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1、By Liu Sheng-hua新四六級(jí)應(yīng)試技巧選詞填空(banked cloze) 1 選詞填空 (banked cloze)的形式部分借鑒了雅思閱讀中的摘要填空summary之外,這種題主要是脫胎于傳統(tǒng)的完型填空(multiple-choice cloze);這種完型填空的測(cè)試學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)稱作“集庫(kù)型完型填空”(banked cloze), 即一篇留出空白的短文,后面給出一堆提示詞和干擾詞 (gapped text with a box containing prompts and distracters)。一、 選詞填空題型簡(jiǎn)介題型字?jǐn)?shù)題材選項(xiàng)特點(diǎn)四級(jí)選詞填空不會(huì)超過(guò)220個(gè)字社會(huì)、科普之類。
2、選詞填空的15個(gè)待選詞不僅難于完型的四個(gè)選項(xiàng),而且分成名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞四大類??忌仨毾却_定詞性,再結(jié)合短文的邏輯做出選擇。選詞填空不會(huì)超過(guò)260個(gè)字社會(huì)、科普之類。選詞填空的15個(gè)待選詞不僅難于完型的四個(gè)選項(xiàng),而且分成名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞四大類??忌仨毾却_定詞性,再結(jié)合短文的邏輯做出選擇。2 完型填空和選詞填空的比較 選詞填空特點(diǎn):1. 近義詞辨析不多,2. 固定搭配不多3. 詞性辨析比較容易4. 題目設(shè)計(jì)的原則是首句不設(shè)空,一句話中不設(shè)兩空,設(shè)空比較均勻,基本覆蓋全文 . 選詞填空難點(diǎn):1. 詞性可能會(huì)變。2. 錯(cuò)一題,可能會(huì)錯(cuò)兩題。3 選詞填空特點(diǎn)和難點(diǎn) 通讀全文是用較快速
3、度,一行一行地讀,目的是把握至少90% 的文章內(nèi)容。這大概就用1分鐘時(shí)間。 選詞填空后面的選項(xiàng)詞義互不關(guān)聯(lián),詞性也不同,而且還有5個(gè)干擾項(xiàng),一定要先了解文章大意,帶著文章脈絡(luò)去找選項(xiàng)。所以,務(wù)必先沉著地把文章讀一遍,尤其注意gap 前后的位置,為尋找正確選項(xiàng)打下鋪墊。選詞填空短文的第一句對(duì)全文的內(nèi)容有概括提示作用,所以一定要認(rèn)真看懂第一句,而且反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞也是幫助考生掌握文章大致內(nèi)容的重要線索。 三、 選詞填空解題步驟選詞填空的解題步驟第一步:通讀全文read through提醒:通讀就是根據(jù)首段原則以及首末句原則,迅速抓出文章的主題。判定文章主題對(duì)于篇章的整體把握具有很大的積極意義。第二步:
4、整理選項(xiàng)classify the options整理選項(xiàng)。大概花費(fèi)1分鐘,即辨別每個(gè)單詞詞性的時(shí)間為4秒/詞。分別標(biāo)出15個(gè)備選項(xiàng)的詞性,比如在名詞旁標(biāo)注n.,在動(dòng)詞旁寫上v.,形容詞旁標(biāo)注adj.,副詞旁寫上adv.等。目前四級(jí)考試只考實(shí)詞(notional words)中的四種:名詞n、動(dòng)詞v、形容詞adj、副詞adv; (不考代詞和數(shù)詞;也不考虛詞(冠詞art, 介詞prep, 連詞conj, 感嘆詞interj) )特點(diǎn):四種實(shí)詞中,考的最少的是副詞adv, 不超過(guò)兩個(gè)空。剩下的三種平均每次有三道題。根據(jù)真題,動(dòng)詞一直是考三個(gè)。另外三種詞性,有兩個(gè)的,也有四個(gè)的。3. 動(dòng)詞歸類要細(xì)分為
5、v,v-ed, v-ing。因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)空可以填動(dòng)詞,但填原形還是過(guò)去式還是-ing形式要自己根據(jù)語(yǔ)法判斷。標(biāo)注詞性時(shí)注意的問(wèn)題此外,以-ing, -ed 結(jié)尾的詞也可能是分詞轉(zhuǎn)變而來(lái)的形容詞,如holding做動(dòng)詞:Shes holding her mothers hand. 做形容詞:holding company (控股公司);再如acquired做動(dòng)詞:academic skills he acquired. 做形容詞:a newly acquired jacket (新買的夾克)。1. 不認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞看詞綴2. 認(rèn)識(shí)的單詞要注意詞性的單一性和多樣性 比如:有的詞display, conce
6、rn, challenge做名詞和做動(dòng)詞都很常見(jiàn).這時(shí)兩個(gè)都要標(biāo)出來(lái),先標(biāo)你腦子里第一個(gè)出現(xiàn)的詞性。(見(jiàn)后面附表) 這時(shí)怎么辦?碰到這種情況,先一律看成是動(dòng)詞,包括非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,然后,根據(jù)是否存在缺-adj的具體情況來(lái)決定。4)如果選項(xiàng)中出現(xiàn)一組近義詞或反義詞時(shí),往往有一個(gè)是干擾選項(xiàng),它注重考察的是詞匯的精確理解,要求考生分析清楚其細(xì)微的區(qū)別。1)Indeed, pain is now considered the fifth vital sign, as important as blood pressure, temperature, breathing rate and pulse in
