英語中的就近原則(1)

1、英語中就近一致的原則【就近原則】也稱 “鄰近原則 ”“就近一致原則 ” (Proximity) ，即：謂語與靠近的名詞、代詞(有時(shí)不一定是主語)在 “人稱、數(shù) ”上一致。.由下列詞語連接的并列主語：there be+句型；or ; either ; noor neither - nor whether qr not but; not only but a版;.What he does or what he says does not concern me . 他的行為或言談都與我無 關(guān)。Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都沒錯(cuò)。Not you but your f

2、ather is to blame .不是你，而是你父親該受責(zé)備。 Not only you but(also) he is wrong 不僅你錯(cuò)了，他也錯(cuò)了。2. 在倒裝句中：謂語可與后面第一個(gè)主語一致。 .In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the peopleE 遠(yuǎn) 處，能聽見鼓掌聲和人們的呼喊聲。There is (are) a pen and some books on the desk上有支專岡筆和幾本書?！揪瓦h(yuǎn)原則】謂語動詞與前面主語一致代表詞匯：as well as； (togeth

3、er/along) with ； rather than； except； besides； but；including ； in addition to ； apart from;like： He rather than I is right.Nobody but two students is in the classroom.The teacher with his students is working in the fields. They have kept working for several hours. Nobody made them work for so long.主

4、謂一致1 并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時(shí)謂語用復(fù)數(shù)Reading and writing are very important.注意：當(dāng)主語由and連結(jié)時(shí)，如果它表示一個(gè)單一的概念，即指同一人或同一物時(shí)，謂語動詞用單數(shù)， and 此時(shí)連接的兩個(gè)詞前只有一個(gè)冠詞。The iron and steel industry is very important to our life.典型例題The League secretary and monitor _ asked to make a speech at the meeting.A. is B. was C. are D. were答案 B. 注： 先從時(shí)態(tài)上

5、考慮。這是過去發(fā)生的事情應(yīng)用過去時(shí)，先排除A. ， C.。本題易誤選D ，因?yàn)?TheLeague secretary and monitor 好象是兩個(gè)人，但仔細(xì)辨別，monitor 前沒有the,在英語中，當(dāng)一人兼數(shù)職時(shí)只在第一個(gè)職務(wù)前加定冠詞。后面的職務(wù)用 and 相連。這樣本題主語為一個(gè)人，所以應(yīng)選B 。與后接名詞或代詞保持一致1） 用 half of, part of, most of, a portion of 等詞引起主語時(shí)，動詞通常與of 后面的名詞，代詞保持一致。Most of his money is spent on books.Most of the students

6、are taking an active part in sports.2）在一些短語，如 many a或more than one所修飾的詞作主語時(shí)，謂語動詞多用單數(shù)形式。但由more thanf主語時(shí)，動詞應(yīng)與其后的名詞或代詞保持一致。Many a person has read the novel.許多人者 B 讀過這本書。英語中 ,什么是就近原則?就近原則什么時(shí)候用?就近一致原則（ 1 ）連詞not only.but also/ neither.nor/ or/ either.or/ not.butNeither he nor they are wholly right. 他和他們，誰

7、都不是完全對的。Either he or I am right. 或者他對，或者我對。就近一致原則（ 2 ）副詞 here/ thereHere comes the bus. 瞧，公共汽車來了。主謂一致： andand 的兩邊分別是不同的可數(shù)名詞。John and Mary are my friends. 約翰和瑪麗都是我的朋友。and 的兩邊分別是不同的不可數(shù)名詞。Both rice and wheat are grown in China. 中國有種水稻也有種小麥。and 的兩邊的單詞構(gòu)成一個(gè)統(tǒng)一的概念。Fish and chips is a popular supper here.炸魚土

8、豆片在這里是一種很受歡迎的晚餐。 （魚和土豆片作為整體）The poet and writer has come.那位詩人兼作家來了。（同一個(gè)人既是詩人又是作家）I.在正式文體中：.由下歹!J詞語連接的并歹！J主語：or; either or; nor; neithe or; whether or; notbut; not only but also;等。.What he does or what he says does not concern meB 的行為或言談?wù)?B 與我無關(guān)。Neither you nor I am wrong . 你和我都沒錯(cuò)。Not you but your fa

9、ther is to blame .不是你，而是你父親該受責(zé)備。英語句子中，主語的“人稱”和“數(shù)”要限制，決定謂語動詞的形式變化，這就叫“主謂一致”關(guān)系。它通常依據(jù)三項(xiàng)原則： 1 ）語法一致； 2）意義一致； 3）就近一致?！菊Z法一致原則】I . 主語的“人稱”決定謂語動詞的形式。 . I love / She loves music .我/ 她愛好音樂。Are your mother a worker ?（誤）你母親是工人嗎？Is your mother a worker ?（正） （主語your mother 是單數(shù)第三人稱）II . 主語的“數(shù)”決定謂語動詞的形式。.“不可數(shù)名詞、可數(shù)名

