Part-I專業(yè)英語翻譯基礎整套課件完整版電子教案最全ppt整本書課件全套教學教程(最新)

1、第一章專業(yè)英語翻譯的語言特點1. 1專業(yè)英語的詞匯特點1. 2專業(yè)英語的語法特點1. 1專業(yè)英語的詞匯特點1 .1. 1專業(yè)詞匯詞義專一在普通英語翻譯中，一詞多義和一義多詞現(xiàn)象非常普遍，但在專業(yè)英語翻譯中對用詞的要求極為嚴格一個概念通常有其特定的表達，翻譯時不能按其字面隨意譯出。1. 1. 2合成術語信息量大事實上，人們不可能給每一個新出現(xiàn)的概念都用一個新單詞去命名，在大多數(shù)情況下，是采用原有的單詞構成詞組來表示新的概念。因此，合成法(compounding)正發(fā)揮著它在構詞中的主導作用。下一頁返回1. 1專業(yè)英語的詞匯特點一般認為，合成法主要用以構成復合名詞。復合名詞是由兩個或多個名詞，有時

2、還可以加上必要的形容詞、分詞等構成。復合名詞具有構詞能力強，語言簡練，信息量大，語義單一，能客觀、準確地傳遞信息等特點。1 .1. 3縮略詞使用廣泛大量使用縮略詞是專業(yè)英語文章的特點之一，縮略詞一般是專用詞匯術語、物理量等單位的縮寫或一些政府機構、學術團體、科技期刊和文獻等的簡稱。上一頁返回1. 2專業(yè)英語的語法特點1 .2. 1長句較多.多由復合句構成道橋英語屬于科技文體，長句占有很大比例，長句翻譯要依據(jù)原文的句子結構，分清層次及邏輯關系，再按照漢語特點譯出原文。長句翻譯法通常有順譯法、倒譯法和分譯法等。1.順譯法如果英語中的從句很長，但表達順序和漢語大體相同，這時可采取順譯法，即:基本按照

3、英語的語序，把長句拆分成漢語中的短句。上一頁下一頁返回1. 2專業(yè)英語的語法特點2.倒譯法如果英語的表達不符合漢語的表達方式，比如英語句子一般先講主句，然后再使用從句或分句補充細節(jié);或者先交代結果，再講明原因，那么譯成漢語時，可采用倒譯法。 3.分譯法 有些英語長句，含有較長的定語從句、同位語從句以及較長的短語修飾語，在排列次序及表達方式上與漢語差別很大，這時可以考慮打亂原文的結構，將修飾語句單獨譯為一句或幾句，并通過恰當?shù)母爬ㄐ栽~語把它們同主語連接起來，也就是運用了翻譯過程中的“得其意而忘其形”的手法，使句子的眉日更加清晰，更符合漢語的表達習慣。下一頁返回1. 2專業(yè)英語的語法特點1 .2.

4、 2被動語態(tài)頻繁使用.多譯成主動形式1.譯成漢語的主動句，原句中的主語仍作主語當原文中的主語為無生命的名詞，且句中沒有由by引導的行為主體時，原句中的主語仍作主語。2.譯成漢語的主動句.原句中的主語在譯文中作賓語 將英語句中介詞by后面的賓語，即動作的發(fā)出者譯成漢語的主語，原句的主語譯成賓語放在動詞“使”、“讓”等之后。上一頁下一頁返回1. 2專業(yè)英語的語法特點3.譯成漢語的主動句，加入具有廣泛意義的詞作主語 某些帶賓語或賓補的動詞用于被動語態(tài)，翻譯時，需要在其前加上“人們、大家、有人”等具有廣泛意義的詞作主語，原來的主語譯成賓語。4.譯成漢語的被動句，強調(diào)被動動作的句子強調(diào)被動的動作應由漢語