7、_49_ a persons well-being. 2) Decades ago, there were only a _55_ number of drugs available, determininglimited提醒:詞性要標(biāo)在選項(xiàng)的前面,也就是A, B, C的前面,齊刷刷的好看。也可標(biāo)在兩組選項(xiàng)的中間空白處,方便對(duì)照。 我們?cè)谶x擇時(shí),根據(jù)所掌握的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則來(lái)初步確定每個(gè)空應(yīng)填詞匯的詞性,縮小選擇范圍。然后,根據(jù)上下文的內(nèi)在邏輯結(jié)構(gòu)選擇合適的選項(xiàng)填空。第三步:選詞填空 fill in the gaps動(dòng)詞的確定:動(dòng)詞最容易確定,因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)句子沒(méi)有動(dòng)詞就等于沒(méi)有謂語(yǔ),是很明顯的缺陷。而
8、且動(dòng)詞的關(guān)聯(lián)性、可比性最差,選這個(gè)和選那個(gè)有天壤之別。1 判斷原文空缺處所需單詞的詞性,縮小正確選項(xiàng)范圍如何判斷原文空缺處所需單詞的詞性: 1.In particular, when older patients _ of pain, they were told it was a natural part of aging and they would have to learn to live with it. (complain)2.The rainfall is increased across South America, _ floods to Peru. (bring)3.Tha
9、ts why a growing number of hospitals now depend upon physicians who _ in pain medicine、(specialize)a)前后都是名詞短語(yǔ),中間一般為動(dòng)詞(時(shí)態(tài)看前后文); b) 一個(gè)句子有且只有一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;c)一個(gè)完整的句子之后再跟逗號(hào),后面一般是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。名詞的確定:The hot, humid (潮濕的) air over the ocean causes severe a thunderstorms.Education soon became a _ .(nightmare)As the trade
10、 winds lessen in (strength)如何判斷原文空缺處所需單詞的詞性:名詞主要做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ);b. 形容詞或名詞都可以修飾名詞;c. 限定詞(the, this, that, a, my之類)后必有名詞;d. 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞前必有名詞或名詞性質(zhì)的主語(yǔ)e. 介詞后面必有名詞或相當(dāng)與名詞的詞.(可能是形容詞,也可能是名詞修飾thunderstorms)副詞的確定:形容詞的確定:1名詞的前面。 women are customers.2副詞的后面。 El Nino brought the most weather in modern history.3句子的前面。Not , the jur
11、y found them both guilty. 2形容詞的前面。but they are still not sure what leads to it1動(dòng)詞的附近(指前面或后面)。students outperform their peers jobs that used to be done by women如何判斷原文空缺處所需單詞的詞性:(1)根據(jù)固定搭配或語(yǔ)感主動(dòng)發(fā)現(xiàn)缺失信息,然后正確匹配2 運(yùn)用邏輯和語(yǔ)言知識(shí)儲(chǔ)備解題所謂語(yǔ)感,就是對(duì)語(yǔ)言的感覺(jué),它是在平時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)和閱讀中形成的一種潛在的語(yǔ)言能力。有時(shí)候是你無(wú)法解釋理由,但你的選項(xiàng)是正確的。固定搭配:在選詞填空中,約定俗成的固定搭配不
12、是很多,諸如,我們所說(shuō)的idoms等。但是,對(duì)固定搭配的另外一種理解是這種搭配很常見(jiàn),比如:漢語(yǔ)說(shuō)“學(xué)知識(shí)”,而英語(yǔ)不說(shuō)“l(fā)earn knowledge”, 而是“acquire knowledge”; 還有,要描述 rain 很大,我們用heavy修飾;當(dāng)我們說(shuō)heavy traffic是表示交通擁堵。此外,非常重要的一點(diǎn)是注意小品詞,即我們通常所說(shuō)的to, in , on , at ,from等等,因?yàn)樵谀撤N程度上,它們能給我們關(guān)于選擇項(xiàng)的提示。如:my for her moved her . (attitude ; love) the income gives them new inde
