英語詩歌修辭手法簡介Figures_of_speech(課堂PPT)課件(PPT 68頁)

1、Figures of speechIn Poetry1第1頁，共68頁。 DefinitionFigures of speech are forms of expression that depart from normal word or sentence order or from the common literal meanings of words, for the purpose of achieving a special effect.2第2頁，共68頁。the chief functions of figures of speech to embellish, to emph

2、asize or to clarify. to give tone or atmosphere to discourse, to provide vivid examples to stimulate thought to give life to inanimate objects, to amuse, or to ornament.3第3頁，共68頁。Words are either literal or figurativeLiteral 原意Words used in their original meanings are used literally. Figurative 比喻義W

3、ords used in extended meanings for the purpose of making comparisons or calling up pictures in the readers or listeners mind are used figuratively. 4第4頁，共68頁。colourfulIn “a colourful garden” the word colourful is used in its literal sense to describe the many different colours of the flowers in “a c

4、olourful life” or “a colourful career” the word is used in its figurative sense because neither life or career has any colour. 5第5頁，共68頁。Figures of Speech (2)simile metaphor personification metonymy SynecdocheAntonomasiaeuphemismHyperbolelitotes AntithesisParadox12. Oxymoron13. EpigramApostrophe rhe

5、torical question 16. Irony17. Sarcasm18. Satire19. Ridicule20. Innuendo21. Parody 22. Climax23. Anti-climax24. Alliteration 25. Assonance26. Onomatopoeia 27. Transferred epithet28. Pun29. Parallelism 30. Repetition6第6頁，共68頁。Major figures of speech in poetrySimile 直喻Simile is a figure of speech which

6、 makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic in common.Metaphor 暗喻A metaphor, like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.7第7頁，共68頁。Examples she has a face that

7、s as round as the moon.Time flies like an arrow.You run like a rabbit.Life is a yo-yo . Its a series of ups and downs.All the worlds a stage, And all the men and women merely players; 8第8頁，共68頁。Her lips were red, her looks were free, Her locks were yellow as gold. Her skin was white as leprosy, The

8、Nightmare Life-in-Death was she, Who thicks mans blood with cold.她的唇色鮮紅，她的表情不羈。她的枷鎖黃如金。 她的皮膚白如麻風。 夢魘般的死中生命是她的存在，用冰冷濃稠了的血液。9第9頁，共68頁。The Waning MoonBy Percy ByssheShelleyAnd like a dying lady, lean and pale,Who totters forth, wrapped in a gauzy veil,Out of her chamber, led by the insaneAnd feeble wan

9、derings of her fading brain,The moon arose up in the murky east,A white and shapeless mass.有如蒼白、清癯、垂危的女郎，薄紗掩面，步履踉蹌，精神恍惚，漫游出閨房神魂顛倒，氣吁吁游蕩，月兒升起在朦朧的東方，模模糊糊，一片白茫茫。 10第10頁，共68頁。Mixed metaphorsOne danger in using metaphors is the possibility of beginning with one comparison and ending with anotherThis is c

10、alled a mixed metaphor（混合隱喻；多重隱喻）11第11頁，共68頁。AllegoryAllegory: a narrative that serves as an extended metaphor. Allegories are written in the form of fables, parables, poems, stories, and almost any other style or genre. An allegory is a complete narrative that conveys abstract ideas to get a point

11、across. 12第12頁，共68頁。Because I could not stop for Deathby Emily Dickinson Because I could not stop for DeathHe kindly stopped for meThe Carriage held but just Ourselves-And Immortality.因為我不能停下來等待死神他便好心地停下來等我那輛車上只載我們兩個以及永生。我們慢慢驅車他不慌不忙我也把我的勞與閑統(tǒng)統(tǒng)丟掉一邊，為了他的禮讓離那時已是幾個世紀卻仿佛過了還不到一天，我首次猜測到，馬頭在朝向永恒奔竄。Weslowly d

12、rove-He knew no hasteAnd I had put awayMy labor and my Leisure too,For His Civility-Since then-tis Centuries-and yetFeels shorter than the DayI first surmised the HorsesHeadsWere toward Eternity-13第13頁，共68頁。Hyperbole:Hyperbole is a figure of speech in which exaggeration is used to emphasize a point,

13、 to create humor, or to achieve some similar effects. 14第14頁，共68頁。She was scared to death.I told you a thousand times that you shouldnt behave like that.Belinda smiled, and all the world was gay. ( A Pope)Her beauty made the bright world dim. (Shelly )I have a sea of trouble.15第15頁，共68頁。When I hear

14、your nameMy compulsion is to blast down every wall when I hear your nameId painted on all the houses,There wouldnt be a wellI hadnt leaned intoTo shout your name thereMy compulsion isTo teach the birds to sing it,To teach the fish to drink itGod will sentence me to repeating it endlessly and forever

15、.16第16頁，共68頁。personificationBy definition, personification is a figure of speech which attributes human qualities to inanimate objects or abstract ideas. It is closely related to metaphor and is sometimes called personal metaphor . 17第17頁，共68頁。There are three chief kinds of personifications: 1) That

