英美文學(xué)武大老師課件英國文學(xué)浪漫主義時(shí)期TheRomanticeriod

1、The Romantic Period(1798-1832)1Historical BackgroundPolitically: the French RevolutionDeclaration of Rights of Man (1791-2), Thomas Paine Inquiry concerning Political Justice (1793), William Godwin A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792), Mary Wollstonecraft 2Ideologically The principle of Ratio

2、n was giving way to an individualized, free, liberal, imaginative attitude towards life; a tendency to turn or escape from the tumultuous and confusing Here and Now3Economically: the great Industrial Revolution Continued fast changes took place both in the country and in the cities; Many farmhands d

3、riven out of land rushed into the city; 4Women and children were employed as cheap labor; New machines were set up, rendering many out of work; Disparity was growing between the rich and the poor; Expansion abroad continued: ( America), Australia, Canada, New Zealand, India, the West Indies and othe

4、r nations.5Romanticism / the Romantic Movementan attitude or intellectual orientation that characterized many works of arts in Western civilization over a period from the late 18th to the mid-19th century. a rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationalitya r

5、eaction against the Enlightenment and against 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism in general. emphasizing the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary, and the transcendental.6Characteristic attitudes a dee

6、pened appreciation of the beauties of nature; a general exaltation of emotion over reasona turning in upon the self and a heightened examination of human personality and its moods and mental potentialities; 7creative spirit over strict adherence to formal rules and traditional procedures; an emphasi

7、s upon imaginationan obsessive interest in folk culture, national and ethnic cultural origins, and the medieval era; and a predilection for the exotic, the remote, the mysterious8Literature 9Poetry: the Age of Poetry Differences between 18 th-century and 19 th-century ( between Neoclassicism and Rom

8、anticism)reason vs passion reason vs imagination commercial vs natural industrial vs pastoral present vs past society vs individual order and stability vs freedom decorative expression vs simple and spontaneous expression 10New poetic featureslanguage: simple, everyday life speech, common vocabulary

9、 and accent dialect e.g. Blake, Wordsworthform: lyrics(sonnet, ode), narrative (ballad) purpose: emotional, confessional and visionary/prophetic principles: imagination 11subject: nature the rural/pastoral the past/historical the alien/exotic, oriental the supernatural/ mysterious (dreams or dream-l

10、ike) the personal the common/low class the revolutionarythe patriotic 12Schools of Romantic PoetsPre-romantic poetsWilliam Blake: mysterious, philosophical, visionary Songs of Innocence Songs of Experience Marriage of Heaven and HellRobert Burns: Scottish dialect, ballads13Lake Poets: Wordsworth, Co

11、leridge, Southey, 2 Poet Laureate: radical youth; conservative old age; long lifeWilliam Wordsworth: nature, country, poor people, anti-industrialization e.g. Lyrical Ballads (Prelude); Nature and country poems Samuel Coleridge: mysterious/demonic, dreamy, oriental, visionarye.g. The Rime of Ancient

12、 Mariner and Kubla Khan14Satanic school: rebellious, revolutionary, romantic, short lifeGeorge Gordon Byron: romantic, revolutionary, satiric, proud and angrye.g. Don Duan, Childe Harolds Pilgrimage and Manfred Percy Bysshe Shelley: revolutionary, prophetic, optimistice.g. Prometheus Unbound and Ode

13、 to the West Wind John Keats: melancholy, a genius propounding on truth and beautye.g. Ode to the Nightingale, Ode on a Grecian Urn, Ode to Psyche and Ode to Melancholy 15Prosefamiliar essays of journals and newspaperse.g. Charles Lamb, Lee Hunt, de Quincey literary criticism/reviews as authority Ch

14、arles Lamb, Lee Hunt, de Quincey novelistse.g. Jane Austen, the realist and Walter Scott, the 1 st historical novelist/romantic poet 16William Wordsworth (1770-1850)17Life Family:Mother died when he was eight and Father died when he was 13 Separated from his sister, Dorothy, in 1778 and did not see