13、pendence and buying power. For example, women now _ about half of all cars. 正向并列:buying 同義詞暗示 purchase. (2)理清復(fù)雜句式或上下文的邏輯結(jié)構(gòu),進(jìn)行解題對(duì)復(fù)雜句的結(jié)構(gòu)分析能幫助我們對(duì)句子的成分更加清晰,能清楚地確定空格處所需填入詞匯的詞性,甚至可能的意思。上下文邏輯關(guān)系也對(duì)選項(xiàng)產(chǎn)生影響。大家需要關(guān)注形式上的邏輯關(guān)系和意義上邏輯關(guān)系。所謂形式上的邏輯關(guān)系就是我們通常講的因果,讓步,遞進(jìn)等;而意義上的邏輯關(guān)系就是以語(yǔ)篇表達(dá)的意思為線索,前后文中,意義上存在那些關(guān)系。比如說(shuō),描述一個(gè)人的心情的變化,
14、心情好時(shí),應(yīng)該使用的是積極詞匯,而心情不好時(shí)則使用消極詞匯。當(dāng)然,形式和意思之間存在緊密聯(lián)系,不能割裂開(kāi)來(lái)。填空完成后,再次復(fù)讀全文,自我感覺(jué)上下文是否通順、內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系是否連貫。如有問(wèn)題,也需要謹(jǐn)慎的微作調(diào)整。第四步:復(fù)讀全文,謹(jǐn)慎調(diào)整選詞填空范例分析四、 真題分析首先跳讀全文,抓住文章中心Dreaming is a way for the subconscious to communicate with the 36_ mind. Dreaming of something youre worried about is the brains way of helping you rehea
15、rse for s disaster if it occurs. Dreaming of a challenge, like giving a presentation at work or playing sports, can enhance your 37_. And cognitive neuroscientists have discovered that dreams and the rapid eye movement while youre dreaming are 38_ to our ability to learn and remember. Dreaming is a
16、“mood regulatory system,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chairman of the psychology 39_ at Rush University Medical Centre. Shes found that dreams help people work through the days emotional quandaries 困惑. “Its like having a built-in therapist,” say Cartwright. While we 40_, dreams compare new emotional e
17、xperience to old memories, creating plaid-like (格子一樣)patterns of old images laid on top of new ones. As she puts it, “you may wake up and think “what was Uncle Harry doing in my dream? I havent seen him for 50 years”. 首先跳讀全文,抓住文章中心But the old and new images are 41_ related.” Its the job of the consc
18、ious mind to figure out the relationship. In fact, dream emotions can help real therapists treat patients 42_ traumatic life events. In a study of 30 divorced adults, Cartwright tracked their dreams 43_ a five-month period, she discovered those who were angriest at the spouse while dreaming had the
19、best chance of successfully coping with divorce. “ If their dreams were bland,” Cartwright says, “they hadnt started to work through their emotions and 44_ the divorce.” For therapists, this finding will help 45_ if the divorced need counseling or have already dreamed their troubles away. 2. 細(xì)察并標(biāo)出備選
20、詞詞性deal with v. I. determine v. physically ad. J. sleep v./n.C. wake v./n. K. department n.D. performance n. L. conscious a.E. unconscious a. M. presentation n.F. undergoing ing/a./n-ing N. linked ed./a.G. experience v./n. O. emotionally ad.H. over prep./ad./a./v. Dreaming is a way for the subconsci
