土木工程專業(yè)英語科技英語翻譯(3)課件

1、科技英語與翻譯翻譯技巧（3） （1）詞量的減少例1In the formula, E is the elastic modulus of the material, I is the moment of inertia of the cross-sectional area with respect to the minor principle axis, and L is the length of the member between points of support.式中E為材料彈性模量，I為關(guān)于截面副主軸的慣性距，L為支座間的距離。此句省譯英語連詞and。例2： It is know

2、n to all that a cable-stayed bridge is much more complicated than a simply-supported one.眾所周知，斜拉橋比簡(jiǎn)支橋復(fù)雜得多。此句省譯英語引導(dǎo)詞that。例3：As fresh concrete is plastic, it can be cast into any desire shape.由于新拌混凝土具有可塑性，所以可澆筑成需要的任意形狀。 此句省譯英語代詞it。例4： Because the contract has not been signed, we cannot start with the

3、construction project.由于合同未簽，還不能開工。此句省譯英語代詞we。例5： The high plastic index of the oil lends itself very susceptible to shear failure.該土的塑性指數(shù)高，容易發(fā)生剪切破壞。此句省譯英語反身代詞itself。be subject tobe liable tobe apt to例6： Different types of beams differ in their mechanisms to resist the loads.不同類型的梁抵抗荷載的機(jī)理也不同。此句省譯英語物主

4、代詞their。例7： The shear wall resists a shear force greater than that resisted by all the columns in this story.此剪力墻的抗剪強(qiáng)度比本層所有柱的總和還要大。此句省譯英語動(dòng)詞resisted。例8： Concrete expands when heated and contracts when cooled almost the same as rebars do.混凝土和鋼筋幾乎一樣，受熱會(huì)膨脹，遇冷便收縮。此句兩處都省譯了英語連詞when。例9： In the excavation of

5、 a deep trench, timbering is necessary.深溝開挖必須進(jìn)行支護(hù)。此句省譯英語介詞in。例10： It is the section curvature ductility of a reinforced concrete beam that makes its moment redistribution possible.正是鋼筋混凝土梁截面的曲率延性使其彎矩重新分布成為可能。此句省譯英語強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的先行詞it。 （2）詞類轉(zhuǎn)換英漢兩種語言有各自的結(jié)構(gòu)與表達(dá)方式，在翻譯時(shí)不能逐次翻譯，而要使譯文符合漢語的表達(dá)習(xí)慣、通順自然。這就要求進(jìn)行詞類轉(zhuǎn)換，即英語中的某一

6、詞類并不一定譯成漢語中相應(yīng)的詞類。詞類轉(zhuǎn)換譯法主要有以下四種情況：1、轉(zhuǎn)譯為動(dòng)詞在漢語中，動(dòng)詞使用的頻率較高，在許多情況下，要將英語中的名詞、形容詞、副詞甚至介詞轉(zhuǎn)換為動(dòng)詞。例1：On the basis of virtual work principle, the displacement of the joint of this triangular truss can be readily found.根據(jù)虛功原理，可容易地求出該三角形桁架那個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)的位移。此處將介詞短語 one the basis of 譯成動(dòng)詞“根據(jù)”。例2. When structures are built in

7、area of permafrost, special consideration must be given to the thermal effect the structure will have on the permafrost.當(dāng)結(jié)構(gòu)建造于永久凍土區(qū)時(shí)，要特別考慮結(jié)構(gòu)熱效應(yīng)對(duì)永久凍土的影響。此處將名詞consideration譯成動(dòng)詞“考慮”。例3.Such piles commonly fail due to the collapse of the walls of the shaft resulting in the formation of a reduced section

8、 which may not be able to bear the loads for which it had been designed.通常這種樁失效的原因是其孔壁倒塌，導(dǎo)致其截面減小而不能承受其設(shè)計(jì)荷載。這里將名詞 collapse譯成動(dòng)詞“倒塌”。例4： It is necessary that a foundation is not loaded beyond its bearing capacity or the foundation will “fall.基礎(chǔ)上的荷載不得超過其承載力，否則它就會(huì)“失效”。此處的介詞beyond轉(zhuǎn)譯為動(dòng)詞“超過”。2、轉(zhuǎn)譯為名詞英語中的動(dòng)詞、代