5、的完全被動語態(tài)去翻譯即由“被”和與“被”意義相同的“用”、“中”、“由”、“把”等被動助詞來表達。上一頁下一頁返回1. 2專業(yè)英語的語法特點1.2.3定語從句邏輯關系較復雜.漢譯時多調(diào)整語序1.前置法對于較短而具有描述性的定語從句，可將其譯成“的”字結構放在被修飾詞前。例8 The smallest stress that produces a permanent deformation is known as the elastic limit.譯文產(chǎn)生永久變形的最小應力稱為彈性極限。上一頁下一頁返回1. 2專業(yè)英語的語法特點 2.分譯法 對于定語從句過長，語法關系比較復雜的句型，翻譯時通常

6、采用“分譯法”，即把定語從句譯成主句的并列句，放在主句之后。 例9 The first big bridge in Australia was the Hawkesbury River railway bridge，whichwas built by an American company to link Sydney with Newcastle in 1889.譯文澳大利亞第一座大橋是連接悉尼和紐卜斯爾的霍克斯伯里河鐵路橋，它于1889年由一家美國公司承建。上一頁下一頁返回1. 2專業(yè)英語的語法特點 3.融合法 把原句中的主語和定語從句融合在一起，它需要改變句子結構，用原句的主語作主語部分

7、，原句中的定語從句作謂語部分，譯成一個獨立的句子。 例10 Soft-rock tunneling has as its main characteristic the tunneling process which needsno explosives.譯文軟巖隧道施工的主要特點是在施工過程中不需要使用炸藥。上一頁下一頁返回1. 2專業(yè)英語的語法特點1 .2. 4常使用It結構.表示非人稱的語氣和客觀態(tài)度 1.形式主語句 在這樣的句子中，占有主語位置的詞不是句子的真實主語，而是代替其真實主語的形式主語it。在翻譯時，可譯成無人稱句、用真實主語代替形式主語句、主表倒置(即把真實主語譯成表語，而

8、把原句表語譯成“的是”判斷結構作主語)等方法。 例11It is estimated that about one third of all accidents happen when it is dark，although obviously there is more traffic during daytime.(無人稱句譯法)譯文盡管自天的交通明顯繁忙，但據(jù)估計，大約有三分之一的事故發(fā)生在晚上上一頁下一頁返回1. 2專業(yè)英語的語法特點2.形式賓語句形式賓語it可代替句中的真實賓語，而it后面的說明語(多為形容詞)在邏輯上是主表關系它的翻譯方法和形式主語句基本相同。 例14The mag

9、nitude of such a system makes it even more imperative that sound engineering principles based on all of the best available data be used to ensure the most economical design.(無人稱句譯法) 譯文這一系列的宏大，使人們更加迫切地采用可靠的工程原理(建立在所有最合理數(shù)據(jù)基礎之上的)，以保證設計最經(jīng)濟。上一頁返回第二章專業(yè)英語翻譯的基本知識2. 1專業(yè)英語翻譯標準2. 2專業(yè)英語翻譯技巧2. 1專業(yè)英語翻譯標準2.1.1專業(yè)英語

10、翻譯以“信”求實 翻譯標準中的“信”就是必須要忠實、正確地傳達原文的內(nèi)容，尤其是對專業(yè)英語的翻譯尤為重要。因為專業(yè)文章的任務在于準確而系統(tǒng)地論述專業(yè)技術問題。2. 1. 2專業(yè)英語翻譯以“達”求通 翻譯標準中的“達”，就是要求譯文要表達通暢、明了、易懂。具體地落實到翻譯中，就是要考慮到漢語的行文習慣和表達，用詞避免邏輯不清、文理不通、晦澀、澀生硬、生搬硬套，這樣才能表達原作的思想。返回2. 2專業(yè)英語翻譯技巧2. 2. 1理解過程的技巧1.閱讀全文.領略大意2.解析句子結構.明辨邏輯關系3.結合上下文.判斷詞義2.2.2 表達過程的技巧1.準確貼切.簡潔流暢2.表達所運用的翻譯方法下一頁返回2