21、ous to communicate with the 36_ mind. Dreaming of something youre worried about is the brains way of helping you rehearse for s disaster if it occurs. Dreaming of a challenge, like giving a presentation at work or playing sports, can enhance your 37_. deal with v. I. determine v. physically ad. J. s
22、leep v./n.C. wake v./n. K. department n.D. performance n. L. conscious a.E. unconscious a. M. presentation n.F. undergoing ing/a./n-ing N. linked ed./a.G. experience v./n. O. emotionally ad.H. over prep./ad./a./v. 缺a. Unconscious and conscious 為一對(duì)反義詞。而unconscious (無(wú)意識(shí)的,失去知覺(jué)的)為干擾項(xiàng)。答案為L(zhǎng).conscious缺n. 根
23、據(jù)內(nèi)容,答案為D. performance. 表現(xiàn)deal with v. I. determine v. physically ad. J. sleep v./n.C. wake v./n. K. department n.D. performance n. L. conscious a.E. unconscious a. M. presentation n.F. undergoing ing/a./n-ing N. linked ed./a.G. experience v./n. O. emotionally ad.H. over prep./ad./a./v. And cognitive
24、 neuroscientists have discovered that dreams and the rapid eye movement while youre dreaming are 38_ to our ability to learn and remember. Dreaming is a “mood regulatory system,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chairman of the psychology 39_ at Rush University Medical Centre. Shes found that dreams help p
25、eople work through the days emotional quandaries.形容詞或分詞作表語(yǔ),與有關(guān)聯(lián),N. be linked to缺n. 根據(jù)內(nèi)容,答案為K. department 大學(xué)的系,部deal with v. I. determine v. physically ad. J. sleep v./n.C. wake v./n. K. department n.D. performance n. L. conscious a.E. unconscious a. M. presentation n.F. undergoing ing/a./n-ing N. li
26、nked ed./a.G. experience v./n. O. emotionally ad.H. over prep./ad./a./v. “Its like having a built-in therapist,” say Cartwright. While we 40_, dreams compare new emotional experience to old memories, creating plaid-like patterns of old images laid on top of new ones. As she puts it, “you may wake up
27、 and think “what was Uncle Harry doing in my dream? I havent seen him for 50 years”. But the old and new images are 41_ related.” Its the job of the conscious mind to figure out the relationship. 缺v. 根據(jù)下文,時(shí)態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),答案為J. sleep缺adv. Physically/emotionally 是一對(duì)反義詞。根據(jù)上文,答案應(yīng)為:O. emotionallydeal with v. I.
28、 determine v. physically ad. J. sleep v./n.C. wake v./n. K. department n.D. performance n. L. conscious a.E. unconscious a. M. presentation n.F. undergoing ing/a./n-ing N. Linked ed./a.G. experience v./n. O. emotionally ad.H. over prep./ad./a./v. In fact, dream emotions can help real therapists trea
