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1、1目的和意義常見神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病均易伴發(fā)或共病抑郁焦慮妨礙腦血管病和卒中認(rèn)知功能妨礙帕金森病多發(fā)性硬化癲癇原發(fā)性頭痛 共病使得疾病遷延不愈、顯著地添加了疾病的負擔(dān) 旨在提高醫(yī)師對神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮妨礙 的認(rèn)識和處置,表達“以人為本的醫(yī)學(xué)目的, 更好地實際生物心思社會的醫(yī)學(xué)方式2概 要 流行病學(xué) 神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮妨礙的特點 神經(jīng)科抑郁/焦慮形狀常見的軀體化表現(xiàn) 頭痛和焦慮抑郁的關(guān)系 抑郁和焦慮形狀的初查和識別 抑郁癥的治療目的 神經(jīng)科抑郁焦慮妨礙的治療 抗抑郁劑的藥物相互作用3流行病學(xué)4流行病學(xué) 腦血管病和卒中后抑郁焦慮妨礙16各研討報道的卒中后抑郁PSD發(fā)病率和患病率變異很大有研討以

2、為卒中后1個月是發(fā)病的頂峰,但也有研討以為卒中后36月是發(fā)病頂峰 社區(qū)研討: PSD在卒中急性期為33,慢性期為34醫(yī)院研討:PSD在卒中急性期為36、 恢復(fù)期為32, 慢性期為34 我國研討發(fā)現(xiàn),PSD在卒中后1月為39%、36個月為53%、1年為24% 1 Benedetti F, Bernasconi A,Pontiggia A. Depression and neurological disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:1418.2 Tucker GJ. Neurological disorders and depression. Semin

3、ars Clinical Neuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220. 3 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: an update. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:294298. 4 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2005,76;48-52.5 Pohja

4、svaara T, Leppavuori A,Siira I,et al. Frequency and clinical determinants of poststroke depression. Stroke,1998,29:2311-2317.6 Hackett ML, Yapa C, Parag V, et al. Frequency of depression after stroke:A systematic review of observational studies. Stroke,2005,36:1330-1340.5流行病學(xué)認(rèn)知功能妨礙伴抑郁焦慮妨礙13抑郁妨礙多見于癡呆

5、前期或早期,有研討以為抑郁是癡呆的前驅(qū)病癥或危險要素有抑郁的輕度認(rèn)知妨礙 (MCI)者向老年性癡呆(AD)的轉(zhuǎn)化率是無抑郁者的2倍 AD伴發(fā)抑郁的患病率可達75%,普通約為3050血管性癡呆(VaD)或血管性認(rèn)知損害(VCI)者的抑郁病癥的發(fā)生率約為40%60%MCI的抑郁累計患病率約為26%1 Holtzer R, Scarmeas N, Wegesin DJ, et al. J Am Geriatr Soc,2005,53:2083-2089.2 Modrego PJ, Ferrndez J. Arch Neurol,2004,61:1290-1293.3. Potter GG, Stef

6、fens DC. Contribution of depression ,Neurologist,2007,13: 105117. 6流行病學(xué) 帕金森病PD伴抑郁焦慮妨礙17PD患者的抑郁妨礙患病率為8%76%,平均25%40%約40%患者有焦慮妨礙有研討以為抑郁和焦慮妨礙能夠先于患者的運動病癥出現(xiàn) 1 Benedetti F, Bernasconi A,Pontiggia A. Depression and neurological disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:1418.2 Tucker GJ. Neurological disorders

7、 and depression. Seminars Clinical Neuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220. 3 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: an update. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:294298. 4 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry

8、,2005,76;48-52.5. Ring HA, Serra-Mestres J. Neuropsychiatry of the basal ganglia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2002,72:1221.6. Okun MS, Watts RL. Depression associated with Parkinsons disease:. Neurology, 2002,58(Suppl 1):S63S70.7. Ehrt U,Aarsland D. Psychiatric aspects of Parkinsons disease. Curr