15、her again until 1787 Greatly affected by his brothers death in 1805 18Early experience:Attended Hawkshead Grammar School in 1778 Attended Cambridge from 1787-1791 but failed to graduate Visited France in 1790 and influenced by the turmoil of the French RevolutionLeft college in 1791 in order to retu

16、rn to France and support the Revolution 19Residence in the Lake DistrictDove Cottage in Grasmere: Lyrical Ballads and the “Lake Poets”Rydal Mount: spent his later years; turned to be conservative; 20Major WorksLyrical Ballads in 1798 with Samuel Taylor Coleridge The Prelude - Long autobiographical p

17、oem written between 1798-1805 523 sonnets 21SubjectsPoems on nature“To a Butterfly”“To a Skylark”“To the Cuckoo”“I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud”“Tintern Abbey”22Poems on simple rustic life in the countrysideLucy poems“She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways”O(jiān)ther poems about common people and their humble

18、life“Michael”“The Solitary Reaper”23The autobiographical long poem: The PreludeBook 1-8: the poets early lifeBook 9-14: the poets growing maturity24Wordsworths theory of poetry “The principal object, then, which I proposed to myself in these poems are to choose incidents and situations from common l

19、ife and to relate or describe them, throughout, as far as was possible, in a selection of language really used by men; and, at the same time, to throw over them a certain colouring of imagination, whereby ordinary things should be presented to the mind in an unusual way; and above all, to make these

20、 incidents and situations interesting by tracing in them, truly though not ostentatiously, the primary laws of our nature: chiefly as far as regards the manner in which we associate ideas in a state of excitement.” (Preface to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads )25Incidents and situations cho

21、sen from common life (generally “l(fā)ow and rustic life”)A selection of language really used by man (i.e. against the use of “poetic diction”)Ordinary things to be presented in an unusual way (“to throw over them a certain colouring of imagination”)Attempts to trace in the chose incidents and situation

22、s the primary laws of human nature26Significance:With Samuel Taylor Coleridge ushered in the English Romantic movement Many consider him the most important English Romantic poet succeeded Southey as Poet Laureate27水仙獨(dú)自漫游似浮云，青山翠谷上飄蕩；一剎那瞥見一叢叢、一簇簇水仙金黃；樹蔭下，明湖邊，和風(fēng)吹拂舞翩躚。仿佛群星璀璨，沿銀河閃霎晶瑩；一灣碧波邊緣，綿延，望不盡；只見萬千無窮

23、，隨風(fēng)偃仰舞興濃。28花邊波光瀲滟，怎比得繁花似錦；面對如此良伴，詩人怎不歡欣！凝視，凝視，流連不止；殊不知引起悠悠情思；兀自倚憩息，岑寂，幽然冥想；驀地花影閃心扉，獨(dú)處方能神往；衷心喜悅洋溢，伴水仙、舞不息。29孤 獨(dú) 的 割 麥 女看哪，那孤獨(dú)的高地姑娘形單影只地在那田野里！她獨(dú)自收割，她獨(dú)自歌唱。停下聽，或悄悄離去！她一個(gè)人割，她一個(gè)人捆，唱的是一種哀怨的歌聲；聽啊！這幽深的山谷里面。已完全被她的歌聲充滿。30旅行在阿拉伯沙漠的人，疲乏地歇息在蔭涼地方；夜鶯的歌受他們的歡迎，卻比不上這種歌唱；春天里，杜鵑一聲聲號啼在最遠(yuǎn)的赫布里底響起，打破群島間海上的寂靜，但不如這歌聲激動(dòng)人心。31誰能

