10月27日晚英漢互譯課-第三次

1、2014年北大考研課程授課人： 楊行時(shí)間：2013年10月27日英漢互譯第三次課翻譯技巧（1）翻譯的流程翻譯的流程（1）理解語言現(xiàn)象（包含理解詞句和慣用法） John is now with his parents in New York City, it is already three years since he was a bandmaster.（2）理解邏輯關(guān)系（如從句與主句的邏輯關(guān)系）（3）表達(dá)的好壞首先取決于自己對(duì)原文的理解深度和準(zhǔn)確度；表達(dá)有直譯和意譯兩種方法；（如下）理解表達(dá)校核續(xù)上直譯示例如下Hilter was armed to the teeth when he lau

2、nched the Second World War, but in a few years, he was completely defeated.希特勒在發(fā)動(dòng)第二次世界大戰(zhàn)時(shí)是武裝到牙齒的，可是不過幾年，就被徹底徹底擊敗了。意譯示例如下Do you see any green in my eye?Dont cross the bridge till you get to it.翻譯的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)信、達(dá)、雅？NO!北大考研譯文的評(píng)判標(biāo)準(zhǔn)忠實(shí)、通順即可英漢語言的對(duì)比英漢詞匯的對(duì)比（1）英語中的有些詞所表示的意義，在漢語中可以找到完全對(duì)應(yīng)的詞來表達(dá)。The U.S. State Department 美

3、國國務(wù)院Computational linguistics 計(jì)算機(jī)語言學(xué)（2）英語中的有些詞所表示的意義，只有部分能夠和漢語種的詞對(duì)應(yīng)。Marriage 嫁、娶 gun 槍、炮Sister brother（3）英語中的有些詞所表示的意義，在漢語種沒有準(zhǔn)確的詞來表示。如plumber術(shù)語翻譯中的措辭英語和漢語的詞語搭配能力往往有差異。 如to cut wheat 割麥子 to cut cake 切蛋糕鑒于此，為了使譯文語言規(guī)范，譯者有必要注意到這種差異，在譯文中使用符合漢語習(xí)慣的用詞。 如：He wore dark glassed, and thick jersey, and stopped u

4、p his ears with cotton wool.他戴了黑眼鏡兒，穿厚毛衣，耳朵里塞了棉花。翻譯中的詞序調(diào)整定語（1）單詞做定語；（2）短語做定語；（3）短句做定語如： a research-oriented hospital; something important a candidate with little chance of success the decimal system of counting狀語（1）單詞作狀語；單詞做狀語修飾形容詞時(shí)，放在修飾形容詞的前面；單詞做狀語修飾動(dòng)詞時(shí)，一般放在修飾動(dòng)詞的后面；狀語從句（示例）狀語從句1. 電子計(jì)算機(jī)雖然有許多優(yōu)點(diǎn)，卻不能進(jìn)行

5、創(chuàng)造性的工作，代替不了人。（讓步狀）Electronic computer, which have many advantages, cannot carry out creative wok and replace man.2.這個(gè)方法有創(chuàng)造性，而且別出心裁，又有魅力，所以深得他們的喜歡。（原因狀）There was something original, independent and heroic about the plan that pleased them all.3.我們必須給機(jī)器的可動(dòng)部件加油，以便大大減少摩擦。（目的狀）We have to oil the moving pa

6、rts of the machine, the friction of which may be greatly reduced.4.如果認(rèn)為理性知識(shí)不必由感性知識(shí)得來，那他就是一個(gè)唯心主義者（條件狀）Anyone who thinks that rational knowledge need not be derived from perceptual knowledge is an idealist.翻譯中的一些補(bǔ)償策略增詞法 I just hate everybody. No, not you, but everybody else. The marches every short wh

7、ile shouted slogans about the strike, but she didnt join in.翻譯時(shí)原文和對(duì)應(yīng)的譯文無需詞類對(duì)應(yīng) Peter was English and French teacher for two years at Jewish school. 彼得在那所猶太學(xué)校里面教過兩年英文和法文。英譯漢種常用的技巧詞本無義，義隨文生（根據(jù)原文英文詞語所在的語境來確定其在漢語種對(duì)應(yīng)的意義）He is the last man to comeHe is the last person for such a jobHe should be the last ma

