英語(yǔ)寫作解析PPT課件(PPT 70頁(yè))

1、英語(yǔ)寫作解析 第1頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。同等學(xué)力英語(yǔ)作文大綱概述根據(jù)大綱要求，考生應(yīng)具備一般性英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)能力，能夠根據(jù)所給的提綱、情景或圖表等按要求寫出相應(yīng)的短文。所寫短文要求主題明確、條理清楚、語(yǔ)言比較規(guī)范。本部分采用提綱、情景或圖表作文等考試形式。考生應(yīng)按要求寫出一篇不少于150 單詞的英語(yǔ)短文。本部分滿分15 分，考試時(shí)間30分鐘。根據(jù)上述引證的大綱中對(duì)寫作考試的要求，可以進(jìn)一步明確，本考試的短文寫作題材一般都與日常生活、科普或政經(jīng)常識(shí)有關(guān)，所給的寫作題目都具有較強(qiáng)的可寫性；考生應(yīng)能夠根據(jù)所給的提綱、情景或圖表等寫出適當(dāng)?shù)淖h論文、說(shuō)明文、文字或圖表描述文。第2頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。（二）、同等學(xué)力英語(yǔ)

2、寫作命題趨勢(shì)1 題材為議論文近年來(lái)，同等學(xué)力英語(yǔ)作文一直都以議論文為主要命題題材，題目主題廣泛，主要是社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)問(wèn)題，如材料性讀后感（2010），博客(2009)，信心 (2008),養(yǎng)老(2007), 職業(yè)發(fā)展(2006), 旅游黃金周(2000), 人生勵(lì)志與職業(yè)追求(2001),財(cái)富觀(2002)等。2. 圖表、看圖作文是另一種主要形式圖表作文要求對(duì)圖表進(jìn)行分析，總結(jié)圖表數(shù)據(jù)所反映的現(xiàn)象，分析形成這一現(xiàn)象的原因，并做趨勢(shì)的預(yù)測(cè)。第3頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。4 應(yīng)試策略無(wú)論哪種類型的文章都包括三個(gè)段落：主題段、擴(kuò)展段落和總結(jié)段。（1） 觀點(diǎn)型（又稱為My View 型）：要求作者評(píng)論某件事物，綜合其他

3、觀點(diǎn)，然后再發(fā)表自己的觀點(diǎn)，或從某一現(xiàn)象引申出作者對(duì)它的看法。（2） 兩面型（AB）：對(duì)某一事件的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)或利弊進(jìn)行正反兩個(gè)方面的剖析，最后得出自己的結(jié)論。（3） 問(wèn)題型：按過(guò)程順序或因果順序闡述某一問(wèn)題或現(xiàn)象的解決對(duì)策，如：How to Make Good Use of Leisure Time；How to Solve Housing Problems in Big Cites？第4頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。（4）綜合運(yùn)用型（What，Why 型）：首先說(shuō)明客觀事物的構(gòu)造、性質(zhì)與功能；其次闡述其存在的利弊，以及人們?nèi)绾乌吚芎?、最大限度發(fā)揮新事物的作用。如以遠(yuǎn)程教育命題的作文，首先要明確遠(yuǎn)程教育指的是什

4、么，它的特點(diǎn)是什么；其次闡述它對(duì)教育普及所起的作用，以及產(chǎn)生的問(wèn)題；最后提出發(fā)揮遠(yuǎn)程教育優(yōu)勢(shì)的建議。考生在完成短文寫作時(shí)，應(yīng)從以下幾個(gè)方面把握：1. 統(tǒng)一性（Unity）統(tǒng)一性即短文必須圍繞著主題展開，不能有多個(gè)中心。統(tǒng)一性主要表現(xiàn)在句子、段落和篇章三個(gè)層面上。2. 連貫性（Coherence）連貫性指句子與句子之間、段落與段落之間的銜接要自然通暢，主要體現(xiàn)在短文的邏輯發(fā)展順序和過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)的運(yùn)用上。第5頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。1）邏輯順序邏輯順序包括時(shí)間順序、空間順序和高潮。敘述問(wèn)題多用時(shí)間順序，描寫問(wèn)題多用空間順序。高潮形成是指按照其重要性或嚴(yán)重性安排各個(gè)發(fā)展點(diǎn)出現(xiàn)的順序。英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇的邏輯安排一般先談最次

