成功的牧草作物種植規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)課件

1、Planning for a successful forage crop成功的牧草作物種植規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)第1頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。Planning considerations設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)的考慮:Clean field 清理大田Picking the Right Seed 選擇正確的種子Cover Crop Considerations 覆蓋作物的考慮Seedbed Preparation and Seed Placement 苗床制備和播種Fertilizer at Establishment種植時(shí)施肥第2頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。Field Selection & Preparation田間的選擇和準(zhǔn)備牧草種子比其他大

2、多數(shù)作物種子小，苗床條件非常重要Forage Seeds are smaller than most other crops and seed bed conditions are critical播種前應(yīng)處理主要的多年生雜草問(wèn)題Major perennial weed problems should be controlled before seeding.注意！這是一項(xiàng)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的投資This is a Long Term Investment - Take Care!第3頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。Ideal Seed Bed理想的 種床Seed Shallow ( 1- 1.5 cm) into a F

3、irm, Moist, Seed Bed播于淺的（1-1.5）堅(jiān)實(shí)的、有濕度的種床第4頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。Firm seed bed堅(jiān)實(shí)的苗床第5頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。Cultivation耕作第6頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。1/4-1/2 inch deep1/4-1/2英寸的深度第7頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。Effect of seeding depth on emergence (%)播種深度對(duì)幼苗萌發(fā)的影響牧草播種深度第8頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。Fertilizer:施肥Soil Test Before Seeding播種前進(jìn)行土壤測(cè)試Nitrogen (0-40 lbs）氮（0-40磅）primarily required for

4、the cover crop初期需要保護(hù)作物excess amounts could damage germination超量可能影響萌發(fā)banding 2-3 inches from seed is the ideal行距2-3英尺是最理想的Phosphate (50 lbs)磷（50磅）most important nutrient for establishment是建植最重要的should be applied close to the seed - banded施于種子附近行施Potassium 鉀applied to soil test as varies with soil co

5、nditions根據(jù)土壤測(cè)試結(jié)果而定very important on coarse textured soils, less for clay對(duì)結(jié)構(gòu)松散的土壤非常重要，黏土較少Sulfur硫applied to soil test, use sulphate form not elemental S.根據(jù)土壤測(cè)試結(jié)果而定，施化合物而不是原子硫第9頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。Effect of Phosphate on Establishment 磷對(duì)牧草生長(zhǎng)的影響7 Weeks after Seeding 后第7周苜蓿單株重量毫克/株土壤磷含量低土壤磷含量中第10頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。Seed Quality種子

6、質(zhì)量Ideally use pure seed with a high germination percentage 種皮較厚的豆科牧草需劃破種皮第11頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。Legume Inoculation豆科接種根瘤菌Inoculant applied to legume seed prior to seeding豆科牧草播種前接種根瘤菌Inoculant specific to legume type不同類(lèi)型接種不同種類(lèi) such as: 例如 clovers, alfalfa, trefoil苜蓿、三葉草Most seed companies pre treat seed with inoc

7、ulant大多數(shù)種子公司用根瘤菌拌種第12頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。第13頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。Nitrogen Fix Annually by Legumes豆科年固氮量第14頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。Autotoxicity of Alfalfa苜蓿自毒素Alfalfa plants produce a toxin that can reduce the germination of new seedlings 紫苜?？梢援a(chǎn)生一種毒素，這種毒素會(huì)影響幼苗的發(fā)芽Toxin (medicarpin) is found in the leaves 毒素存在葉子中water soluble溶于水more mobile in sa

8、ndy soil than clay沙地要比硬地更易移動(dòng)Effect of toxin depends on: 毒素的作用與以下因素有關(guān)：age of old stand 作物的生長(zhǎng)期amount of residue left in the soil 土壤中殘笛量第15頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。Seeding Rates播種率Optimum seeding rates have usually been determined experimentally通過(guò)試驗(yàn)確定最佳播種量Are related to seed size與種子大小有關(guān) Should be adjusted for low germin

9、ation rate萌發(fā)率低時(shí)調(diào)節(jié)Usually seed 80-115 seeds per metre of row每行每米用80-115粒種子Plant many more seeds than actually get established播比建植種子多的種子第16頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。Seeding Rates 播種率Ideal Seeds planted should be: 理想的播種應(yīng)該是：25 to 35 seeds per ft. of row (80-115 per m) 每排每英尺2535粒（即每米80115粒）第17頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。第18頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。Mixtures & Se

10、eding Rates混合播種及播種率Pure stands 單一作物are for single purpose use such as alfalfa for cash hay market 象紫苜蓿種植牧草來(lái)出售的經(jīng)濟(jì)目的dry areas where competition is critical 在各種作物爭(zhēng)活較強(qiáng)的貧脊的干旱地區(qū)Mixtures 混合播種provides an option for forages to adapt to different conditions such as drought or wet periods or grazing pressure 使

11、得草場(chǎng)能夠適應(yīng)各種不同條件，如干旱或雨澇第19頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。Guidelines for Forage Mixtures牧草混播指南Pastures草場(chǎng)sufficient species to adapt to soil and climate 有適應(yīng)該草場(chǎng)土壤和氣候的足夠的品種minimum of 20% legume in mixture 至少20%的豆科牧草Hay or Silage干草或青貯飼料Major productive species 80% of total(alfalfa) 80%的高產(chǎn)主要草種Other species to improve palatability,