11、. 2專業(yè)英語翻譯技巧2.2.3核實過程的要求在核實過程中，要注意以下幾個方面:(1)人名、地名、日期、方位和數(shù)字的翻譯;(2)譯文的詞與句有無遺漏;(3)譯文中句子修飾成分的位置;(4)有無錯別字;(5)標點符號有無錯誤等。上一頁返回Part I專業(yè)英語翻譯基礎第一章專業(yè)英語翻譯的語言特點第二章專業(yè)英語翻譯的基本知識Part II Introduction of Civil EngineeringUnit2-1Civil EngineeringUnit 2-2 Civil Engineering MaterialsUnit 2-3Concrete CrackingUnit2-4 Design

12、 Principles of Prestressed ConcreteUnit 2一5 Contract for Civil Engineering ConstructionUnit2-1Civil Engineering Civil engineering is defined as a general discipline of science and technology to build all engineering construction and facilities. It includes all construction objects，i. e. buildings，tr

13、ansportation facilities，infrastructures，etc.，and materials as well as profession required during the processes of design，construction，and maintenance.下一頁返回Unit2-1Civil Engineering Civil engineering is the broadest disciplines in engineering fields，extending across many technical specialties that are

14、 not independent but interact with each other. Over the past couple of decades，the broad field of civil engineering has been specialized in a number of areas. Major specialties within civil engineering are:Structural engineering;Water resources engineeringEnvironmental engineering;上一頁下一頁返回Unit2-1Civ

15、il EngineeringTransportation engineering;Surveying engineering;Geotechnical engineering. Structural Engineering Structural engineering deals with the design and construction of all types of structures including buildings and bridges (Shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).The job of structural engineers is to

16、create the new designs or to evaluate and improve the load resistance capabilities of existing structures which may have been damaged during an earthquake.上一頁下一頁返回Unit2-1Civil Engineering The structural engineer must be knowledgeable about the behavior of deformable bodies，about the sources，magnitud

17、es and probability of occurrence of applied loads，about material properties，design philosophie and governmental design codes，and about computer programming and usage.上一頁下一頁返回Unit2-1Civil EngineeringWater Resources Engineering Water resources engineering covers the planning，management，design and oper

18、ation of water supply and distribution systems，flood control and flood hazard mapping，hydrologic and hydraulic aspects of environmental problems. San Xia Dam is a famous water resources engineering in China. Shown in Fig. 3.上一頁下一頁返回Unit2-1Civil Engineering Water resources engineering usually deals w

19、ith the application of fluid mechanics principles to water flow problems，but may also include fluids ranging from blood to magma. Some problems encountered in water resources engineering include: floods，sediment transport, water supply，wave forces，hydro-machinery，and the protection or restoration of

20、 surface and ground water resources. Engineers in the hydraulics/ hydrology area may spend their time with applied mathematics，laboratory experimentation，or field construction and testing.上一頁下一頁返回Unit2-1Civil Engineering Environmental EngineeringEnvironmental engineering is concerned with air pollut

21、ion，water pollution，solid waste management，radiological hazard control，pesticide hazard control and water supply. Environmental engineers design systems such as，water treatment/distribution systems and wastewater treatment facilities to provide safe drinking water and to prevent and control pollutio

22、n in water, air, land，and ground water. Shown in Fig. 4.上一頁下一頁返回Unit2-1Civil Engineering Transportation Engineering Transportation engineering is concerned with the movement of people and goods by means of a system of fixed facilities and a control system that permits movement in geographical space

23、in an efficient and orderly manner.Transportation engineers focus on the planning，design Systems Construction and management of transportation systems. These consist of the facilities，vehicles，control mechanisms，and policies that are combined to permit the efficient conveyance of people and goods. S

24、hown in Fig. 5-Fig. 7.上一頁下一頁返回Unit2-1Civil Engineering Surveying Engineering Surveying engineering is involved in the precise measurement of the earths surface to obtain reliable in formation for locating and designing engineering projects. Even before a design is completed，and as construction progr

