質名詞是不可數(shù)名詞，但表示數(shù)量或種類之多時，可以用作可數(shù)名詞。物質名詞有形或數(shù)的相應物體時，有單、復數(shù)。如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡；some drink一些飲料，a drink一杯飲料，three drinks三杯飲料；his hair他的頭發(fā)，a few grey hairs幾根白發(fā)；glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。3.名詞所有格(1)s所有格the boys mother，the ch

6、ildrens toys，the teachers books，Lucy and Lilys bedroom(共用)，Lucys and Lilys bedrooms(各自的)(2)“of名詞”所有格the roof of the house，the cover of the book，the name of the girl wearing a red coat，a picture of my father(a picture that my father is in)(3)雙重所有格a friend of my brothers(one of my brothers friends)，a

7、picture of my fathers(one of my fathers pictures)(4)“s”所有格的特殊表示形式有：用于表示人的名詞或表集體、機構的名詞后，如：Toms home，the doctors，the companys new factory等。用于表示時間、距離、價格、重量等的名詞后，如：todays newspaper，five minutes walk(drive)，five pounds weight，ten dollars worth of coffee。用于表示國家、世界、城市等地方的名詞后，如：the worlds population，Chinas

8、industry，New Yorks parks。(5)所有格的句法功能表所有關系 Jacks brother表主謂關系 Mr Wangs praise表動賓關系 the famous stars admirers表修飾關系 a doctors degree表同位關系(只用of所有格)the city of Beijing4.名詞的功能(1)可作主語、表語、賓語、賓語補足語Mary turned nurse.He bought a new book.We made him monitor of our class.(2)作定語英語中有些名詞沒有其對應的同根形容詞，這些名詞可以直接用來作定語修飾

9、另一個名詞。分類意義air pollution空氣污染boy friend男朋友coffee cup咖啡杯 body language身體語言road accident交通事故 the Nobel Prize諾貝爾獎時間、地點、稱呼等Doctor Jack杰克醫(yī)生 Professor Li李教授evening school夜校 winter sleep冬眠表目的、手段、來源、所屬意義reception desk接待臺 sports field田徑場stone table石桌 color TV彩電(3)作狀語名詞作狀語多為表時間或距離等概念的名詞。The war lasted eight yea

10、rs.(4)作同位語Tom，our monitor，left school last year.返回名詞在高考中的應用名詞與語法填空在語法填空中，對于名詞的考查主要涉及可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)、名詞的所有格以及詞類變換。典題試做1用括號內所給詞的正確形式填空1.In addition to their simple beauty，what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their (able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.(2015全國)解析形容詞性物主代詞thei

11、r之后應當用名詞，故將able轉化為其名詞形式ability。ability解析答案2.Id skipped nearby Guilin，a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that are pictured by artists in so many Chinese (painting).(2015全國)解析由于該名詞由so many修飾，故填該名詞的復數(shù)形式paintings。3.While there are amazing stori

12、es of instant transformation，for most of us the (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work，like cleaning up a polluted river.Just be patient.(2014新課標全國)解析考查名詞復數(shù)。前面是定冠詞the，因此后面要用名詞，再由謂語動詞are可知此空要用其名詞的復數(shù)形式，故填changes。paintingschanges解析答案4.I feel my legs shaking.I cannot do this any longe

13、r.Unbelievable！Oh.，if you dont mind，Ill stop and take a deep .(2014遼寧)解析考查根據(jù)上下文語境填詞。根據(jù)語境可知，說話者對于現(xiàn)在正在進行的活動感到體力不支，因此需要停下來深吸一口氣。take a deep breath深吸一口氣。5.But Jane knew from past experience that her (choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her father.(2009廣東)解析空格前有形容詞性物主代詞，所以空格處應填名詞，choose的名詞形式是choice。breat