10、詞單數(shù)、 單數(shù)代詞、 不定式 （短語） 、 動名詞 （短語） ” 或 “從句”等作主語，用單數(shù)謂語形式。 .The work is important . 這項(xiàng)工作重要。To serve the country is our duty . 為祖國服務(wù)是我們的義務(wù)。How and why he left was a sad story .他離開的經(jīng)過和原因是一段傷心的經(jīng)歷。. 復(fù)數(shù)的名詞、代詞一般接復(fù)數(shù)謂語形式。 .The children are taken good care of .孩子們得到很好的照料。They have gone to Chengdu .他們?nèi)コ啥剂?。II.以“and

11、”或“bothand連接的并列主語：通常作復(fù)數(shù)用。 .Plastics and rubber never rot .塑料和橡膠從不腐爛。What he says and what he does do not agreed言行不一致。Both Tom and I are fond of medicine . 我和湯姆都喜歡醫(yī)學(xué)。如果并列主語指的是“同一個(gè)”人（事、物、抽象概念） ，作單數(shù)用。 .The worker and writer has come . 這位工人作家來了。A cart and horse was seen in the distance遠(yuǎn)處能看見有一套馬車。Truth a

12、nd honesty is the best policy .真誠是最好的策略。“and” 前、 后的單數(shù)詞語都有 “each,every ,many ,a ,no” 等修飾時(shí)， 仍作單數(shù)用。 . Every boy and every girl enjoys equal rights here.這里每個(gè)男孩和每個(gè)女孩都享有平等權(quán)益。 No teacher and no student is excused from taking part in the activity .沒有哪個(gè)教師或?qū)W生可以免于參加這項(xiàng)活動。IV.主語前、后加表“數(shù)、量”等的修飾語時(shí)：a) “ many a + 單名 ”

13、接單數(shù)謂語：“ a good (great ) many + 復(fù)名”接復(fù)數(shù)謂語。 .Many a fine man has died for it . 許多優(yōu)秀戰(zhàn)士為此獻(xiàn)出了生命。A great many parents were present at the meeting許多家長出席了 會議。a / an + 單名 + or two 大多接單數(shù)謂語： one or two + 復(fù)名 接復(fù)數(shù)謂語。 .Only a word or two is (are )needed. 只需說一兩句。One or two reasoms were suggested 提出一兩條理由。.a / an +單名+

14、 and a half常接單數(shù)謂語；“one and a half +名”多接復(fù)數(shù)謂語。.A year and a half has passed 一年半已過去了。.One and a half tons of rice are sold .已賣了噸半大米。more than one + 單名 大多接單數(shù)謂語。.More than one person was (were )absent 不止一個(gè)人缺席。.more + 復(fù)名 + than one 接復(fù)數(shù)謂語。.More students than one have been there不止一個(gè)學(xué)生去過那兒。more than two (thr

15、ee,)+復(fù)名接復(fù)數(shù)謂語。. More than one hundred students have attended the concert .不止一百名學(xué)生聽了這場音樂會。下 列 復(fù) 合 不 定 代 詞 一 般 作 單 數(shù) 用 ：“someone ,somebody ,something ,anybody ,anyone ,anything ,everybody ,everyone ,evey thing ,nobody ,no one ,nothig ”等。 . Is everybody here ?都到齊了 嗎？There was nothing special then.那時(shí)沒什么特

16、別情況。3.下列不定代詞作復(fù)數(shù)用：“(a) few ,many several, both”等。.Few (of the guests ) were familiar to us .沒幾個(gè)(客人)是我們熟識的。 Both / Both (of ) these are interesting . 兩部影片都有趣。4 下列代詞須視其“具體所指”來決定單、復(fù)數(shù)：“what ,which ,who ,whose ”等。 .Who is your brother ?你兄弟是誰？ Who are League Members 哪些是團(tuán)員？all , some ,more ,most ,any ,none

17、,a lot(of ), lots (of ),等。 .All (of the students ) are working hard .(所有的學(xué)生)都在用功。All (of the paint ) is fine .(這些油漆)都很好。half(of), plenty (of), the rest(of), (a)part(of), the remainder(of )余下的) ，等。.Half of the apples are bad蘋果中有一半是壞的。 Half of the apple is bad .這只蘋果壞了一半。出.“數(shù)詞”、“數(shù)量、單位”等詞語作主語時(shí)：. 表示“運(yùn)算”的

18、數(shù)詞通常作單數(shù)。 .Ten times four makes(make) forty .+ 乘以四得四十。.表 “時(shí)間、距離、 金額、 度量衡” 等的詞語， 作“整體” 看時(shí)作單數(shù)用， 側(cè)重指 “若干單位”時(shí)作復(fù)數(shù)用。 .Twenty years is not a long time . 二十年光陰，彈指一揮間。Twenty years have passed since he left 他離開已二十個(gè)年頭了。.3.“分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)”通常依其“具體所指”來決定單、復(fù)數(shù)。.About 40 percent / two-fifths of the books here are (is) worth

19、reading . 這些書中百分之四十/五分之二值得讀。Only sixty percent / three-fifths of the work was done yesterday .昨天只干完了百分之六十 /五分之三的工作。4. a number of （許多 ）/ a varlety of （各式各樣） +復(fù)數(shù)名詞，常作復(fù)數(shù)用。 .A number of students in this class are （is） from Sichuan .這個(gè)班有不少同學(xué)來自 四川。There are a variety of toys in this sho謳家商店有各種各樣的玩具。但是，“the number儆目）/the variety（種類） + of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞，作單數(shù)。.The number of students in this college h