5、要的內(nèi)容，繼而較為重要的內(nèi)容，最后才是最重要的內(nèi)容，從而形成高潮。如：Cigarette smoking may cause a lot of harm to mans health. By and large, smokers are more likely to catch lung cancer than non-smokers whose health is similarly damaged. Also, they increase their chances of having a heart attack. According to official reports, one p

6、erson dies from smoking every ten seconds. 本段中心是“a lot of harm to mans health”。第一二個(gè)發(fā)展點(diǎn)為lung cancer和heart attack。兩種疾病的嚴(yán)重程度實(shí)際不相上下。但顯然lung cancer更為人普遍接受，因而把間接后果heart attack放在直接后果lung cancer之后，更能突出其危害，最后引用權(quán)威數(shù)字，強(qiáng)化說(shuō)服力，最終形成高潮。Class practice: drunken driving 第6頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。2）過(guò)渡詞的使用 - 語(yǔ)篇的外在連貫手段借助過(guò)渡詞取得語(yǔ)篇的連貫是英語(yǔ)最突出的特

7、點(diǎn)之一。諸如however, similarly, on the other hand, therefore等過(guò)渡詞比比皆是。3. 語(yǔ)言比較規(guī)范（Accuracy）許多考生失敗的原因在于他們尚未掌握最基本的遣詞造句技能，甚至不能保證單詞拼寫正確、句子無(wú)重大語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤。學(xué)生常常原創(chuàng)一些chinglish expressions，或胡亂搭配。如：Learn knowledge? obtain/get/gain/acquire knowledgeTeach knowledge? help somebody gain a lot of knowledge/ help me enrich/improve

8、my knowledge/ somebody taught me a lot. 第7頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。III東、西方思維差異對(duì)寫作的影響1.英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇線性修辭模式英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇思維有三種模式：一般特殊性（Generalization-Particular Pattern）；問(wèn)題解決性（Problem-Solution Pattern）;匹配比較性（Matching Pattern）根據(jù)歷年考試寫作試題分析，作文框架基本都能在這三種中找到各自定位。其中尤以第一種最為常見。第8頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。1）一般特殊性又稱作“直線型”（linearity），其特點(diǎn)是，開篇第一句話往往是概括主題思想，然后引出具體事例或細(xì)節(jié)對(duì)

9、其進(jìn)行發(fā)展。如：Everyone agrees that water pollution is a serious problem today. Oceans, lakes, and rivers all over the world are becoming polluted with garbage and dangerous chemicals. Factories contribute to the problem because they rely on the rivers for disposing of wastes. Oil and other chemicals can k

10、ill fish and people make water bad for drinking. Polluted water is a hazard to everyone. Since people are dependent on water, they should be involved in finding a solution to this problem. 顯而易見，本段文字首句即為主題句，概括出輪廓，然后提出若干細(xì)節(jié)，包括江、河、湖、海以及工廠垃圾和有害化學(xué)物質(zhì)，從而把水污染狀況交代清楚。這種模式的文字在英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)篇中非常常見。閱讀理解中常常要求學(xué)生找主題句，主題段的練習(xí)，實(shí)際

11、上也就是不斷重復(fù)并熟悉這種思維模式的過(guò)程。Class practice: traffic jam第9頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。2）問(wèn)題解決性這種語(yǔ)篇模式首先說(shuō)明情況，然后出現(xiàn)問(wèn)題，接著做出評(píng)價(jià)，解決問(wèn)題。即：Situations provided problems emerge evaluation provided solution provided 再如：1. (a). Helicopters are very convenient for dropping freight by parachute, (b) but this system has its problems. 2. Somehow t

12、he landing impact has to be cushioned to give a soft landing. 3. The movement to be absorbed depends on the weight and the speed at which the charge falls. 4. Unfortunately most normal spring systems bounce the load as it lands, sometimes turning it over. 5. (a). To avoid this, Bertin, developer of