25、esses，teams of surveying and mapping engineers are at work Modern surveying and mapping engineer use electronic instruments and even satellites to measure the dimensions of the project. Shown in Fig. 8and 9.上一頁下一頁返回Unit2-1Civil Engineering Geotechnical Engineering Geotechnical engineering is a disci

26、pline of civil engineering that deals with soil，rock and underground water, and their relation to design，construction and operation of engineering projects.Geotechnical engineers analyze the properties of soil and rock that support and affect the behavior of structure，pavements and underground facil

27、ities上一頁下一頁返回Unit2-1Civil Engineering They evaluate the potential settlements of buildings，the stability of slopes And fills，the seepage of ground water and the effects of earthquakes. They take part in the design and construction of earth structures (dams，levees Etc.)foundations of buildings and st

28、ructures such as offshore platforms，tunnels，and dams，and developing excavation techniques and construction methods for tunnels and other works.上一頁下一頁返回New Words and Expressionsdiscipline n.訓練;紀律;專業(yè);學科 訓練:懲罰facility n.容易，靈巧，設施;設備裝備specializev. (使)特殊化;專門研究，專門從事(in );特加指明，列舉，逐條詳述specialtynn.特性，性質(zhì);專門研究;

29、專業(yè);專長;特產(chǎn);特點;細節(jié);特別事項surveynn.縱覽;視察;測量;俯瞰;調(diào)查geotechnical adj.地質(zhì)的;土工的;巖土的;土力的evaluate vt.對估價.對作評價上一頁下一頁返回New Words and Expressionsmagnituden.大小長(度);尺寸，幅度;巨大;重要性property n.財產(chǎn);所有物(不可數(shù));地產(chǎn)，房地產(chǎn);財產(chǎn)權distribution n.分配，分發(fā);配給;配給物;分配裝置;配給方法;mappingn.繪圖，測繪;測圖;定位，作圖;數(shù)映象，映射hydrologyn.水文學，水文地理學magman.稠液:乳漿劑:巖漿:浮懸液上一

30、頁下一頁返回New Words and Expressionsradiological adj.放射線學的;放射線的;放射性的;輻射的dimension n.尺寸(長，寬，高)，尺度，線度undergroundn.地下:地鐵:地道:秘密活動adj.地下的;秘密的adj.在地下:秘密地pavementn.路面;人行道;鋪面路;鋪路材料settlement n.安頓;解決，處理;結算;殖民，殖民地;沉降seepagen.滲出，滲出量;滲出現(xiàn)象;滲濾;滲漏上一頁下一頁返回New Words and Expressionslevee n.(國王或貴族起床后的)早朝，接見;大堤excavationn.開

31、鑿;開挖;挖掘;穴，洞sediment transport沉積物運移:泥沙流移:輸砂:沉積物運輸focus on集中(在)上一頁下一頁返回Unit2-1Civil Engineeringfinancial adj.財政的，金融的outcome n.結果;成果;后果;結局analysis n.分解，分析;梗概，要略綱領;數(shù)解析，解析學，分析學alternativen.取舍，抉擇，可供選擇的事物credit n.信賴:榮譽:贊揚:貸款:信用證implementation n.執(zhí)行.履行:落實investor n.投資者.投資方creditorn.債權人;貸方上一頁下一頁返回Unit2-1Civil

32、 Engineeringintangibleadj.觸摸不到的;無形的;不可捉摸的;難以確定的tolln.通行費，代價，鐘聲vt.征收.敲鐘.鳴鐘vi.征稅.鳴鐘deterrencen.制止:威懾:阻止aggregate vt.結合;集結;(使)聚集;共計上一頁下一頁返回Unit2-1Civil EngineeringExercises1 .Fill in the blanks with suitable words or expressions from the list given below，changing the form when necessary.1._engineering

33、deals with the design and construction of all types of structures.2. The broadest disciplines in engineering fields is_3. Even before a design is completed，teams of_ engineers are at work.4._engineers analyze the properties of soil and rock that support and affect the behavior of structure.上一頁下一頁返回U