12、adapt to soil, climate or improve curing of the hay 其它品種用來(lái)提高適應(yīng)性和其對(duì)土壤、 氣候的適應(yīng)能力或改進(jìn)干草干化第20頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。Example Forage Mixture 牧草混播舉例for adequate moisture and clay loam soil 在土壤濕潤(rùn)的硬地上Legume Pasture Hay kg/ha (Seeds/sq.ft) kg/ha Seeds/sq.ft)Alfalfa 1 (2.06) 7 (14.4)Trefoil 1 (3.87)GrassMeadow Brome 5(7.34) 4 (

13、5.87)Tall Fescue 3 (7.02) Timothy 1 (11.00) 1 (11.01)Total kg/ha 11 12Seeds/sq.ft (31.3) (31.28)第21頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。Time of Seeding播種時(shí)間Spring Seeding 春季播種ideal time 最好的時(shí)間cool, moist conditions ideal for germination 寒冷、濕度適宜萌發(fā)Summer Seeding 夏季播種-only if adequate moisture 只有在濕度合適時(shí)Fall seeding - can be very succe

14、ssfulDormant seeding 休眠/秋季播種seeded late so that no germination fall延遲播種，以便無(wú)種子在秋季萌發(fā)may get frost kill if germinates too early如萌發(fā)過(guò)早易導(dǎo)致霜凍 can work well with direct seeding into stubble直接播種效果也好第22頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。Seeding Equipment Options播種機(jī)械的選擇Commercial Fertilizer equipment can be used to evenly spread small fo

15、rage seeds商業(yè)的施肥機(jī)具可用于撒勻小牧草種子Seed mixed in tank with fertilizer種子在罐中與化肥混播Large seed (brome) mixed with fertilizer, smaller seed in micro box大粒種子（雀麥草）與化肥混播，小種子在校排種葙Seed rolled or pressed in - harrows may place too deep用耙地機(jī)鎮(zhèn)壓種子可能會(huì)太深第23頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。Pneumatic Applicators使用氣力播種機(jī)Broadcast Small Seeds Very Accurat

16、ely非常精確的播種小粒種子No “skipping”沒(méi)有空播Work well for Blends or single crops單一品種或多個(gè)品種混合都可以Rental rates - 75 cents to $1.00 per acre租金-0.75分到1.0加元第24頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。Spin Spreader Application使用旋轉(zhuǎn)撒播機(jī)Can work to Broadcast seed/fertilizer可以種子/化肥一起撒播Cost effective and fast菲永勝而且快Lighter (less dense) seed (Grasseed) will fly

17、 shorter distances than alfalfa 輕的種子（不太密實(shí)）（草種）比苜蓿飛的遠(yuǎn)Results in Misses導(dǎo)致有漏播第25頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。Seed rolled or pressed in - harrows may place too deep用耙地機(jī)鎮(zhèn)壓種子可能會(huì)太深Rollers 滾式播種機(jī)Ideal for shallow placement 是理想的淺播機(jī)具Ridged rollers are better than smooth due to less erosion脊?fàn)顫L式播種機(jī)平滑式的好,因?yàn)樵斐傻乃亮魇俚?6頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。Harrowing

18、耙地Before Seeding在播種前Used to “Firm up” very mellow seedbeds通常是“堅(jiān)實(shí)”非常松軟的苗床Improves seed placement and control of seed depth改善播種質(zhì)量，控制播種深度第27頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。Harrowing 耙地After Seed Placement在播種后Effective to Cover Seed有效的覆蓋種子Set Aggressiveness of the tines based on how deep the seed is being placed根據(jù)種子的播種深度確定齒尖的侵入

19、深度Aggressive in very firm seedbeds侵入非常堅(jiān)實(shí)的苗床第28頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。Companion Crop Options保護(hù)作物的選擇No Companion Crop無(wú)保護(hù)作物may obtain 1-2 cuts in the seeding year一年可刈割1-2次seedlings more exposed to wind, soil crusting, weed competition種子暴露于風(fēng)、土壤板結(jié)及雜草的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)Companion Crops(competition) 有保護(hù)作物Cereals: wheat, oats, barley, fall

20、 rye?谷物：小麥、燕麥、大麥急秋黑麥Canola, flax油菜、胡麻Warm season annuals eg: millet暖季一年生作物：如小米第29頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。Companion Crop Management保護(hù)作物的管理Companion crops will provide protection for new seedlings from wind, soil crusting, drying 保護(hù)作物保護(hù)幼苗免受風(fēng)吹、土壤板結(jié)及干旱Reduce seeding rate減少幼苗30-50% of normal通常的30-50%Remove at heading (forage) to limit competition 割去頂端以減少競(jìng)爭(zhēng)Select a companion crop that will minimize competition選擇競(jìng)爭(zhēng)小的保護(hù)作物第30頁(yè)，共35頁(yè)。Weed Control雜草防除Weeds usually only a problem i