9、Opin Psychiatry,2005,18: 335-341.7流行病學(xué)多發(fā)性硬化MS伴抑郁焦慮妨礙17終身患病率近50%,是普通人群的3倍社區(qū)問卷調(diào)查研討發(fā)現(xiàn)41%患者有抑郁,其中29%為中-重度抑郁對3000例16歲以上MS患者的死因調(diào)查顯示,15%的患者死于自殺流行病學(xué)調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示35.7%的患者合并各種焦慮,其中18.6%為廣泛性焦慮、10%為驚慌發(fā)作 1 Benedetti F, Bernasconi A,Pontiggia A. Depression and neurological disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:1418.2

10、Tucker GJ. Neurological disorders and depression. Seminars Clinical Neuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220. 3 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: an update. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:294298. 4 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis, and stro

11、ke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2005,76;48-52.5. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder:JAMA 2003,289:30953105.6. Janssens AC, Buljevac D, van Doorn PA. Prediction of anxiety and distress following diagnosis . Mult Scler,2006 ,12:794-801.7. Siegert R

12、J,Abernethy DA. Depression in multiple sclerosis: a review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2005,76;469-475.8流行病學(xué)癲癇伴抑郁焦慮妨礙16抑郁癥的患病率為50%55%住院患者中,控制良好者的抑郁發(fā)病率為10%、患病率為20%,控制不良者那么分別為20%和60%癲癇患者發(fā)作間期的焦慮癥的患病率為10%25% 1 Benedetti F, Bernasconi A,Pontiggia A. Depression and neurological disorders. Curr Opin Psy

13、chiatry,2006,19:1418.2 Tucker GJ. Neurological disorders and depression. Seminars Clinical Neuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220. 3 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: an update. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:294298. 4 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: Parkinsons disease, multi

14、ple sclerosis, and stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2005,76;48-52.5. Lambert M, Robertson M. Depression in epilepsy: etiology, phenomenology and treatment. Epilepsia,1999,40(suppl 10):S21S47.6. Gaitatzis A,Trimble MR,Sander JW. The psychiatric comorbidity of epilepsy. Acta Neurologica Scandinav

15、ica,2004,110:207-220.9流行病學(xué)原發(fā)性頭痛伴抑郁焦慮妨礙12原發(fā)性頭痛門診患者調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)27%的患者有中-重度抑郁,其中偏頭痛人群為17.1%、轉(zhuǎn)化型偏頭痛為36.1%、緊張型頭痛TTH為28.3%;偏頭痛患者終身的抑郁妨礙患病率約為30%80%,是普通人群的3-4倍。同時,易有驚慌和強迫等焦慮妨礙;有先兆的偏頭痛和轉(zhuǎn)化型偏頭痛者的伴發(fā)率更高。頻發(fā)型和慢性TTH者抑郁焦慮妨礙的伴發(fā)率可達2/3;青少年慢性頭痛者調(diào)查,有抑郁妨礙30%抑郁癥21%、焦慮妨礙36%、高度自殺危險者20% 1 Radat F,Swendsen J. Psychiatric comorbidity i

16、n migraine: a review. Cephalalgia,2005,25:165-178.2 Wang SJ,Juang KD,F(xiàn)uh JL,et al. Psychiatric comorbidity and suicide risk in adolescents with chronic daily headache. Neurology, 2007,68:14681473.10流行病學(xué)的啟示腦血管病和卒中、認(rèn)知功能妨礙、帕金森病、多發(fā)性硬化、癲癇、原發(fā)性頭痛伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮比例高,使相關(guān)疾病地治療更加復(fù)雜、困難,延伸病程,同時添加了疾病負擔(dān);因此,有必要對神經(jīng)科常見伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮的患