16、 produced by the use of adjectives. the blushing rose; the thirsty ground 2) That produced by the use of verbs. the kettle sings; the waves danced 3) That produced by the use of nouns. the smiles of spring; the whisper of leaves18第18頁，共68頁。e.g.The wind whistle through the trees.Thunder roared and a

17、pouring rain started. I watched the moonlight dancing on the ripples of the lake. The ancient mansion spoke to me of bygone days.The gentle breeze caressed my cheeks and soothed my anger.19第19頁，共68頁。The Windby James StephensThe wind stood up and gave a shout.He whistled on his fingers andKicked the

18、withered leaves aboutAnd thumped the branches with his handAnd said that hed kill and kill,And so he will and so he will.20第20頁，共68頁。Metonymy借代The substitution of a noun for another closely associated noun. The substituted noun derives（獲得 ） its meaning in the context it is used by the association pr

19、oduced in the readers mind. 21第21頁，共68頁。Example of metonymyIn contemporary English when we speak of a statement from the “White House” we understand that this is not a talking building, but an official communication with the authority of the President of the United States who lives in the White Hous

20、e. 22第22頁，共68頁。A. Names of persons 1. John Bull: 2. Uncle Sam: 3. Ivan:4. John Doe:England, or the English peopleThe United States of Americathe Russian people ordinary American citizenThe alarm went out for a John Doe who stole the diamonds from the store.警察發(fā)出命令，搜捕一個從商店里偷盜鉆石的家伙。B. Animals 1. Britis

21、h Lion: 2. the bear:England or the English governmentThe former Soviet union or the Soviet governmentC. Parts of the bodygray hair: old ageHer heart ruled her headUse your brains.feelings or emotionswisdom, intelligence, reason23第23頁，共68頁。D. Professions 1. the bar: 2. the bench: 3. the veil: 4. the

22、press:He has been called to the bar.He has been appointed to the bench.She took the veil at 20.Hes meeting the press this morning. What has the press to say to this?the legal profession;position (office) of judge or magistrate;vocation of a nun;newspapers; newspaper reporters;E. Locations of governm

23、ent, of business or industrial enterprises 1. Downing Street: 2. The White House: 3. Capitol Hill:4. the Pentagon:5. Kremlin: 6. Fleet Street: 7. Wall Street: 8. Madison Avenue:9. Hollywood: the British government or cabinetthe President or Executive branch of the U.S. governmentthe Legislative bran

24、ch of the U.S.government.the U.S.military establishmentthe government of the former Soviet Unionthe British pressU.S. financial circlesAmerican advertising industryAmerican film-making industry24第24頁，共68頁。euphemism委婉語Words or phrases that substitute an agreeable or inoffensive term for a more direct

25、 one that might embarrass or suggest something unpleasant Profane(非宗教的;世俗的)words and expressions are generally taken from three areas: religion, toilets, and sex. 25第25頁，共68頁。religionGod gosh/gollyJesus jeezDevil Old Nick26第26頁，共68頁。Toiletsmens room / womens room the little boys room / the little gi

26、rls room restroom BathroomWash my handsthe head, (sailors terminology術語)latrine (common military term)27第27頁，共68頁。sexSleep with someoneShagBonkExchanging bodily fluidsGetting laid28第28頁，共68頁。deathPassed awayPassed onDepartedKicked the bucketPushing up daisiesSleeping with the fishes(掉水里淹死)29第29頁，共68

27、頁。ironyStating one thing while meaning the exact opposite. or the person could be trying to be rude, even though the words used are seemingly polite etc.30第30頁，共68頁。Example of ironyYour friend turns up in ripped（撕裂的） jeans. With a smirk（傻笑；假笑）, you say, I see you have put on your best clothes!31第31頁

28、，共68頁。understatement含蓄陳述The opposite of hyperboleStating an idea in words that are less strong than anticipated（預期的）. to make something appear smaller or less important than it really is. 32第32頁，共68頁。Example of understatementIt does seem to be raining a little.Theres a few cars out today, arent ther

29、e?33第33頁，共68頁。sarcasmSarcasm is a form of irony that is widely used in English especially when people are being humorous. Generally the sarcastic speaker or writer means the exact opposite of the word they use, often intending to be rude or to laugh at the person the words are addressed（針對） to.34第34

30、頁，共68頁。Example of sarcasmI love being married. Its so great to find that one special person you want to annoy for the rest of your lifeId insult you, but youre not bright enough to notice. Not all men are annoying. Some are dead. 35第35頁，共68頁。Synecdoche（提喻 ： 是不直接說某一事物的名稱，而是借事物的本身所呈現的各種對應的現象來表現該事物的這樣一

31、種修辭手段。提喻又稱舉偶法。）A figure by which a more comprehensive term is used for a less comprehensive or vice vers; as whole for part or part for whole, genus（類，種；屬） for species or species for genus, etc.36第36頁，共68頁。Example of synedocheAll hands were summoned to the quarter-deck(后甲板), where hands is used to d