13、the aero train, has come up with an air-cushion system (b). which assures a safe and soft landing. 1. (a) - 情況1. (b) 4. - 問(wèn)題5. (a)- 反應(yīng)5. (b)- 評(píng)價(jià)Class practice: Maglev 第10頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。3）匹配比較性匹配比較性思維模式用于對(duì)比語(yǔ)段，常常與一般特殊性一起組成復(fù)雜的思維模式。對(duì)比包括兩種類型，或立足兩種事物之間的相似之處進(jìn)行比較（compare），或立足兩者間的不同之處進(jìn)行對(duì)照(contrast)。Despite their ast

14、onishing differences in size, our solar system is quite similar to an atom structurally. First, at the center of our solar system is the sun. And at the center of an atom is the nucleus. Next, nine planets, including Mars, Venus, Jupiter and our earth travel around the sun. Similarly, there are also

15、 electrons whirling around the nucleus of the atom. Finally, there exists vast space between the celestial bodies in our solar system. An atom, too, consists mainly of emptiness. Although the solar system is extremely enormous while an atom is too small to see with the human eye, they are comparable

16、 in structure. 這段文字的比較特點(diǎn)非常明顯。Class practice: home education VS school education第11頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。2. 漢語(yǔ)螺旋型語(yǔ)篇修辭模式中國(guó)人的思維模式屬于典型的“螺旋型”（spirality）。中國(guó)學(xué)生進(jìn)行英語(yǔ)寫作時(shí)，往往按照這種模式組織語(yǔ)句，很少寫出“一般特殊性”，如主題句、段落等。比如下面一個(gè)場(chǎng)景。一篇描寫作者在公共汽車上看見一個(gè)小姑娘為老人讓座后的感想。原文開篇是這樣的：In this world, we should think more of other people than of ourselves. By

17、so doing, our world will be full of happiness. This, of course, is my personal view. But it is a lesson I have drawn from one of my own experience. So now, I would like to share that experience with you, my dear reader. 從語(yǔ)法的角度來(lái)看，這段文字不錯(cuò)。從漢語(yǔ)的寫作評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)看，這樣的開頭也很自然。但是，若按英語(yǔ)寫作標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來(lái)看，評(píng)價(jià)只能是：This is essentially a

18、 solid essay. The writer uses an anecdote to make a point. But a better way is to provide the writer with a good, strong topic sentence using his own ideas to form it. 改寫后的文字如下：A little girl taught me, and a busful of people, an important lesson about the importance of thinking more of other people

19、than of ourselves. One day I took a very crowded bus to school 第12頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。IV. 英語(yǔ)寫作丟分七大原因考生普遍意義上存在的缺陷，丟分原因有以下幾點(diǎn)：一、不會(huì)審題 偏離主題很多考生在著手做寫作題時(shí)并無(wú)審題和構(gòu)思的概念，有的擔(dān)心時(shí)間不夠，有的則是無(wú)從下筆，如果不是文不對(duì)題就是時(shí)間已過(guò)半，只好草草收?qǐng)?。這種原因是最常見的，也和廣大考生在考場(chǎng)上安排時(shí)間不好有關(guān)。二、用漢語(yǔ)思維 逐字翻譯有的考生對(duì)英語(yǔ)遣詞造句無(wú)把握，便用漢語(yǔ)構(gòu)思文章，時(shí)不時(shí)將漢語(yǔ)句子硬譯成英語(yǔ)，結(jié)果是非驢非馬，無(wú)法理解。這點(diǎn)在英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)薄弱的在職考生中最為常見，放下英

20、語(yǔ)多年，突然要寫出流利的英語(yǔ)真的是一個(gè)難題。三、用詞搭配不當(dāng)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言的一大特點(diǎn)是其豐富的習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)和固定搭配，包括動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)、介詞短語(yǔ)、形容詞短語(yǔ)，例如：花費(fèi)很多時(shí)間做某事。spend much time in不能改成take much time in。詞與詞之間的固定搭配是由歷史形成的，有的看起來(lái)不符合邏輯，但卻是地道用法。四、詞匯量小 表達(dá)困難 拼寫錯(cuò)誤部分學(xué)生能在寫作中運(yùn)用量太少，有的知道用法但又拼寫不出來(lái)，結(jié)果只能用中文取而代之，成績(jī)自然不會(huì)理想。第13頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。五、句子邏輯關(guān)系混亂分考生因受漢語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的影響，對(duì)句子中主謂語(yǔ)及狀語(yǔ)之間的位置安排不妥，造成邏輯混亂。例如：Our Engli