24、告訴我她在唱什么？也許這哀哀不絕的歌聲在唱早已過去的辛酸事或很久以前的戰(zhàn)爭；要不，她在唱通俗的小曲唱如今人們熟悉的東西？或者是痛苦、損失和悲哀？它們曾發(fā)生，還可能重來。32不管這姑娘唱的是什么，她的歌卻好像沒完沒了；我看她一邊唱一邊干活，看她彎著腰使鐮刀；我一動(dòng)不動(dòng)默默聽她唱；后來我走上前面的山岡，她的歌我雖再也聽不見，那曲調(diào)卻久久留在心間。33Coleridge 34Major works:Poems:The demonicThe Rime of the Ancient MarinerChristabelKubla KhanThe conversationalFrost at Midnigh

25、tDejection: An Ode35Prose: Biographia LiterariaDrama Remorse 36Characteristics favors musical effects over the plainness of common speech complicates the phenomena Wordsworth takes for granted privileges weird tales and bizarre imagery over the commonplace, rustic simplicities 37忽必烈汗忽必列汗在上都曾經(jīng) 下令造一座堂

26、皇的安樂殿堂： 這地方有圣河亞佛流奔， 穿過深不可測的洞門， 直流入不見陽光的海洋。 有方圓五英里肥沃的土壤， 四周給圍上樓塔和城墻： 那里有花園，蜿蜒的溪河在其間閃耀， 園里樹枝上鮮花盛開，一片芬芳； 這里有森林，跟山巒同樣古老， 圍住了灑滿陽光的一塊塊青草草場。 38但是，??！那深沉而奇異的巨壑 沿青山斜裂，橫過傘蓋的柏樹！ 野蠻的地方，既神圣而又著了魔 好象有女人在衰落的月色里出沒， 為她的魔鬼情郎而凄聲嚎哭！ 巨壑下，不絕的喧囂在沸騰洶涌， 似乎這土地正喘息在快速而猛烈的悸動(dòng)中， 從這巨壑里，不斷迸出股猛烈的地泉； 在它那斷時(shí)續(xù)的涌迸之間， 巨大的石塊飛躍著象反跳的冰雹， 或者象打稻人

27、連枷下一撮撮新稻； 從這些舞蹈的巖石中，時(shí)時(shí)刻刻 迸發(fā)出那條神圣的溪河。 39迷亂地移動(dòng)著，蜿蜒了五英里地方， 那神圣的溪河流過了峽谷和森林， 于是到達(dá)了深不可測的洞門， 在喧囂中沉入了沒有生命的海洋； 從那喧囂中忽必列遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)聽到 祖先的喊聲預(yù)言著戰(zhàn)爭的兇兆！ 安樂的宮殿有倒影 宛在水波的中央漂動(dòng)； 這兒能聽見和諧的音韻 來自那地泉和那巖洞。 這是個(gè)奇跡呀，算得是稀有的技巧， 陽光燦爛的安樂宮，連同那雪窟冰窖！ 40有一回我在幻象中見到 一個(gè)手拿德西馬琴的姑娘： 那是個(gè)阿比西尼亞少女， 在她的琴上她奏出樂曲， 歌唱著阿伯若山。 如果我心中能再度產(chǎn)生 她的音樂和歌唱， 我將被引入如此深切的歡欣，

28、以至于我要用音樂高朗而又長久 在空中建造那安樂宮廷， 那陽光照臨的宮廷，那雪窟冰窖！ 41誰都能見到這宮殿，只要聽見了樂音。 他們?nèi)紩?huì)喊叫：當(dāng)心！當(dāng)心！ 他飄動(dòng)的頭發(fā)，他閃光的眼睛！ 織一個(gè)圓圈，把他三道圍住， 閉下你兩眼，帶著神圣的恐懼， 因?yàn)樗恢背灾蹣痈事叮?一直飲著天堂的瓊漿仙乳。 42Byron43Life Family:Born lame in an impoverish noble family Father died when he was three;lived in loneliness and poverty with his mother in Scotland M

29、ade Lord Byron at 10 by the death of his granduncle 44Early experience:Cambridge: Hours of Idleness(1807); and English Bards and Scotch Reviewers two years laterTour on the Continent (1809-11): visited Portugal, Spain, Albania, Greece and Turkey45Return to England: Embarked on his political career;