34、nit2-1Civil Engineering5._engineering is concerned with air pollution，water pollution，solid waste management，radiological hazard control，pesticide hazard control and water supply.6. The movement of people and goods are studied by_engineering.7._ engineering deals with flood control and flood hazard

35、mapping，hydrologic and hydraulic aspects of environmental problems.上一頁下一頁返回Unit2-1Civil Engineering11 .Write T in front of a statement if it is true and write F if it is false according to the text.1.Structural engineering is the broadest disciplines in engineering fields.2.Survey engineers take par

36、t in the design and construction of earth structures and foundations of buildings.3.Transportation policies can make the conveyance of people and goods more efficient.4.Environmental engineering includes all construction objects，i. e. buildings，transportation facilities，infrastructures，etc.上一頁下一頁返回U

37、nit2-1Civil EngineeringIII. Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1. Structural engineering includes all structures built according to scientific principles，from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities.2. Civil engineering is the broadest disciplines in engineering fi

38、elds，extending across many technical specialties that are not independent but interact with each other.上一頁返回 Unit 2-2 Civil Engineering Materials Civil engineering materials can be natural and manmade. They contain rock, metals，timber, concrete，bitumen，soil，polymers，bricks and blocks，etc. Besides th

39、ese traditional materials，new types of constructional materials are also investigated and developed and will be applied gradually.Now green civil engineering materials and The even eco-materials for civil engineering are recommended based on consideration of sustainable development. 下一頁返回 Unit 2-2 C

40、ivil Engineering MaterialsThis has the benefits of reducing energy，saving resources and protecting the environment，doing minimum harm to human health. Timber Timber is known as one of the oldest civil engineering materials (Fig. 1).In addition to its usefulness as a structural material，timber has al

41、so fulfilled a role in temporary structures. Although timber is a kind of sustainable resource，the consumption speed of forests must be slowed down because of the relative slow ness of tree growth.上一頁下一頁返回 Unit 2-2 Civil Engineering Materials Strength of timber is affected by factors such as density

42、，moisturecontent and grain structure as well as by various defects. Density is almost certainly an indication of strength : the more dense the timber has，the stronger it is. There is optimum moisture content and an excessively dried-out timber may have a lower strength. Grain structure and continuit

43、y are of significance in a strength context and any disruption due to growth defects or seasoning defects will induce a reduction in strength.上一頁下一頁返回 Unit 2-2 Civil Engineering MaterialsMetals Metals consist of ferrous metals and nonferrous metals. The ferrous metals mean iron and alloys made mainl

44、y from iron，while the nonferrous metals include all the other metals and their alloys.The properties of metals which make them unique among constructional materials are high tensile strength，the ability to be formed into plate，sections and wire，and the weldability.上一頁下一頁返回 Unit 2-2 Civil Engineering

45、 MaterialsOther properties of metals are electrical conductivity，high thermal conductivity and metallic luster，which are of importance in some circumstances. Perhaps the greatest disadvantage of the common metals，and steels in particular, is to protect them from corrosion moist conditions and atmosp

46、here.上一頁下一頁返回 Unit 2-2 Civil Engineering Materials Concrete Concrete is a man-made composite the major constituent of which is natural aggregate(such as gravel and sand)and binding medium(such as cement paste，bitumen and polymers).The binding medium is used to bind the aggregate particles together t

47、o form a hard composite material.(Fig. 4)上一頁下一頁返回 Unit 2-2 Civil Engineering Materials Normal concrete has a comparatively low tensile strength and for structural applications it is normal practice either to incorporate steel bars to resist any tensile forces(steel reinforced concrete)or to apply co

48、mpressive forces to the concrete to counteract these tensile forces(prestressed concrete or pos一stressed concrete).Shown in Fig. 5. Constituents in concrete include:(1)Cement;(2)Aggregate;(3)Water;(4)Chemical admixtures;(5)Mineral admixtures.上一頁下一頁返回 Unit 2-2 Civil Engineering Materials Bituminous M