21、sh class often told stories。應(yīng)改為：We often told stories in our English class。六、不會(huì)運(yùn)用關(guān)聯(lián)詞轉(zhuǎn)承上下句子和段落聯(lián)詞即過(guò)渡詞使上下句子和段落合理銜接。承上啟下，使表達(dá)合乎邏輯，同時(shí)結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，文章緊湊。例：People learn English to use it, some learn it to study or work abroad. Other learn it to read books and magazines in English or have something to do with English

22、-speaking foreigners。采用適當(dāng)關(guān)聯(lián)詞，改進(jìn)為：People learn English for practical purpose: some learn it to study or work abroad, while others learn it to read or communicate in English。第14頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。七、語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤主要表現(xiàn)為：1。分不清及物與不及物動(dòng)詞，例如：rise和raise; hear和listen等；2。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)與主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的誤用，例如等interesting和interested; speaking和spoken等；3

23、。詞類混淆，將動(dòng)詞或形容詞誤作名詞用，將名詞或動(dòng)詞誤作形容詞用等。例如benefit和beneficial; difficult和difficulty; pleasure和pleased等；4?；煜蓴?shù)名詞與不可數(shù)名詞，例如family, practice等；5。冠詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、介詞、代詞等方面的錯(cuò)誤，例如：a English book, should did, must done等。第15頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。V. 常見英語(yǔ)寫作句子錯(cuò)誤A. Run-on Sentences（不間斷句子、流水句）A run-on sentence incorrectly runs together two indep

24、endent clauses without a conjunction or punctuation. It confuses the reader, who will not know where one thought stops and the next begins.e.g. 1. The exam was postponed the class was cancelled as well.2. They planned to take a trip for their summer vacation, they were not able to save enough money.

25、第16頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。B. Faulty Parallelism（錯(cuò)誤平行結(jié)構(gòu)）By placing two or more ideas of equal value in the same grammatical form will enable us to express these ideas clearly and emphatically. However, to position parallel ideas properly, we must pay close attention to the logic of grammatical relationship. The foll

26、owing sentences all contain faulty parallelism.1. I was told to report to the manager and that I should bring the documents.Revised: I was told to report to the manager and to bring the documents.2. James Joys Ulysses, a long and complicated novel and which is on our reading list, has been banned by

27、 the school board.Revised: James Joys Ulysses, which is a long and complicated novel and which is on our reading list, has been banned by the school board.第17頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。3. Our new car not only is more economical but also it is more comfortable than our old one.Revised: Our new car is not only more econo

28、mical but also more comfortable than our old one.4. When we arrived home, we unpacked our suitcases, took showers, and then we went to sleep after eating our lunch.Revised: When we arrived home, we unpacked our suitcases, took showers, ate our lunch and went to sleep.5. He always has and always will

29、 compete for the highest honor.Revised: He has always competed and always will compete for the highest honor.6. The students attending our school are more intelligent than your school.Revised: The students attending our school are more intelligent than the students attending your school.In order to

30、position parallel ideas properly, we should correct faulty coordination, make a series of parallels, watch incorrect omissions and make correct comparisons when using than or as.第18頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。C. Misplaced Modifiers（修飾語(yǔ)錯(cuò)置）Misplaced modifiers are words that, because of awkward placement, do not describe t

31、he words the writer intended them to describe. Misplaced modifiers often confuse the meaning of a sentence. To avoid this problem, modifiers should be put as close as possible to what they modify.Examples:1. Their telephone almost rang twenty times last night.Revised: Their telephone rang almost twe

32、nty times last night.2. Mother returned the hamburger to the super market that was spoilt.Revised: Mother returned the hamburger that was spoilt to the super market.第19頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。D. Dangling Modifiers（懸垂修飾語(yǔ)）A dangling modifier is a phrase or an elliptical clause (a clause without a subject or verb or bo