29、t patients 42_ traumatic life events. In a study of 30 divorced adults, Cartwright tracked their dreams 43_ a five-month period, she discovered those who were angriest at the spouse while dreaming had the best chance of successfully coping with divorce. 分詞作定語(yǔ)。只有F. undergoing 經(jīng)歷缺prep. 在時(shí)間名詞前,只有H. ove
30、rdeal with v. I. determine v. physically ad. J. sleep v./n.C. wake v./n. K. department n.D. performance n. L. conscious a.E. unconscious a. M. presentation n.F. undergoing ing/a./n-ing N. Linked ed./a.G. experience v./n. O. emotionally ad.H. over prep./ad./a./v. “ If their dreams were bland,” Cartwr
31、ight says, “they hadnt started to work through their emotions and 44_ the divorce.” For therapists, this finding will help 45_ if the divorced need counseling or have already dreamed their troubles away. 前文有動(dòng)詞不定式,并列關(guān)系,需要?jiǎng)釉~原形A. deal with缺v. /n. ifor表選擇,需要做決定。I. determine 做選詞填空時(shí),我們先通讀文章,了解大意。然后對(duì)選項(xiàng)中的單詞
32、進(jìn)行詞性辨別。當(dāng)我們?cè)俅位氐轿恼轮腥r(shí),在文章大意的指引下,根據(jù)文章前后的語(yǔ)法關(guān)系判斷應(yīng)填入的詞性,大大縮小選擇范圍。當(dāng)一個(gè)空可以填入好幾個(gè)相同詞性的詞時(shí),則根據(jù)上下文邏輯意義;如果均能說(shuō)得通時(shí),要注意近義辨析。或留到最后,等范圍縮小到最小時(shí)再輕松收尾。即傳統(tǒng)閱讀所說(shuō)的,首遍不行無(wú)所謂,文章看完再收尾。當(dāng)然,語(yǔ)感在一定程度上會(huì)給我們幫助,如果必要的話。真題分析后的總結(jié)五、平時(shí)如何提高選詞填空技能1 掌握詞匯的詞性多樣性特征。2 了解詞綴知識(shí),擴(kuò)充詞匯量;關(guān)注詞匯之間的常用搭配;分析語(yǔ)篇內(nèi)的邏輯關(guān)系;提高自己分析復(fù)合句的語(yǔ)法技能;6 多閱讀,注意語(yǔ)言細(xì)節(jié);平時(shí)如何提高選詞填空技能 原快速閱讀理解
33、調(diào)整為長(zhǎng)篇閱讀理解,篇章長(zhǎng)度和難度不變。篇章后附有10個(gè)句子,每句一題。每句所含的信息出自篇章的某一段落,要求考生找出與每句所含信息相匹配的段落。一般一個(gè)段落對(duì)應(yīng)一題;有的段落可能對(duì)應(yīng)兩題或更多,有多次被選的可能;有的段落可能不對(duì)應(yīng)任何一題。 長(zhǎng)篇閱讀之信息匹配一、題型分析建議答題時(shí)間:15分鐘左右文章特征:1200-1500字左右,多為論說(shuō)文/說(shuō)明文,大多選自英美等國(guó)出版的報(bào)紙、雜志或書籍。文章語(yǔ)言規(guī)范,條理清晰,通常涉及到一些諸如科普、環(huán)境、經(jīng)濟(jì)、生活、文化及教育等社會(huì)熱點(diǎn)。二、題型特點(diǎn)1. 絕對(duì)亂序(意味著考生不能按“題問(wèn)同序”的原則逐一解題)2. 絕對(duì)同義轉(zhuǎn)換3. 通常超細(xì)節(jié)4. 通常
34、無(wú)特殊印刷體而以上三個(gè)特點(diǎn)則意味著考生要死掉大量的腦細(xì)胞去理解所讀到的每個(gè)信息,而無(wú)法快速地定位。3大解題技巧讀題干并確定關(guān)鍵詞-去原文中定位關(guān)鍵詞-分析定位句-分析題干-確定答案1. 用“打包”方法對(duì)付亂序:把整組題干全部一次性吃透,然后去原文從頭到尾定位。否則,考生如果按順序逐題解答,時(shí)間會(huì)嚴(yán)重不足,最好是文章一遍看下來(lái),能找到所有的信息。此外,考生應(yīng)該注意定位原文的過(guò)程中,一定要腦、眼和手并用:不用腦會(huì)導(dǎo)致忽視同義轉(zhuǎn)換,不用手(筆)會(huì)是考生處于走馬觀花的狀態(tài),然后會(huì)懷疑自己是不是漏掉了信息而不停地反復(fù)看題干。2. “吃透”題干,準(zhǔn)確判斷關(guān)鍵詞至關(guān)重要。如果沒(méi)有吃透題干,就無(wú)法準(zhǔn)確判斷關(guān)鍵
35、詞,就可能對(duì)原文中的重要信息沒(méi)感覺(jué)。一般來(lái)說(shuō),題干關(guān)鍵詞就是實(shí)詞,以及一些數(shù)字、專用名詞等。3. 在解題的先后順序上,采用先易后難的策略。采用由易到難的解題策略,可以提升考生的解題信心。對(duì)于那些答題線索較少的題干細(xì)節(jié)信息,可以留到最后再解答。在解答這類較難的題目時(shí),考生可快速閱讀原文中仍未選過(guò)的段落的主題句(通常為第一句,第二句或最后一句),之后根據(jù)段落大意與題干中的細(xì)節(jié)信息進(jìn)行匹配。四級(jí)改革樣卷在選擇時(shí)一定要有明確的匹配關(guān)系。明確匹配關(guān)系包括: 1)同義關(guān)系2)正話反說(shuō) 反話正說(shuō)3)概括歸納關(guān)鍵詞的類型1. 一些拼寫較長(zhǎng)的詞,比如如:internship,competitiveness,gl
