儀表等級飛行員理論培訓(xùn)stage1-109RNAV-GPS1A課件

1、 The Ability To Navigate And Fly Point-To-PointVOR/DME RNAV FMSGPSRNAV: Area Navigation:The Electronic CockpitRNAV units use existing VORs to create movable, artificial navigational stations called Waypoints. These types of RNAV systems are now referred to as “VOR/DME RNAV” systems.Once the Waypoint

2、 is set up in the receiver, the pilot simply treats it as though it were a real VOR“Virtual VORs” Programming the RNAVPositionAirspeedGroundspeedAltitude holdETE / ETAHeadingCourseARTCC, FSS & COMM dataAirspace infoRouting InfoIAP approachesAirport infoRunway layoutFlight Management Systems:A Defini

3、tionWhat might a Flight Management System do for a pilot?Ground TrackFuel BurnStore flight plansIntroduction to GPSAviation Benefits From GPS NavigationDirect Routing Capability fuel and flight time savingsIncreased landing capacityFlexible use of airspaceIncreased ground facility capacity and safet

4、yIntroduction to GPSSatellite navigation systems are unaffected by weather and provide global navigation coverage.Navigational values, such as distance and bearing to a waypoint are computed from the aircrafts current position and the position of the next waypoint.GPS ArchitectureThe GPS system cons

5、ists of three distinct functional elements:Control ElementSpace ElementUser ElementGPS ArchitectureSpace ElementThis group of satellites is called a constellation. The satellites are in six orbital planes (with four in each plane) at about 11,000 miles above the Earth. At least five satellites are i

6、n view at all times.GPS ArchitectureControl ElementConsists of a network of ground-based GPS monitoring and control stations that ensure the accuracy of satellite positions and their clocks. In its present form, it has five monitoring stations, three ground antennas and a master control station.Grou

7、nd AntennasGPS ArchitectureUser ElementConsists of antennas and receiver/processors on board an aircraft, automobile, ship, cellular telephones and other new items like watches that provide positioning, velocity and precise timing to the user.GPS ArchitectureThe GPS Positioning ConceptTwo principal

8、pieces of information are required to determine a GPS position:Position of each satelliteRange from the satellite to the userA minimum of four satellite signals are required to solve for an unaided, unique, position and time solution.How Does GPS Work? Basic Function of GPSGPS is a distance /ranging

9、 systemOperates on the principal of trilaterationSatellites transmit unique radio wavesReceivers passively receive satellite signalReceivers measure time for signal to reach itDistance is determined by 186,000 Mi/SecReceivers must know precise location of each satellite at all timesGPS VelocityGPS g

10、ives us more than just our position it can tell us how fast were moving as wellReceiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM)A self test system to verify the integrity (usability) of the signals received from the GPS constellation.Without RAIM there is no assurance of the accuracy of the GPS positi

11、onRAIM capability is required for IFRRAIM MessagesTwo typesnot enough satellitespotential error detected which exceeds phase of flightMinimum of 5 satellites (or 4 + baro-aiding) to have RAIM capability 1 additional satellite allows removal of corrupt signalGood DOPPoor DOPDilution of Precision (DOP

12、)Satellite Geometry Requirements for IFR GPS Navigation: AIM 1-1-19Receiver must be approved (check AFM), Installed according to FAA specifications,Hand-held GPS is NOT approved for IFR navigation, Only as aid to situational awareness Have a current database. Requirements for IFR GPS Navigation: AIM

13、 1-1-19Currently, must have an alternate navigation system appropriate to the flight.If RAIM is .available, then no monitoring of alternate system is requiredNot available, active monitoring of other navigation is requiredRequirements for IFR GPS Navigation: AIM 1-1-19If loss of RAIM is predicted at

14、 ETA, then use alternate or delay/cancel. (Check GPS NOTAMS!)NOTE-Any required alternate airport must have an approved instrument approach procedure other than GPS that is anticipated to be operational and available at the estimated time of arrival, and which the aircraft is equipped to fly. GPS Cou

15、rse Deviation IndicationsGPS unit usually connected to a VOR indicator or HSI Course Deviation IndicatorMeasures absolute deviation from course in nautical milesSensitivity:30 NM ENROUTE sensitivity = 5nm full deflection 30NM TERMINAL sensitivity =1nm full deflectionWithin 2 NM of final approach way

16、point APPROACH sensitivity = 0.3nm either side of final approach courseAdditional GPS FeaturesDifferential GPSaccuracy within 1 meterallows for precision approach capability anywherefixed GPS receiver at a precisely surveyed locationsends correction signal to your DGPSVery accurate!Differential GPSW

17、ide Area Augmentation SystemPlanned by and for the FAAUses geostationary satellites and ground stationsBroadcasts differential correctionsCoverage: Entire U.S. to 30,500 m (100,000 ft.)Now available in many areas!What is WAAS?WAASGPS SatellitesGeostationary Satellite retransmits the DGPS corrections

18、 over a wide areaDGPS corrections from a ground receiver are transmitted up to a geostationary satelliteWAAS = Wide area differential correctionRole of the UserAirborne navigation databases are subject to revision.Pilot is responsible for using the correct and up-to-date database.User is responsible for learning how the manufacturer presents the data on their equipment.Best source of information is the ma