33、th) that is illogically separated from the word it modifies. Thus it appears disconnected from the rest of the sentence. Here are a few examples of dangling constructions.1. After three hours of practice, a large mug of beer was what the thirsty dancers wanted.Revised: After three hours of practice,

34、 the thirsty dancers wanted a large mug of beer.2. To attain high marks in computer science, many hours of practice should be spent on the computer terminal.Revised: To attain high marks in computer science, a student should spend many hours of practice on the computer terminal.第20頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。Assignments

35、: 1. Correct the errors in the following sentences:One of my greatest joys in life is eating desserts. Such as apple pie, cake and ice cream.Because he had eaten and drunk too much. He had to leave the party early. His stomach was like a volcano. That was ready to erupt.It rained all week, parts of

36、the highway were flooded.While sitting in class, she realized she had lost a ring. But happily found it in the womens room after class.My favorite teacher, a native of Australia, and who is also our tennis coach, is moving to another city next semester.We could see the football stadium driving acros

37、s the bridge.If I had my choice of seeing a rock concert or opera, I would choose the opera.After sitting for two hours in his office, the doctor finally let me into the examining room.The visiting hockey player stayed at our house from Boston.Once out of the city, the air pollution no longer made h

38、is eyes water.第21頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。2. Rewrite the following sentences to make them more concise. Try not to change their basic meaning, though perhaps you will have to sacrifice a few nuances.My father was annoyed by the fact that I arrived late instead of being on time.I spotted a butterfly which was green in

39、 color; I would have caught it in my net if it had not been for a log which caused me to tip.He did a good job of delivering his speech in terms of persuasive delivery.I admired his writing not only for its terse conciseness but also for the fact that its ideas were expressed in a clear, lucid, stra

40、ightforward manner.The thing that caused the failure of the army to avoid defeat was the nature of its leadership, which was not competent.As a result of the fact that he had never learned the basic fundamentals of algebra, he found calculus difficult to such an extent that he had to withdraw from t

41、he course.The smoke was moving in such a way as to cover up the level prairie, until soon nothing was visible to our eyes except for a thick blanket of dense smoke.第22頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。The audience was unable to find enjoyment in the final conclusion of the play, the part in which Ralph Barnes, a hero with adm

42、irable qualities which was quite respectable, suddenly turned abruptly into an evil villain with truly objectionable qualities.Sociologists have tried to make a determination as to why so many people who grow up in the upper classes have a tendency to become the sort of people who consistently ignor

43、e and break the law.The reason the people in Somalia do not achieve an understanding of the problems arising in the American economy is that they have never had the experience of living through a period in which prices have risen rapidly.To pay the tuition fees, we can ask our parents for money, or

44、we can borrow it from them now, and return it back after graduation.Many were drawn by her vitality, which was infectious.第23頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。VI. 中國(guó)式英語(yǔ)（Chinese English）中國(guó)式英語(yǔ)即Chinese English，或Chinglish，是以漢語(yǔ)思維方式為出發(fā)點(diǎn)，用英漢詞典上的單一詞義，根據(jù)英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法編造出來(lái)的英語(yǔ)句子。中國(guó)式英語(yǔ)在中國(guó)人之間可以勉強(qiáng)溝通，但在英語(yǔ)為母語(yǔ)的國(guó)家或人群中無(wú)法使用，或不能被接收。如果對(duì)這個(gè)定義理解不深，我們可以從反面看一看英式

45、漢語(yǔ)，即用英語(yǔ)思維寫出來(lái)的漢語(yǔ)。下面是一個(gè)美國(guó)學(xué)生寫給他的漢語(yǔ)老師的一封信：您好！楊老師：我是劉學(xué)生。我貴姓劉，您給了我的名字。您活在中國(guó)的時(shí)間太久，我們都很失去您。放假，沒(méi)有學(xué)校了，我的中文不但快快的壞了，我的體重而且慢慢地大了。您的身體怎么樣？天氣在北京怎么辦？今天是星期末，您必須在用朋友玩兒，我猜？或者，在做研究功課，勤勤奮奮？再次，我們真的失去您了。我們老老實(shí)實(shí)地希望您來(lái)美國(guó)回的早。請(qǐng)讓我們認(rèn)識(shí)您的飛翔號(hào)碼，所以我們可以去飛機(jī)場(chǎng)一起把您揀回來(lái)。您的學(xué)生劉邁克 第24頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。這篇文章順藤摸瓜，按照他的美語(yǔ)思維復(fù)原他的英文原文：Dear Mr. Yang,How are you?My