14、hchoice解析答案應對策略1首先要弄清數(shù)與格，即名詞是否該用復數(shù)，是否要用所有格；其次，注意有關名詞的構詞法，即有關名詞的詞類轉換。這就要求考生要搞清楚名詞在句中作什么成分，近幾年?？济~作主語、賓語、表語的情況。名詞與短文改錯短文改錯中對于名詞的考查最可能考查名詞的數(shù)與格。漢語中的名詞在形式上沒有復數(shù)變化，而是通過在其前加數(shù)詞或量詞等方式來表示。而英語則不同，除了在名詞前加數(shù)詞外，如果是可數(shù)名詞，還須用其名詞復數(shù)形式，而不可數(shù)名詞沒有復數(shù)形式。其次名詞的考查還會涉及詞性轉換方面的錯誤。典題試做2單句改錯(每小題1處錯誤)1.The airs we breathe in is gettin

15、g dirtier and dirtier.(2015全國)解析由后面的定語從句we breathe in可知，此處先行詞的意思是“空氣”，air當“空氣”講時為不可數(shù)名詞。故airs改為air。答案airsair解析答案2.One day，little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent.It was.his parents were missing.Tony saw his parents.(2015全國)解析從后文可以看出Tony的父母一起和他去的購物中心，后文兩次出現(xiàn)parents，所以應該將parent改為parents。答案

16、parentparents3.As I told you last time，I made three new friend here.(2015四川)解析名詞friend為可數(shù)名詞，其前有three修飾，需要用復數(shù)形式，故把friend改成friends。答案friendfriends解析答案4.My old classroom was interesting because three side of the classroom were made from glass.(2015浙江)解析前面有three修飾，故side要用復數(shù)形式sides。答案sidesides5.Mum taugh

17、t me some basic step of baking.(2015陜西)解析根據(jù)前面的some可知，step應該用復數(shù)形式。答案stepsteps6.For example，we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day.(2014新課標全國)解析由one and a half可知，hour應用復數(shù)形式。答案第一個hourhours解析答案7.Weve called several time about Cleos early morning barking.(2014遼寧)

18、解析time在此處意為“次數(shù)”，為可數(shù)名詞，再根據(jù)前面的several可知，應用times。答案timetimes8.This made for the grow in the porcelain industry.(2013新課標全國)解析定冠詞the后面應跟名詞形式，故grow應改為growth。答案growgrowth解析答案9.He has ruined his healthy.(2013遼寧)解析在形容詞性物主代詞后應用名詞，所以應把healthy改為health。答案healthyhealth10.When I finally arrived at my friend he len

19、t me lots of clothes.(2011新課標全國)解析根據(jù)句意可知，當我最后到達“我朋友的家”(my friends)時，他借給我許多衣服。故friend應改為friends。答案friendfriends解析答案應對策略2遇到名詞首先注意區(qū)分它是可數(shù)名詞還是不可數(shù)名詞；其次還可以根據(jù)名詞前的修飾語或謂語動詞的單復數(shù)來判斷。此外，還要注意名詞的所有格以及名詞的句法功能，判斷是否存在詞性轉換方面的錯誤。書面表達中名詞易錯點聚焦1.寫作中對于復數(shù)名詞易疏漏s或es，如：(誤)Id love to make friend with you.(誤)All the picture disp

20、layed are of great value.2.部分名詞的復數(shù)變化錯誤，如：familys，knifes，difficultys，pianoes，heros，woman doctors，tooths，childrens，medias。3.部分詞性易混作名詞，如：動詞誤作名詞形容詞誤作名詞動詞名詞形容詞名詞succeedsuccesshonesthonestyaffecteffecthealthyhealth4.可數(shù)與不可數(shù)名詞混淆。如：不可數(shù)可數(shù)take actiontake measuressome advicesome suggestionstake exerciseeye exer

