中國的環(huán)境保護問題

1、.：.；中國的環(huán)境維護問題英漢對照中國政府非常注重因人口增長和經(jīng)濟開展而出現(xiàn)的環(huán)境問題，把維護環(huán)境作為提高人民生活程度和生活質(zhì)量的一個重要方面。為了促進經(jīng)濟、社會與環(huán)境的協(xié)調(diào)開展，中國在80年代制定并實施了一系列維護環(huán)境的方針、政策、法律和措施。The Chinese government has paid great attention to the environmental issues arising from the countrys population growth and economic development, and has made protecting the env

2、ironment an important aspect of the improvement of the peoples living standards and quality of life. In order to promote coordinated development between the economy, the society and the environment, China enacted and implemented a series of principles, policies, laws and measures for environmental p

3、rotection in the 1980s. 確立環(huán)境維護為中國的一項根本國策。防治環(huán)境污染和生態(tài)破壞以及合理開發(fā)利用自然資源關(guān)系到國家的全局利益和長久開展，中國政府堅決不移地貫徹執(zhí)行環(huán)境維護這項根本國策。- Making environmental protection one of Chinas basic national policies. The prevention and control of environmental pollution and ecological destruction and the rational exploitation and utilizat

4、ion of natural resources are of vital importance to the countrys overall interests and long-term development. The Chinese government is unswervingly carrying out the basic national policy of environmental protection. 制定經(jīng)濟建立、城鄉(xiāng)建立和環(huán)境建立同步規(guī)劃、同步實施、同步開展，實現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟效益、社會效益、環(huán)境效益相一致的指點方針，實行“預(yù)防為主，防治結(jié)合、“誰污染，誰治理和“強化環(huán)境

5、管理三大政策。- Formulating the guiding principles of simultaneous planning, simultaneous implementation and simultaneous development for economic construction, urban and rural construction and environmental construction, and combining the economic returns with social effects and environmental benefits; an

6、d carrying out the three major policies of prevention first and combining prevention with control, making the causer of pollution responsible for treating it and intensifying environmental management. 公布實施環(huán)境維護的法律法規(guī)，把環(huán)境維護建立在法制的根底上，不斷完善環(huán)境法律體系，嚴(yán)厲執(zhí)法程序，加大執(zhí)法力度，保證環(huán)境法律法規(guī)的有效實施。- Promulgating and putting into

7、 effect laws and regulations regarding environmental protection and placing environmental protection on a legal footing, continuously improving the statutes concerning the environment, formulating strict law-enforcement procedures and increasing the intensity of law enforcement so as to ensure the e

8、ffective implementation of the environmental laws and regulations. 堅持環(huán)境維護納入國民經(jīng)濟和社會開展方案，實施國家指點下的宏觀調(diào)控與管理，逐漸添加對環(huán)境維護的投入，使環(huán)境維護與各項建立事業(yè)統(tǒng)籌兼顧，協(xié)調(diào)開展。- Persisting in incorporating environmental protection into the plans for national economic and social development, introducing to it macro regulation and managem

9、ent under state guidance, and gradually increasing environmental protection input so as to give simultaneous consideration to environmental protection and other undertakings and ensure their coordinated development. 建立健全各級政府的環(huán)境維護機構(gòu)，構(gòu)成比較完善的環(huán)境管理體制，充分發(fā)揚環(huán)境監(jiān)視管理的作用。- Establishing and improving environment

10、al protection organizations under governments at all levels, forming a rather complete environmental control system, and bringing into full play the governments role in environmental supervision and administration. 加速環(huán)境科學(xué)技術(shù)的提高。加強根底實際研討，組織科技攻關(guān)，開發(fā)和推行防治環(huán)境污染的適用技術(shù)，扶植環(huán)境維護產(chǎn)業(yè)的開展，初步構(gòu)成了環(huán)境維護科研體系。- Accelerating

11、 progress in environmental science and technology. Strengthening research into basic theories, organizing the tackling of key scientific and technological problems, developing and popularizing pracitical technology for environmental pollution prevention and control, fostering the growth of environme

12、ntal protection industries, and giving initial shape to an environmental protection scientific research system. 開展環(huán)境宣傳教育，提高全民族的環(huán)境認識。廣泛進展環(huán)境宣傳，逐漸普及中小學(xué)環(huán)境教育，開展環(huán)境維護在職教育和專業(yè)教育，培育環(huán)境科學(xué)技術(shù)和管理方面的專門人才。- Carrying out environmental publicity and education to enhance the whole nations awareness of the environment.