46、 last name is Liu. You gave me this name. Youve been living in China too long. We all miss you. Now summer is here, and we dont have school. My Chinese is becoming poor, and I am gaining weight too. How are you?How do you find the weather in Beijing? Today is weekend. You must have been with your fr

47、iends, having fun, I guess? Or doing research work diligently?Again, we miss you indeed. We sincerely hope you will be back to the States soon.Please let us know your flight number so that we can go to the airport and pick you up. Your student, Mike Louis第25頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。這篇美式漢語(yǔ)信很可笑。與之相反，中式英語(yǔ)給老外的印象絕對(duì)不會(huì)差多遠(yuǎn)。下

48、面是幾種典型的中國(guó)式英語(yǔ)表達(dá)：A. 英漢詞典式的挪用英漢詞典對(duì)初學(xué)者來(lái)說(shuō)，不失為較好地輔助工具。但對(duì)中、高級(jí)學(xué)生，英漢詞典就弊大于利了。要準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)思想并不是用簡(jiǎn)單的詞典解釋就可以完成。從下面的例子中可以看出正確與錯(cuò)誤的用法：例1：我結(jié)婚三年了。 I have married for three years. 在漢語(yǔ)中，結(jié)婚可以直接和狀語(yǔ)連用，但在英語(yǔ)中，“結(jié)婚”的含義是靠marry這個(gè)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作和狀態(tài)功能表示的?！癐 have married”表示結(jié)婚這一行為一直在持續(xù)，顯然是錯(cuò)的。應(yīng)該說(shuō)：“I have been married for three years.”如果問(wèn)“你結(jié)婚了嗎？”應(yīng)該說(shuō)

49、“Are you married?”而不從直譯的角度說(shuō)，“Have you been married?”后者表示“你結(jié)過(guò)婚嗎？”當(dāng)然從禮節(jié)上最好不問(wèn)對(duì)方這樣的問(wèn)題，特別當(dāng)對(duì)方是女性時(shí)。比較下面幾個(gè)有關(guān)結(jié)婚的用法： 第26頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。我結(jié)婚了/我不再單身了。 I am married.凱瑟琳的婚姻是為了錢。Catherine married for money. 我妹妹正準(zhǔn)備結(jié)婚。 My sister is getting married.他們?nèi)ツ杲Y(jié)婚了。The couple got married last year. 當(dāng)她說(shuō)她要和她的老板結(jié)婚時(shí)，她的父母不高興。 Her parents w

50、ere unhappy when she said she wanted to marry her boss.第27頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。例2：麻煩將電視機(jī)打開，尼克斯隊(duì)正和奇才隊(duì)打比賽呢。Would you please open the TV and the Knicks are playing against the Wizards now in this seasons NBA. Open的確是“打開”之意，但正確的用法應(yīng)該是switch/turn on the TV。在漢語(yǔ)中“開”的用法很多，不能隨意將漢語(yǔ)的“開”用在所有地方?？梢哉f(shuō)“open the window”，但必須說(shuō)：Turn o

51、n the light, switch on the computer, switch on the radio, drive a car類似的用法很多。例如，我在學(xué)校食堂吃飯。不能說(shuō)成I eat the student dining hall. 而應(yīng)該是：I eat meals at the campus cafeteria. 或I have my meals 第28頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。下面幾個(gè)使用了低頻詞的錯(cuò)誤就不容易看出來(lái)：在費(fèi)無(wú)極的挑唆下，楚平王還立即派了200精兵去搜捕伍子胥。 King Ping, moreover, upon the suggestion of Fei Wuji, di