17、者進展識別和診治。11神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮妨礙的特點12定 義抑郁妨礙各種緣由引起的以顯著而耐久的心境低落為主要特征的一類心境或情感妨礙; 焦慮妨礙一種內(nèi)心緊張不安、預(yù)感到似乎將要發(fā)生某種不利情況而又難于應(yīng)付的不愉快心情; 本共識中抑郁妨礙和焦慮妨礙指抑郁和焦慮形狀即嚴(yán)重程度達中等或以上,超出患者所能接受或自我調(diào)整才干,并且對其生活和社會功能呵斥影響,但并不一定到達或符合精神科中的詳細疾病診斷規(guī)范。13神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮妨礙的特點研討發(fā)現(xiàn)一些神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病所致的神經(jīng)構(gòu)造和功能改動,與情感妨礙自然病程中發(fā)生的改動類似,因此可以產(chǎn)生類似的抑郁焦慮表現(xiàn)。這也解釋了神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病高發(fā)抑郁焦慮妨礙

18、的情況14目前主要神經(jīng)生物學(xué)假設(shè)/發(fā)現(xiàn)-1形狀學(xué)抑郁癥能夠存在神經(jīng)解剖的易感性海馬杏仁核扣帶回 皮質(zhì)前額葉皮質(zhì)15目前主要神經(jīng)生物學(xué)假設(shè)/發(fā)現(xiàn)-2形狀學(xué)海馬體積和未治療的抑郁之間的關(guān)系38 Female Outpatients With Recurrent Depression in Remission*Significant inverse relationship between total hippocampal volume and the length of time depression went untreated.Sheline YI, et al. Am J Psychiat

19、ry. 2003;160:1516-1518.海馬總體積( mm3)未治療的抑郁R2=0.28 P=0.0006*01,0002,0003,0004,0003,0003,5004,0004,5005,0005,5006,000R2=0.28P=0.0006*16目前主要神經(jīng)生物學(xué)假設(shè)/發(fā)現(xiàn)-3形狀學(xué) 抑郁癥與細胞凋亡BDNF=brain-derived neurotrophic factor.1. Sapolsky RM. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:925-935.2. Duman RS, et al. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48:732-

20、739.應(yīng)激2糖皮質(zhì)激素BDNF正常存活和生長神經(jīng)元的萎縮/死亡樹突分支117目前主要神經(jīng)生物學(xué)假設(shè)/發(fā)現(xiàn)-4形狀學(xué)治療能預(yù)防或逆轉(zhuǎn)損傷嗎?5-HT=serotonin; NE=norepinephrine; ECT=electroconvulsive therapy. 1. Sapolsky RM. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000;57:925-935.2. Duman RS, et al. Biol Psychiatry. 2000;48:732-739.應(yīng)激2糖皮質(zhì)激素BDNF正常存活和生長神經(jīng)元萎縮/死亡BDNF添加存活和生長5-HT and NE,DA糖皮質(zhì)激素?

21、藥物治療, ECT, 心思治療2樹突分支11819抑郁妨礙的主要臨床表現(xiàn)中心病癥心情低落興趣減退、愉快感喪失、繼續(xù)疲憊其它病癥:睡眠妨礙軀體病癥:各種疼痛、食欲減退、消化道病癥出現(xiàn)焦慮或激越病癥記憶力減退、留意力難集中20焦慮妨礙的主要臨床表現(xiàn)過份焦慮焦躁:經(jīng)常、無緣無故感到心煩緊張不安:經(jīng)常感到心境緊張、不能松弛過份擔(dān)憂總是感到心神不寧,過度擔(dān)憂一些小事21卒中伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮妨礙的特點16研討以為PSD為直接的腦損害所致,并提示優(yōu)勢半球和前部半球損害更容易發(fā)生PSD,但meta分析未見部位相關(guān)性“血管性抑郁是老年期抑郁的重要病因,約占1/3,主要與額葉和底節(jié)部位的白質(zhì)病變、小血管病變及“無病癥

22、卒中有關(guān) PSD雖然常見,但由于患者常有失語、忽略或認(rèn)知損害而不被訴說或識別1 Benedetti F, Bernasconi A,Pontiggia A. Depression and neurological disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:1418.2 Tucker GJ. Neurological disorders and depression. Seminars Clinical Neuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220. 3 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disor

23、ders: an update. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:294298. 4 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2005,76;48-52.5. Ring HA, Serra-Mestres J. Neuropsychiatry of the basal ganglia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2