36、obalization,integration,sustainability,innovative,immigration等。這些詞屬于低頻詞,一般不會(huì)大篇幅地出現(xiàn)。利用這些詞可以高效地查找匹配段落。另外,這些詞有時(shí)會(huì)作為生詞在文中標(biāo)注出來(lái),像internship,在原文中用斜體印刷,并以括號(hào)備注中文。我們選它做關(guān)鍵詞,瞬間就能找到原文出處了。2. 數(shù)字,包括年代、百分比、特殊事件等。如樣卷中的:mid-1970s, 3.9 percent,20 percent,September 11等。利用這些數(shù)字進(jìn)行定位,測(cè)得的準(zhǔn)確率是100%哦!3. 以連字符連接的特殊詞匯。如:university-
37、based,one-child。這些詞是由兩個(gè)(或三個(gè))單詞連接的新詞,一般當(dāng)成形容詞使用。三個(gè)單詞的例子如:hard-to-grasp難以理解的。這些詞也屬于低頻詞,一般不會(huì)大篇幅出現(xiàn)。需要注意的是有時(shí)候我們需要將這些詞拆開(kāi)來(lái)定位,如one-child在原文中是沒(méi)有的,原文是這樣的“They often compromise by having just one child. ”這里的one child就不是整體作為形容詞使用了。4. 研究、報(bào)告、書籍型詞匯,如:report,study,books等。一般來(lái)說(shuō)研究、報(bào)告等內(nèi)容都是易考點(diǎn),這些信息經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)在特定的段落里,所以根據(jù)這些詞匯作為關(guān)
38、鍵詞也很容易定位。5. 最高級(jí),如best,worst,most等。我們?cè)谄匠5拈喿x中應(yīng)多關(guān)注最高級(jí)出現(xiàn)的地方,因?yàn)樗3J强键c(diǎn)。6. 除了以上所列,一些承載主要信息的名詞、形容詞等也可作為關(guān)鍵詞。如:funding,unsteady , values,employers,older workers,reforms,shortage,war,immigration,rich countries等。這些詞的判斷需要大家多加練習(xí)與體會(huì)。三、確定核心定位詞技巧專有名詞(人名、機(jī)構(gòu)名稱、地點(diǎn)),數(shù)詞,時(shí)間詞,連字符詞經(jīng)常充當(dāng)定位詞;較長(zhǎng)、較難的名詞往往具有顯性定位功能;動(dòng)賓結(jié)構(gòu),題干新信息也可用來(lái)定位
39、;定位詞最好有23個(gè),在題干中不同的位置。不能用中心思想詞定位,因?yàn)槲恼露颊f(shuō)的是它。 Thank You for Your Attendance!大學(xué)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)講座(閱讀篇)By Liu Sheng-hua以ion, age, ness, ty, ship, ace, ance, ancy, ence, ency, dom, itude, um, mony 結(jié)尾的大都是名詞;以ize, ise, fy結(jié)尾的大都是動(dòng)詞;以ive, ent, ant, ful, ous, able, ary, ic, cal, less結(jié)尾的是大都是形容詞;以ly, s, ways, wise 結(jié)尾的大都是副詞。詞
40、綴附表:1. 名詞后綴 1)-or/er/ess/crat/cis:做某件事情或職業(yè)的人或物:worker, debtor ,actress, democrat,2)-acy, 表示性質(zhì),狀態(tài),境遇 democracy, accuracy, diplomacy3)-ance, -ence表示性質(zhì),狀況,行為,過(guò)程,總量,程度” importance, diligence, difference, obedience4)-ancy, -ency, 表示性質(zhì),狀態(tài),行為,過(guò)程 frequency, urgency, efficiency,5)-bility, 表示動(dòng)作,性質(zhì),狀態(tài) possibil
41、ity, flexibility, feasibility,6)-dom, 表示等級(jí),領(lǐng)域,狀態(tài) freedom, kingdom, wisdom7)-hood, 表示資格,身份, 年紀(jì),狀態(tài) childhood, manhood, falsehood8)-ion, -sion, -tion, -ation, -ition, 表示行為的過(guò)程,結(jié)果,狀況 action, solution, conclusion, destruction, expression, correction9)-ism, 表示制度,主義,學(xué)說(shuō),信仰,行為 socialism, criticism, colloquialism, heroism10)-ity, 表示性質(zhì),狀態(tài),程度” purity, reality, ability, calamity11)-ment, 表示行為,狀態(tài),過(guò)程,手段及其結(jié)果 treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument
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