9、詞、形容詞和副詞等有時(shí)候可轉(zhuǎn)換為名詞。例1：To test the dynamic behavior of the bridge, the loading trucks must run at a speed of at least 50km/hr.為了測(cè)試該橋的動(dòng)力性能，加載車輛的車速必須至少為50公里/小時(shí)。此處將動(dòng)詞短語run at a speed轉(zhuǎn)譯為名詞“車速”。例3.Cohesive soil is different from non-cohesive soil in that the former has internal cohesion C.粘性土與無粘性土的區(qū)別在于前者具

10、有內(nèi)聚力C。此處將形容詞different轉(zhuǎn)譯為名詞“區(qū)別”。例4.The primary design of the building is schematically shown in Fig.1.該建筑的初步設(shè)計(jì)方案如圖1所示。此處將副詞schematically 轉(zhuǎn)譯為名詞“方案”。3、轉(zhuǎn)譯為形容詞有時(shí)可將名詞、動(dòng)詞和副詞等轉(zhuǎn)譯為形容詞。例1.The basic principle put forth in the paper is of significance in the design of multistory building.本文所提出的基本原理對(duì)高層建筑的設(shè)計(jì)意義重大。此

11、處將名詞significance 轉(zhuǎn)譯為形容詞“重大”。例2.Driven piles are either wood, reinforced concrete, or steel.打入樁是由木材、鋼筋混凝土或鋼材制成的。此處將表語部分are either wood, reinforced concrete, or steel 譯成漢語的“由制成的”。顯然不能譯成：打入樁是木材、鋼筋混凝土或鋼材例3.The theory can be used to analyze the structures whether they are loaded uniaxially or triaxially.

12、無論結(jié)構(gòu)受軸向的荷載還是三向的荷載，都可用此理論對(duì)其加以分析。此處將副詞uniaxially 和 triaxially 分別轉(zhuǎn)譯為形容詞“軸向的”和“三向的”。例4.The velocity of seismic wave is closely related to the stiffness of rock through which it travels.地震波的傳播速度與它所通過的巖石的剛度密切相關(guān)。此處將副詞closely轉(zhuǎn)譯為形容詞“密切的”。4、轉(zhuǎn)譯為副詞有時(shí)可將名詞、形容詞和動(dòng)詞等轉(zhuǎn)譯為副詞。例1：For an expressway, frequent maintenance i

13、s necessary.對(duì)高速公路，必須經(jīng)常養(yǎng)護(hù)。此處將形容詞frequent 轉(zhuǎn)譯為副詞“經(jīng)常”。例2：The article gives a clear definition of the design and construction of frame structures.本文明確地定義了框架結(jié)構(gòu)的設(shè)計(jì)和施工。此處將形容詞clear 轉(zhuǎn)譯成副詞“明確地”。Summary(總結(jié)) 翻譯技巧之- 詞量的減少 詞類轉(zhuǎn)換Exercises人類面臨著生存、環(huán)境和發(fā)展的嚴(yán)峻問題。問題的產(chǎn)出源自人類社會(huì)的自身發(fā)展改變破壞了原有的生存環(huán)境，從而影響甚至威脅人類社會(huì)的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展和生存空間。目前，一個(gè)世界性的生態(tài)環(huán)境保護(hù)和資源的永續(xù)利用，即可持續(xù)發(fā)展的科學(xué)發(fā)展觀已成為人類的共識(shí)。資源和環(huán)境也是一個(gè)全球共性的問題。人類越來越明白，人口壓力能抵消經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)，導(dǎo)致對(duì)食物、資源和環(huán)境的不可持續(xù)的需求。人類要生存，就要有一個(gè)較好的環(huán)境，即一定的生活質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和生態(tài)環(huán)境。低于質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，破壞了生態(tài)平衡，就會(huì)對(duì)人類造成危害。人口、資源和環(huán)境不僅是我國(guó)存在的問題，也是全世界面臨的問題。人口問題就是一個(gè)全球共性的