24、002,72:1221.6. Okun MS, Watts RL. Depression associated with Parkinsons disease:. Neurology, 2002,58(Suppl 1):S63S70.22癡呆伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮妨礙的特點16 皮質(zhì)下小血管病性VaD或VCI患者的抑郁妨礙繼續(xù)時間長、難治. 突出表現(xiàn):始動性差、精神運動緩慢和易伴執(zhí)行功能妨礙AD伴發(fā)的抑郁妨礙有隨病程延伸而逐漸減少的趨勢1 Benedetti F, Bernasconi A,Pontiggia A. Depression and neurological disorders. Curr

25、Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:1418.2 Tucker GJ. Neurological disorders and depression. Seminars Clinical Neuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220. 3 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: an update. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:294298. 4 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: Parkinsons diseas

26、e, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2005,76;48-52.5. Ring HA, Serra-Mestres J. Neuropsychiatry of the basal ganglia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2002,72:1221.6. Okun MS, Watts RL. Depression associated with Parkinsons disease:. Neurology, 2002,58(Suppl 1):S63S70.23PD伴發(fā)

27、抑郁焦慮妨礙的特點16常見的精神運動緩慢、冷淡、興致缺乏、身體言語減少、自主神經(jīng)病癥容易與抑郁混淆常見的失眠、留意差、疲憊、震顫、不安和自主神經(jīng)病癥又容易與焦慮混淆。過多擔(dān)憂能夠是重要鑒別點PD患者可有明顯的情打動搖,繼續(xù)數(shù)分鐘,每天多次。晚期患者出現(xiàn)治療的“開關(guān)景象,有抑郁焦慮心情,使得診斷困難。PD患者的情感妨礙與腦內(nèi)多種神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的改動有關(guān)1 Benedetti F, Bernasconi A,Pontiggia A. Depression and neurological disorders. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:1418.2 Tucker GJ.

28、Neurological disorders and depression. Seminars Clinical Neuropsychiatry,2002,7:213-220. 3 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: an update. Curr Opin Psychiatry,2006,19:294298. 4 Rickards H. Depression in neurological disorders: Parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. J Neuro

29、l Neurosurg Psychiatry,2005,76;48-52.5. Ring HA, Serra-Mestres J. Neuropsychiatry of the basal ganglia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry,2002,72:1221.6. Okun MS, Watts RL. Depression associated with Parkinsons disease:. Neurology, 2002,58(Suppl 1):S63S70.2425Kroenke K, et al. Arch Fam Med. 1994;3:774-7

30、79.神經(jīng)科抑郁焦慮患者特點:軀體病癥多神經(jīng)科就診抑郁焦慮患者特點不自動表達心情病癥多見主述為睡眠問題、疲憊及不確定位置的軀體疼痛病癥易與神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)原發(fā)疾病相互影響,留意鑒別26Kroenke K, et al. Arch Fam Med. 1994;3:774-779.0102030405060708090軀體病癥的個數(shù)*抑郁患病率(%)其他精神妨礙心情妨礙焦慮/抑郁0 to 1(n=215)2 to 3(n=225)4 to 5(n=191)6 to 8(n=230)9(n=)神經(jīng)科抑郁焦慮患者特點:軀體病癥多*常見軀體病癥:頭痛頭暈疲憊失眠背痛四肢或關(guān)節(jié)痛月經(jīng)紊亂消化道不適腹痛胸痛性功能妨

31、礙多個軀體病癥能夠預(yù)示抑郁癥2728頭痛的主要類型和機理傳導(dǎo)痛覺的顱神經(jīng)和頸神經(jīng) 直接受損或發(fā)生炎癥 神經(jīng)炎性頭痛 頭痛 顱外肌肉的收縮緊張性或肌收縮性頭痛 顱內(nèi)痛覺敏感組織被 牽引或移位牽引性頭痛 五官病變疼痛的分散牽涉性頭痛 顱內(nèi)外覺得敏感組織發(fā)生炎癥 如腦膜刺激性頭痛 顱內(nèi)外動脈的擴張血管性頭痛:如偏頭痛等 精神要素如焦慮、抑郁) 引起 能夠與疼痛耐受閾值降低有關(guān) 29慢性原發(fā)性頭痛主要分類IHS國際頭痛疾病分類第二版ICHDICHD-編碼 WHO ICD10編碼 診斷 (英文原名,縮寫)1.G43偏頭痛(Migranine)2.G44.2緊張型頭痛(Tension-type Heada