30、made speeches in the parliament to support the proletariatPublished the first two cantos of Childe Harolds Pilgrimage(1812); wrote some narrative poems which were called “Oriental Tales”Married Ann Milbank who left him one year after the marriage46Years on the ContinentIn Switzerland: made acquainta

31、nce with Shelley; wrote Sonnet on Chillon and ManfredIn Italy: finished Childe Harolds Pilgrimage; wrote Don Juan, CainIn Greece: plunged himself into Greek peoples struggle for national independence; died of fever 47Major WorksEnglish Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809)Oriental TalesThe Giaour(1813)T

32、he Corsair(1814)Lara(1814)Childe Harolds Pilgrimage(1812-1818)Don Juan(1818-1819)Poetic Drama:Manfred(1817)Cain(1821)The Two Foscari (1821) 48Childe Harolds Pilgrimage4cantos, written in the Spenserian stanza Canto I: Portugal & SpainCanto II: Albania &GreeceCanto III: his daughter & the political s

33、truggles of the dayCanto IV: Italy 49Don JuanByrons masterpiece, written in the prime of his creative powerintention: “to remove the cloke which the manners and maxims of society throw over their secret sins, and shew them to the world as they really are” (to present a panoramic view of different ty

34、pes of society; the difference between lifes appearance and its actuality)Epic satire: a satire on abuses of the present society;50Artistic FeaturesRevolutionary spiritByronic heroVariety in stylefrom passionate outcries to pathetic utterance,from solemn expressions to ironic mockeries, from serious

35、 musings to playful fancies,from highly lyrical passages to everyday prosaic speech, from lofty phrases in grand style to clownish play on words. 51Byronic Heroa proud revolutionary figure of noble origin, rising single handed against any kind of tyrannic rules in government or religion or moral soc

36、iety with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. These towering figures stand in sharp contrast with the heroes in the verse narratives of the Lake Poets, who are either submissive agents of God or of other supernatural forces or are wrapped in the mysterious atmosphere of mysticism or magi

37、c. 52The Isles of GreeceTheme:By contrasting the freedom enjoyed by the ancient Greeks with the enslavement of the early 19th century Greeks under Turkish rule, the poet calls on the Greeks to struggle for their national liberation.Form:16 6-lined stanzas of iambic tetrameter, with a rhyme scheme of

38、 ababcc53Evaluation Having great influence on the romantic poetry with the novelty of his oriental scenery, the romantic character of the Byronic hero, and the easy, fluent and natural beauty of his verse.Two controversial opinions:In England: the perverted man, the satanic poetOn the Continent: the

39、 champion of liberty, poet of the people54Shelley55Life Born into an aristocratic familyentered the Oxford University College in 1810; expelled from the college for publishing The Necessity Of Atheism in 1811eloped with the 16-year old Harriet Westbrook; spent the following two years traveling in En

40、gland and Ireland, distributing pamphlets and speaking against political injustice.In 1813 published his first important poem, the atheistic Queen Mab.56In 1814 traveled abroad with Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin;married Mary Wollstonecraft after Harriet drowned herself in 1816Wrote The Spirit of Solitu

41、de (1816) and The Revolt of Islam ( 1817)moved to Italy; drowned in 182257Major WorksIn England:Queen MabThe Spirit of Solitude The Revolt of Islam 58In Italy:Two poetic dramas: Prometheus UnboundThe CenciProse: A Defense of Poetry59Poems:Political lyrics: The Mask of AnarchySong to the Men of Engla

42、nd Lyrics on nature and loveOde to the West WindTo a SkylarkElegy: Adonais60Ode a lyric poem of some length, dealing with a lofty theme in a dignified manner and originally intended to be sung 61Romantic odeEvolved from the ancient Greek ode, written in a serous tone to celebrate an event or to prai