49、aterials Bitumen is obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum(crude oil)Bituminous materials have the following properties and advantages:(1)relative cheapness and availability in large quantities(2)durability;(3)good adhesive;(4)the ease with which they can be handled at elevated tempera

50、tures, but quickly become stiff and resistant to deformation at normal temperatures.上一頁下一頁返回 Unit 2-2 Civil Engineering Materials Earliest known uses of bitumen relate to hydraulic uses as waterproof materials. It is also used as good material of chemical一attack resistance . Nowadays the main use of

51、 bitumen is in road surfaces，named bitumen concrete road.上一頁下一頁返回New Words and Expressionsmanmade adj.人造的，人工的timbern.木材.木料vt.用木材建造bitumen adj.瀝青moisture n.濕氣，水分，潮濕;(空氣中的)水蒸氣grain n.谷粒:顆粒:谷類:紋理:本質(zhì)optimum n.最優(yōu)化:最優(yōu)值ferrous adj.鐵的，含鐵的，亞鐵的，二價鐵的;ferrous metal黑色鐵類一金屬nonferrous adj.非鐵的，不含鐵的nonferrous metals

52、有色(非鐵)金屬gravel n.砂礫，碎石;(醫(yī))腎結石，膀耽結石上一頁下一頁返回New Words and Expressionsincorporate adj.合并的，組成公司的，一體化的bitumious adj.瀝青的，含瀝青的adhesiveadj.拈著的，涂有拈性物質(zhì)的waterproofn.防水材料tensile strength抗拉強度，拉伸強度tensile force拉力compressive force壓力reinforced concrete鋼筋混凝土prestressed concrete預應力混凝土pos一stressed concrete后張法預應力混凝土cru

53、de oil原油上一頁下一頁返回ExercisesI .Underline the choices that make each statement correct according to the text.1. Green civil engineering materials have _harm to human health. A. medium B. maximum C. minimum D. great2._ is known as one of the oldest civil engineering materials. A. Metal B. Timber C. Concr

54、ete D. Bitumen3. At normal temperatures，bitumen quickly become_and resistant to deformation. A. soft B. warm C. stiff D. slight上一頁下一頁返回Exercises4. Normal concrete has a comparatively_tensile strength. A. high B. low C. great D. medium5. The properties of metals which make them unique among construct

55、ional materials are_tensile strength. A. high B. maximum C. minimum D. low上一頁下一頁返回ExercisesII .Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1. As we all known，civil engineering materials can be natural and manmade.2. Aggregate in concrete can be classified as coarse aggregate and fine aggregate ac

56、cording to its diameter.3. When in service，metal frequently have to resist not only high tensile or compressive stress and corrosion，but also conditions of shock loading and low temperatures.上一頁下一頁返回Exercises4. Grain structure and continuity are of significance in a strength context and any disrupti

57、on due to growth defects or seasoning defects will induce a reduction in strength.5. Bituminous concrete may be dense graded，open graded，gap graded or intermediate between these types. It may be hot mixed-hot laid，warm mixed-cold laid，or cold mixed-cold laid.上一頁下一頁返回ExercisesIII. Translate the follo

58、wing sentences into English.1.木材是最早被應用的土木工程材料之一。2.金屬材料具有高抗拉強度，可以形成板材、型材和線材，并具有可焊性。3.瀝青材料相對廉價和可大量應用，廣泛應用于公路建設領域。上一頁返回Unit 2-3Concrete Cracking Reinforced concrete is a composite material where load-bearing and deformation properties are determined by the behavior between the elements一steel and concre

59、te一as well as the individual constituents of these elements，particularly those of the concrete. Concrete，at all ages，has a low tensile strength compared to the compressive strength. Under load，the tensile strain builds in the tensile zone. This tensile strain is taken up by the reinforcement but it

60、is inevitable that regular but controlled cracking will occur. 下一頁返回Unit 2-3Concrete CrackingThis is accounted for as part of the structural design process，where the crack widths are limited by an appropriate area of reinforcement suitable to the working environment. Tensile strain and the possibili