32、che, TTH)3.G44.0叢集性頭痛和其他三叉自主神經(jīng)性頭痛(Cluster headache and other trigeminal autonomic Cephalalgrias)4.G44.80其他原發(fā)性頭痛(Other primary headaches):新癥每日持續(xù)性頭痛(New daily-persistent headache, NDPH)12.R51頭痛由于精神疾病(Headaches attributed to psychiatric disorder)30313233Kroenke K, et al. Arch Fam Med. 1994;3:774-779.01

33、02030405060708090軀體病癥的個數(shù)*抑郁患病率(%)其他精神妨礙心情妨礙焦慮/抑郁0 to 1(n=215)2 to 3(n=225)4 to 5(n=191)6 to 8(n=230)9(n=)頭痛是抑郁/焦慮患者最多見的軀體主述之一常見軀體病癥:頭痛頭暈疲憊失眠背痛/腹痛/胸痛/四肢關(guān)節(jié)痛月經(jīng)紊亂消化道不適性功能妨礙多個軀體病癥能夠預(yù)示抑郁癥3435臨床特點歸納抑郁和焦慮是神經(jīng)科患者常見病癥之一對抑郁和焦慮形狀的識別非常重要及時識別、治療抑郁/焦慮有利于原發(fā)疾病的康復(fù),提高患者的生活質(zhì)量,恢復(fù)患者社會功能。36神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)疾病伴發(fā)抑郁焦慮妨礙的治療目的37神經(jīng)內(nèi)科抑郁/焦慮的治療

34、目的緩解病癥,到達臨床治愈Remission提高生命質(zhì)量回復(fù)社會功能預(yù)防復(fù)發(fā)38處置的根本原那么藥物治療急性期:積極控制病癥,盡量到達臨床治愈,療程68周。如治療48周無效,宜改用其它作用機制的藥物。穩(wěn)定期:維持急性期有效藥物的劑量,繼續(xù)治療46月。維持治療:初次發(fā)作者維持治療68月,必要時可酌情繼續(xù)綜合干涉留意抗抑郁焦慮治療防止與原發(fā)病治療相抵觸或沖突藥物治療同時,注重心思治療解釋、認(rèn)知治療等和家庭社會支持會診或轉(zhuǎn)診情況嚴(yán)重或治療反響差者應(yīng)及時會診或轉(zhuǎn)診 留意藥物相互作用:誘導(dǎo)或抑制CYP的藥物影響抗抑郁藥代謝 39Kupfer DJ. J Clin Psychiatry. 1991;52(

35、Suppl 5):28-34.臨床治愈:回歸社會的第一步抑郁病癥的嚴(yán)重程度臨床治愈病癥最少或無病癥 (HAM-D7),至少3個月痊愈病癥最少或無病癥 至少6個月正常人群HAM-D7治療40臨床治愈是急性期治療的目的抑郁癥的臨床治愈是抗抑郁治療的根本目的1-4包括情感和軀體病癥完全緩解5,6各種功能的完全恢復(fù)5,6 重新投入任務(wù)恢復(fù)興趣和喜好恢復(fù)人際關(guān)系1.Clinical Practice Guideline No. 5: Depression in Primary Care, 2: Treatment of Major Depression; 1993. AHCPR publication

36、93-0551.2. American Psychiatric Association. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(suppl4):1-45.3.Anderson IM, et al. J Psychopharmacol. 2000;14:3-20. 4.Reesal RT, Lam RW. Can J Psychiatry. 2001;46(suppl1):21S-28S.5.DSM-IV-TR. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000. 6.Rush AJ, Trivedi MH. Psychiatr Ann. 1995;25:704-705, 709.41Ref: 3. Ferrier IN. Treatment of major depression: Is improvemen

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