43、se an individualNot intended to be sung, yet quite emotionalThe author focuses on a scene, ponders its meaning, and presents a highly personal reaction to it that includes a special insight at the end of the poem62Ode to the West Wind Contents This is one of Shelleys best known lyrics. The poet desc

44、ribes vividly the activities of the west wind on the earth, in the sky and on the sea and then expresses his envy for the boundless freedom of the west wind and his wish to be free like it and to scatter his words among mankind. The celebrated final line of the poem, If winter comes, can Spring be f

45、ar behind has often been cited to illustrate Shelleys optimistic belief in the future of mankind.63Metrical patternThis is a lyric poem of five 14-lined stanzas containing four tercets and a closing couplet. The rhyme scheme is aba bcb cdc ded ee.64Characteristics a great variety of poetical style r

46、ich in myth, symbols and classical allusions a strong dramatic power an intellectual thought abundant in personification and metaphor and other figures of speech 65Shelley and Byron ComparedByron: only attached political tyranny; thought more of ones personal happiness and sorrow and believed chiefl

47、y in the might of individual heroes but had contempt for the common people Shelley:also saw the cruel relations of economic exploitation in the feudal bourgeois world; had faith in the collective strength of the people and worked for the interests of the masses66John Keats67Life Born in 1795; parent

48、s died when he was 15apprenticed to a village apothecary in 1811devote himself to poetry under the influence of Leigh Hunt and the artist Haydon in181668Literary creation from 1816-1820:Published his early poems in The Examiner (1816)Published his first volume of poetry, met with very severe critici

49、sm(1817)Published his second volume of poetry (1820)Fell ill with tuberculosis; traveled to Italy upon the invitation of Shelley (1820)Died of illness (1821)69Major WorksOn First Looking into Chapmans Homer EndymionLamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, &Other Poems Hyperion Odes: Ode to a Nightinga

50、leOde on a Grecian UrnOde to PsycheOde on MelancholyTo Autumn70Ode on a Grecian Urn71Ode on a Grecian UrnTime The ode was written in May 1819 out of collection of memory of several visits to exhibition.72StructureThe Ode consists of 5 stanzas, the first four stanzas describing a pastoral scene on th

51、e urn, & the last epitomizing the relation of the timeless ideal world in art to the woeful actual world.73general questions about the urn (Stanza1)one side of the urn: piper and lovers(Stanza2)lamentation: envy of the happiness of the piper and the lovers(Stanza3)the other side of the urn: people g

52、oing to a sacrifice ritual(Stanza4)lamentation: Beauty is truth, truth beauty; human life is short while art lasts (Stanza5)7475Summary Here the poet gives his comment on a Greek vase which, as a relic of ancient culture, has caught his imagination. On the surface of the vase there is an ornamental

53、band of sculpture with figures of trees, pipes, and lovers on it. Though they are quiet forms, they possess and convey the beauty, the significance and the eternity of art, which appealed to Keats. So at the end of the poem, the poet emphasizes the relationship between beauty and truth: “Beauty is t

54、ruth, and truth beauty”, thus declaring his worship of beauty, esp. in the field of art.76ThemeIt shows the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human passion.77Metrical patternThe poem is written in uniform stanzas, each consisting of ten lines of iambic pentameter. The rhym

55、e scheme is abab cde dce (ced/cde/cde/dce), with variations in the latter part of the sestet.78Figures of speechApostrophe:a figure of speech in which an author speaks to an absent or imaginary person or of a personified abstractionAssonance: resemblance of sound, esp of the vowel sounds in words Br

56、ide of quietness, / Thou foster-child of silence and slow timeAlliteration:Thou foster-child of silence and slow time, / Sylvan historian, who canst thus express79Anaphora: the deliberate repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of several successive verses, clauses, or paragraphsWhat men or gods are these? What maidens loth?What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape?What pipes and timbrels? What wild ecstasy?Oxymoron: a rhetorical figure in which incongruous or contradictory terms are combinedthose melodiesunheardpeaceful citadel (citadel: fortress occupied by soldiers)80C