8、n to blameHe is the last man to consult.(待續(xù))英譯漢種常用的技巧（續(xù)）詞義的引申（1）譯文對(duì)原文詞義抽象化的引申，讓表述更清楚。 Every life has its roses and thorns.（2）將詞義作具體化的引申轉(zhuǎn)譯法（1）名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. 火箭已經(jīng)用來探索宇宙。（2）形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his lif

9、e. 醫(yī)生們說他們不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。（3）副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on.英譯漢種常用的技巧（轉(zhuǎn)譯）轉(zhuǎn)譯法（4）名詞派生的動(dòng)詞可翻譯成名詞Formality has always characterized their relationship. 他們之間的關(guān)系有一個(gè)特點(diǎn)，那就是以禮相待。（5）形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞They did their best to help the sick and wounded. 他們盡了最大的努力幫助病號(hào)和傷員。（6）形容詞和副詞的轉(zhuǎn)譯The President has prepar

10、ed meticulously for his journey.總統(tǒng)為這次出訪做了十分周密的準(zhǔn)備。1 增詞/減詞法活到老，學(xué)到老One is never too old to learn. 2 詞類轉(zhuǎn)換漢語是“動(dòng)態(tài)性”語言，英語是“靜態(tài)性”語言。知識(shí)是人類創(chuàng)造的。Human beings are the creators of knowledge. Knowledge is created by human beings. 較口語禁止違返游戲規(guī)則。Any violation of the game rules is prohibited.3 英語介紹短語與漢語動(dòng)/副詞的對(duì)譯屈原懷著十分悲痛的心

11、情，抱了一塊石頭，投汨羅江自殺了。Overwhelmed with grief, Qu Yuan drowned himself in the Miluo River with a large stone in his arms.英譯漢種常用的技巧（增減詞/轉(zhuǎn)換）他點(diǎn)了點(diǎn)頭，表示同意。He nodded in agreement.他走出小屋，跨過草地，爬上小山，走進(jìn)了那座廟宇。He went out of the cottage, across the lawn, up the hill and into the temple.4 英語的省略與漢語的重復(fù)Football is about eg

12、o, () respect, () national pride.足球事關(guān)自我、事關(guān)尊嚴(yán)、事關(guān)民族自尊。 要順應(yīng)自然，不要違反自然工作。Work with, and not () against nature/5 漢語的無主句 車上只有他一個(gè)人，這會(huì)兒正打著盹著呢。 He was alone in the bus, dozing off.英漢句法現(xiàn)象的對(duì)比英語的倒裝句結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的正裝句結(jié)構(gòu)。 Little did I then know the meaning of war and what it was in reality.英語被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為漢語的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)；英語的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換成漢語的被

13、動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。 Mike was devastated by Jeans defeat that, according to one account, he wept.(翻譯時(shí)建議被動(dòng)化為主動(dòng))英漢語復(fù)合句中的邏輯關(guān)系。 As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain. 由于天氣很好，我們決定爬山去。漢譯英訓(xùn)練方法a) 背誦經(jīng)典 漢譯英范 文b) 不斷練習(xí) -總結(jié) -練4.2 正話反說表示否定的時(shí)候，漢語里有“不”，“無”，“莫”，“未”，“沒有”這樣的字眼，英語沒有。 Western society ( about 1.2 bil

14、lion people) cannot bring the remaining 5.1 billion people is less developed countries up to the Western consumptive “standard of living” without exhausting the earths resources.正說：西方社會(huì)約有 1.2 億人口，維持他們的生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)需要消耗大量的資源。要讓欠發(fā)達(dá)國家的 51 億人口都達(dá)到西方的“生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”，必然會(huì)把地球的資源消耗殆盡。 反說：西方社會(huì)約有 1.2 億人口，維持他們的生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)需要消耗大量的資源。要讓欠發(fā)達(dá)國 家的 51 億人口都達(dá)到西方的“生活標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”，不可能不把地球的資源消耗殆盡。課堂練習(xí)（一）1.峰會(huì) 2.核武器 3.多邊機(jī)制 4.南北對(duì)話 5.馳名商標(biāo) 6.國有企業(yè) 7.毒品走私 8.non-intervention 9.皇家園林 10.相聲 11.電視選秀 12.中國水墨畫 課堂練習(xí)（二）復(fù)旦大學(xué)創(chuàng)建于1905年，原名復(fù)旦公學(xué)?！皬?fù)旦”二字出自尚書大傳虞夏傳中卿云歌之名句“日月光華，旦復(fù)旦兮”