13、Widely conducting environmental publicity work, gradually popularizing environmental education in secondary and primary schools, developing on-the-job education in environimen tal protection and vocational education, and training specialized personnel in environmental science and technology as well

14、as environmental administration. 推進環(huán)境維護領(lǐng)域的國際協(xié)作。積極開展同世界各國和國際組織在環(huán)境與開展方面的交流與協(xié)作，仔細履行國際環(huán)境公約，努力發(fā)揚中國在國際環(huán)境事務(wù)中的作用。- Promoting international cooperation in the field of environmental protection. Actively expanding exchanges and cooperation concerning the environment and development with other countries and in

15、ternational organizations, earnestly implementing international environmental conventions, and seeking scope for Chinas role in global environmental affairs. 進入90年代，國際社會與世界各國在探求處理環(huán)境與開展問題的道路上邁出了重要一步。1992年6月，結(jié)合國環(huán)境與開展大會把可繼續(xù)開展作為未來共同的開展戰(zhàn)略，得到了與會各國政府的普遍贊同。Since the beginning of the 1990s the international

16、community and various countries have made an important step forward in exploring solutions to problems of the environment and development. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in June 1992, made sustainable development the strategy for common development in the future,

17、and this won wide acclaim from the governments of all countries represented at the conference. 1992年8月，結(jié)合國環(huán)境與開展大會之后，中國政府提出了中國環(huán)境與開展應(yīng)采取的十大對策，明確指出走可繼續(xù)開展道路是當(dāng)代中國以及未來的必然選擇。In August 1992, shortly after that conference, the Chinese government put forward ten major measures China was to adopt to enhance its

18、 environment and development, clearly pointing out that the road of sustainable development was a logical choice for China now and in the future. 1994年3月，中國政府同意發(fā)布了，從人口、環(huán)境與開展的詳細國情出發(fā)，提出了中國可繼續(xù)開展的總體戰(zhàn)略、對策以及行動方案。有關(guān)部門和地方也分別制定了實施可繼續(xù)開展戰(zhàn)略的行動方案。In March 1994 the Chinese government approved and promulgated Chin

19、as Agenda 21 - White Paper on Chinas Population, Environment, and Development in the 21st Century. This document, proceeding from the countrys specific national conditions in these three respects, put forward Chinas overall strategy, measures and program of action for sustainable development. The va

20、rious departments and localities also worked out their respective plans of action to implement the strategy for sustainable development. 1996年3月，第八屆全國人民代表大會第四次會議審議經(jīng)過的，把實施可繼續(xù)開展作為現(xiàn)代化建立的一項艱苦戰(zhàn)略，使可繼續(xù)開展戰(zhàn)略在中國經(jīng)濟建立和社會開展過程中得以實施。 At its Fourth Session in March 1996 Chinas Eighth National Peoples Congress exami

21、ned and adopted the Ninth Five-Year Plan of the Peoples Republic of China for National Economic and Social Development and the Outline of the Long-Term Target for the Year 2021. Both the Plan and Outline take sustainable development as an important strategy for modernization, thus making it possible

22、 for the implementation of the strategy of sustainable development in the course of Chinas economic construction and social development. 二、逐漸完善的法律體系與管理體制 中國注重環(huán)境法制建立，目前曾經(jīng)構(gòu)成了以為根底，以為主體的環(huán)境法律體系。 規(guī)定：“國家維護和改善生活環(huán)境和生態(tài)環(huán)境，防治污染和其他公害?！皣冶ＷC自然資源的合理利用，維護珍貴的動物和植物。制止任何組織或者個人用任何手段侵占或者破壞自然資源。 是中國環(huán)境維護的根本法。該法確立了經(jīng)濟建立、社會開展