32、escribe sailors .37第37頁，共68頁。Antithesis（對比）A direct contrast in which two sets of figures are set in opposition to one another. 38第38頁，共68頁。Example of antithesis“And so, my fellow Americans, ask not, what your country can do for you. Ask what you can do for your country.”J F Kennedys Inaugural Addre

33、ss Winston Churchill, in which he challenges the Luftwaffe (the German air force): “You do your worst - and we will do our best.”To err is human, to forgive divine（神圣的；非凡的）.39第39頁，共68頁。Parallelism（排比）Parallelism refers to the figure of speech that expresses relevant ideas in the same or similar gram

34、matical structures. It helps make a sentence brief, smooth and coherent(連貫的)and give it rhythm, balance and force. 40第40頁，共68頁。Example of parallelismTo have and to hold from this day forward, for better for worse, for richer for poorer, in sickness and in health, to love and to cherish, till death u

35、s do part.41第41頁，共68頁。Oxymoron（矛盾修辭法）Ancient Greek : Oxus = sharp Moros = dull Oxymoron = a sharp dullness or a foolish wise. .a self contradicting phrase. 42第42頁，共68頁。oxymoronA rhetorical figure by which contradictory or incongruous(不一致的)terms are conjoined(結合；連結)so as to give point to the statemen

36、t or expression; an expression, in its superficial or literal meaning self-contradictory or absurd, but involving a point. (Now often loosely(寬松地)or erroneously(錯誤地；) used as if merely = a contradiction in terms, an incongruous conjunction.)43第43頁，共68頁。Example of oxymoronPretty uglyCivil warMobile h

37、omeDry iceWhite goldOld newsOriginal copyVoice mailHalf nakedFinal draftAlmost perfectOpen secretWorking holidayMinor crisisAct naturallyOnly choice44第44頁，共68頁。Pun(雙關語；俏皮話)A play on wordsthe humorous use of a word, or of words which are formed or sounded alike but have different meanings, in such a

38、way as to play on two or more of the possible applications; a play on words. 45第45頁，共68頁。Example of punSeven days without water makes one weak.Whats wrong with this fish? Long time no sea.What do lawyers do when they die? Lie still.Try our sweet corn. You will smile from ear to ear(笑得合不攏嘴).46第46頁，共6

39、8頁。Example of punOld photographers never die, they just have flash backs.That new mystery novel has a killer start to it.I wondered why the baseball was getting bigger. Then it hit me.The hospital lab is recruiting. Theyre looking for new blood.47第47頁，共68頁。Clich（陳詞濫調，老生常談）A clich is a hackneyed（陳腐的；

40、平庸的）phrase or expression. The phrase may once have been fresh or striking（顯著突出的）, but it has become tired through over-use. 48第48頁，共68頁。Example of clichNo pain, no gainEvery coin has two sidesLast, but not least, avoid clichs like the plague（瘟疫）. 49第49頁，共68頁。Paradox（自相矛盾，悖論）Paradox is a figure of sp

41、eech in which a statement appears to be self-contradictory, but contains something of a truth.Paradox is used for emphasis or stylistic effect. 50第50頁，共68頁。Example of paradoxThe child is father to the man.Cowards（懦夫） die many times before their death.51第51頁，共68頁。Zenos paradox(芝諾,希臘哲學家)The Tortoise c

42、hallenged Achilles to a race, claiming that he would win as long as Achilles gave him a small head start（先行一點點). Achilles laughed at this, for of course he was a mighty warrior and swift of foot, whereas the Tortoise was heavy and slow.52第52頁，共68頁。Zenos paradox“How big a head start do you need?” he

43、asked the Tortoise with a smile.“Ten meters,” the latter replied.Achilles laughed louder than ever.“You will surely lose, my friend, in that case,” he told the Tortoise, “but let us race, if you wish it.”53第53頁，共68頁。Zenos paradoxOn the contrary,” said the Tortoise, “I will win, and I can prove it to

44、 you by a simple argument.”54第54頁，共68頁。Zenos paradox“Go on then,” Achilles replied, with less confidence than he felt before.He knew he was the superior athlete, but he also knew the Tortoise had the sharper wits（智慧), and he had lost many a bewildering(使人困惑的) argument with him before this.55第55頁，共68

45、頁。Zenos paradox“Suppose,” began the Tortoise, “that you give me a 10-meter head start.Would you say that you could cover that 10 meters between us very quickly?”“Very quickly,” Achilles affirmed(斷言；肯定）.“And in that time, how far should I have gone, do you think?”56第56頁，共68頁。Zenos paradox“Perhaps a m

46、eter no more,” said Achilles after a moments thought.“Very well,” replied the Tortoise, “so now there is a meter between us. And you would catch up that distance very quickly?”“Very quickly indeed!”57第57頁，共68頁。Zenos paradox“And yet, in that time I shall have gone a little way farther, so that now you must catch that distance up, yes?”Ye-es,” said Achilles slowly.“And while you are doing so, I shall have gone a l