52、spatched 200 picked troops to search for and arrest Wu Zixu. 要不，我誓必消滅楚國(guó)，親手砍下他的腦袋！Otherwise Ill exterminate the State of Chu and take the kings head with my own hand!” Arrest是逮捕的意思。這里英語(yǔ)用capture比較恰當(dāng)，當(dāng)從漢語(yǔ)“搜捕”的含義上看，用hunt down更精煉些，“ dispatched 200 picked troops to hunto down Wu Zixu.”在第二句中，take有catch和acc

53、ept的含義。但在這里不合適，用chop off較合適，“ and chop off the kings head with my own hand!”他餓壞了，他媽媽給了他一些肉和飲料吃。 He was starving, and her mother gave him some flesh and drink. flesh - 野獸和人的肉，食用的肉應(yīng)該是meat。第29頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。我們下周二有一次考試，下周五還有兩次?？纪旰?，春季學(xué)期就結(jié)束了。 We are going to have one test next Tuesday and two more next Friday. Af

54、ter that, the spring semester will be over. test和examination有區(qū)別，test一般指能力測(cè)驗(yàn)，如an IQ test, an aptitude test, a driving test, a medical test, the Test of English as Foreign Language (TOEFL)。而examination一般指專業(yè)考試，如the geography exam, the physics exam, a final exam。當(dāng)然examination也有檢查之意。也只類似容易搞混的還有class - co

55、urse, college - university, hope - wish，例如：我急著去上課，晚些時(shí)候再和你談吧。 I am in a rush heading for class now. I will talk to you later today. 第30頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。上學(xué)時(shí)我們是同班同學(xué)。 We were in the same class at school. 這學(xué)期Joan注冊(cè)了五門課，微積分、英語(yǔ)、普通物理、計(jì)算機(jī)和體育。 This semester Joan has signed up for five courses, calculus, English, genera

56、l physics, computer science, and physical education. 總的說(shuō)來(lái)，我不喜歡這門課。但我必須承認(rèn)，這位教授講了幾次很好的課。 Generally speaking I dont like this course. But some of the class sessions the professor conducted were good, I have to say. Stringer先生當(dāng)大學(xué)女籃教練27年了。 For 27 years, Mr. Stringer has been coaching womens college baske

57、tball. 許多美國(guó)學(xué)生不看重大學(xué)教育，于是他們就退學(xué)，走上經(jīng)商的職業(yè)道路。 Many American students do not believe in college education so they drop out to start their career in business. 大多數(shù)教師對(duì)學(xué)校管理制度上的調(diào)整很惱怒。Most of the university faculty members were angry about the recent changes in administration. I wish I were a little taller. 我希望要

58、是再高點(diǎn)就好了。他的妻子只能盼望為他的腿做的手術(shù)一切順利。His wife had to hope that the operation on his leg would go well. 以上幾個(gè)句子都是完全正確的說(shuō)法。第31頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。講解：Class一般泛指“課”，而course指“課程”；college泛指大學(xué)和學(xué)院，而university指具體的某一所綜合性大學(xué)；wish用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望，hope用于真實(shí)可實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望。再如：如果你能提前告訴我你是否能來(lái)，我將非常感謝。 I would appreciate you very much if you could let

59、 me know in advance whether or not you will be coming. 這句話的錯(cuò)誤很難被一般學(xué)生看出來(lái)。這個(gè)錯(cuò)誤顯然是受到thank用法的影響，直接使用了詞典上的漢語(yǔ)詞義，因?yàn)閠hank是直接接動(dòng)作者的，如：Thank you. Thank them. 而appreciate雖也表示感謝，但其賓語(yǔ)一般應(yīng)該是某個(gè)東西，而不是對(duì)方本人。這句話應(yīng)這樣說(shuō)：I would appreciate it very much if you could let me know in advance whether or not you will be coming.類似的

60、用法如下：I appreciate it very much for your help. I appreciate your kindness of sending me a Christmas card. I appreciate all you have done for me. 第32頁(yè)，共70頁(yè)。我看到廚房柜臺(tái)上有些老鼠屎。I saw some mouse dung on the kitchen counter. 盡管dung有糞便的意思，但這里該用mouse droppings。像小球一樣的動(dòng)物糞便應(yīng)用droppings,如雞屎用chicken droppings, 鳥屎用bird