23、與環(huán)境維護協(xié)調(diào)開展的根本方針，規(guī)定了各級政府、一切單位和個人維護環(huán)境的權(quán)益和義務(wù)。 中國針對特定的環(huán)境維護對象制定公布了多項環(huán)境維護專門法以及與環(huán)境維護相關(guān)的資源法，包括：、等。 中國政府還制定了、等30多件環(huán)境維護行政法規(guī)。此外，各有關(guān)部門還發(fā)布了大量的環(huán)境維護行政規(guī)章。 中國地方人民代表大會和地方人民政府為實施國家環(huán)境維護法律，結(jié)合本地域的詳細情況，制定和公布了600多項環(huán)境維護地方性法規(guī)。 環(huán)境規(guī)范是中國環(huán)境法律體系的一個重要組成部分，包括環(huán)境質(zhì)量規(guī)范、污染物排放規(guī)范、環(huán)境根底規(guī)范、樣品規(guī)范和方法規(guī)范。環(huán)境質(zhì)量規(guī)范、污染物排放規(guī)范分為國家規(guī)范和地方規(guī)范。到1995年底，中國公布了364項

24、各類國家環(huán)境規(guī)范。中國法律規(guī)定，環(huán)境質(zhì)量規(guī)范和污染物排放規(guī)范屬于強迫性規(guī)范，違反強迫性環(huán)境規(guī)范，必需承當(dāng)相應(yīng)的法律責(zé)任。 在建立健全環(huán)境法律體系的過程中，中國把環(huán)境執(zhí)法放在與環(huán)境立法同等重要的位置，延續(xù)4年開展了全國環(huán)境執(zhí)法檢查，對污染和破壞環(huán)境的行為進展嚴(yán)肅查處，對環(huán)境違法犯罪行為進展嚴(yán)峻打擊。中國非常注重人民群眾和新聞言論對環(huán)境違法行為的監(jiān)視，開辟了人民群眾反映環(huán)境問題的渠道，加強了新聞媒介對環(huán)境違法行為的揭露和曝光。 應(yīng)該指出的是，中國的環(huán)境法制建立還需求進一步完善，如某些方面存在著立法空白、有些法律的內(nèi)容需求補充和修正、有法不依、執(zhí)法不嚴(yán)的景象等。因此，繼續(xù)加強環(huán)境法制建立仍是一項重要

25、的戰(zhàn)略義務(wù)。 中國同樣注重環(huán)境管理體制建立，如今曾經(jīng)建立起由全國人民代表大會立法監(jiān)視，各級政府擔(dān)任實施，環(huán)境維護行政主管部門一致監(jiān)視管理，各有關(guān)部門按照法律規(guī)定實施監(jiān)視管理的體制。 全國人民代表大會設(shè)有環(huán)境與資源維護委員會，擔(dān)任組織起草和審議環(huán)境與資源維護方面的法律草案并提出報告，監(jiān)視環(huán)境與資源維護方面法律的執(zhí)行，提出同環(huán)境與資源維護問題有關(guān)的議案，開展與各國議會之間在環(huán)境與資源維護領(lǐng)域的交往。一些省、市人民代表大會也相應(yīng)設(shè)立了環(huán)境與資源維護機構(gòu)。 國務(wù)院環(huán)境維護委員會由國務(wù)院有關(guān)部門的指點成員組成，是國務(wù)院環(huán)境維護任務(wù)的議事和協(xié)調(diào)機構(gòu)。其主要義務(wù)是：研討和審議國家環(huán)境維護與經(jīng)濟協(xié)調(diào)開展的方針

26、、政策和措施，指點并協(xié)調(diào)處理有關(guān)的艱苦環(huán)境問題，監(jiān)視檢查各地域、各部門貫徹執(zhí)行環(huán)境維護法律法規(guī)的情況，推進和促進全國環(huán)境維護事業(yè)的開展。省、市、縣人民政府也相應(yīng)設(shè)立了環(huán)境維護委員會。 國家環(huán)境維護局是國務(wù)院環(huán)境維護行政主管部門，對全國環(huán)境維護任務(wù)實施一致監(jiān)視管理。省、市、縣人民政府也相繼設(shè)立了環(huán)境維護行政主管部門，對本轄區(qū)的環(huán)境維護任務(wù)實施一致監(jiān)視管理。目前，中國縣級以上環(huán)境維護行政主管部門有2500多個，從事環(huán)境行政管理、監(jiān)測、監(jiān)理、統(tǒng)計、科學(xué)研討、宣傳教育等的總?cè)藬?shù)達8.8萬人。 中國各級政府的綜合部門、資源管理部門和工業(yè)部門也設(shè)立了環(huán)境維護機構(gòu)，擔(dān)任相應(yīng)的環(huán)境與資源維護任務(wù)。中國多數(shù)大中