21、cisesmake progressinformation返回模擬強化練.單句語法填空1.He had witnessed too many (die) and wounds at the Battle of Solferino in Italy four years earlier，in which 40,000 people were killed，wounded or missing.解析考查詞性轉換。這里指的是“死亡”，是可數(shù)名詞，在句中作及物動詞witness的賓語，空前的too many暗示應用death的復數(shù)形式。deaths解析答案2.Apples new machine，th

22、e Lisa，proved to be an expensive (fail).解析考查派生詞的用法。從空前的“an expensive”可知此處缺少一個名詞，故填failure。failure在此處意為“失敗的事”，為可數(shù)名詞。3.I ran into my neighbor，Dennis，yesterday afternoon.He asked if I wanted two tickets to the theater.He had season tickets but couldnt go to this (perform).解析根據(jù)this的提示可知，此處應該使用perform的名詞

23、形式。failureperformance解析答案4.Tourism should also advance the wealth and (happy) of local inhabitants.解析根據(jù)and平行關系及其前名詞wealth可知，應填happy的名詞形式。5.These people have made great (contribute) to China with their work.解析考查固定短語make contributions to“對作貢獻”。happinesscontributions解析答案6.They get advice from “ (strang

24、e)”.When they need advice，they dont usually go to people they know.解析考查名詞的復數(shù)。根據(jù)下一句中的“dont”及“people they know”可知，空處意為“陌生人(stranger)”。stranger為可數(shù)名詞，其前面沒有限定詞，應填復數(shù)形式。7.My first (impress) of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.解析形容詞性物主代詞my之后應當用名詞，故應填impress的名詞形式impression。strangersimpress

25、ion解析答案8.Those who suffer from headache will find they get (relieve) from this medicine.解析動詞get后缺少賓語，故應用relieve的名詞形式relief。get relief from因得到緩解。9.Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?Well，you know，English is my (strong).So it is my best choice.解析分析句子結構可知，謂語動詞is后缺少表語，故應填strong的

26、名詞形式strength。reliefstrength解析答案10.I made a (decide) to look at the flight monitors to see if there was an earlier flight to San Francisco.解析考查詞性轉換。make a decision意為“作出一個決定”。decision解析答案.單句改錯(每小題1處錯誤)1.Within the next few minute，my grandfather also caught a fish.答案minuteminutes2.You told me the name

27、of different plants and their characteristics.答案namenames3.Mom，I know I have never expressed my thank to you before.答案thankthanks4.The food was wonderful with reasonable prices，and we enjoyed several local dish.答案dishdishes答案5.Another way is to watch our everyday use of water and electric at home.答案

28、electricelectricity6.From the time I was about four until I was about six，I destroyed each of my toy.答案toytoys7.We，as well as animal，cannot live without water and neither agriculture nor industry can go without it.答案animalanimals答案8.In early January this year，the rate of UFO reports was steady，aroun

29、d three per weeks.答案weeksweek9.Tom was having much troubles getting up in the morning and was always late for work.答案troublestrouble10.It felt very strange to travel without any luggages.答案luggagesluggage答案.語法填空A(名詞專練)Born on August 23,1988 in America，Jeremy ShuHow Lin is a professional basketball 1

30、. (play) with the Huston Rockets 2. the National Basketball Association (NBA).But，to some degree，many Chinese fans and 3. (coach) take him as a Chinese guy or at least are willing to imagine him 4. Chinese just because he has a typical Chinese face and his parents were born in China.playerofcoachesa

31、答案Jeremy Lin has recently become 5. success and attracted the worlds 6. (attend)，which gives Chinese people a lot of 7. (imagine) and pride.As we know，in most 8. (people) eyes，Jeremy is a miracle.In June,2012，when Jeremy took his third trip to China，a large crowd came to meet him，among whom there were various fans including some 9. (family)，some children and even some 10. (woman) players.aattentionimaginationpeoplesfamilieswomen答案BChina will allow all couples to have two children,11. (give) up its decades-long one-child policy，the Communist Party of Chin