27、型企業(yè)也設(shè)有環(huán)境維護機構(gòu)，擔(dān)任本企業(yè)的污染防治以及推行清潔消費。目前，各部門和企業(yè)的各類環(huán)境維護人員已達20多萬人。 China pays great attention to environmental legislative work and has now established an environmental statutory framework that takes the Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China as the foundation and the Environmental Protection Law of

28、the Peoples Republic of China as the main body. The Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China stipulates, The state protects and improves the living environment and the ecological environment, and prevents and remedies pollution and other public hazards, and The state ensures the rational use of

29、 natural resources and protects rare animals and plants. The appropriation or damage of natural resources by any organization or individual by whatever means is prohibiited. The Environmental Protection Law of the Peoples Republic of China is the cardinal law for environmental protection in China. T

30、he law has established the basic principle for coordinated development between economic construction, social progress and environmental protection, and defined the rights and duties of governments at all levels, all units and individuals as regards environmental protection. China has enacted and pro

31、mulgated many special laws on environmental protection as well as laws on natural resources related to environmental protection. They include the Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, Law on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution, Law on the Prevention and Control of Environment

32、al Pollution by Solid Wastes, Marine Environment Protection Law, Forestry Law, Grassland Law, Fisheries Law, Mineral Resources Law, Land Administration Law, Water Resources Law, Law on the Protection of Wild Animals, Law on Water and Soil Conservation, and Agriculture Law. The Chinese government has

33、 also enacted more than 30 administrative decrees regarding environmental protection, including the Regulations for the Prevention and Control of Noise Pollution, Regulations on Nature Reserves, Regulations on the Prevention of and Protection Against Radiation from Radio Isotopes and Radioactive Dev

34、ice, Regulations on the Safe Administration of Chemicals and Other Dangerous Materials, Provisional Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution in the Huaihe River Drainage Area, Regulations Governing Environmental Protection Administration in Offshore Oil Exploration and Developmen

35、t, Regulations on the Control of Marine Wastes Dumping, Regulations for the Implementation of the Protection of Terrestrial Wildlife, Proivisional Regulations on the Administration of National Parks, Regulations on the Protection of Basic Farmland, and Regulations on Urban Afforestation. In addition

36、, departments concerned have also issued a number of administrative rules and decrees on environmental protection. To implement the states environmental protection laws and regulations, peoples congresses and peoples governments at local levels, proceeding from specific conditions in their own areas

37、, have enacted and promulgated more than 600 local laws on environmental protection. Environmental standards are an important component of Chinas environmental statutory framework. They include environmental quality standards, pollutant discharge or emission standards, basic environmental criteria,

38、criteria for samples, and criteria for methodology. The environmental quality standards and pollutant discharge or emission standards are divided into state standards and local standards. By the end of 1995, China had promulgated state environmental standards on 364 items. As stipulated in Chinese l

39、aw, the environmental quality standards and pollutant discharge standards are compulsory standards, and those who violate these compulsory environmental standards must bear the corresponding legal responsibility. In the process of establishing and improving the environmental statutory framework, Chi

40、na attaches equal importance to environmental law enforcement and environmental legislation. For four years in a row, China has conducted nationwide checks on the enforcement of environmental legislation to seriously deal with acts of polluting and damaging the environment and severely punish enviro

41、nmental law violations. China pays great attention to supervision exercised by the people and media over law-breaking activities regarding the environment - it has opened channels for the masses of people to report on environmental problems and adopted measures for the media to expose environmental

42、law-breaking activities. But it should be pointed out that Chinas environmental legislative work needs to be further improved. For instance, some areas still remain uncovered, some contents are yet to be amended or revised and there are still the phenomena of not fully observing or enforcing laws. T

43、herefore, to make continuous efforts to strengthen environmental legislative work remains an important strategic task. China attaches equal importance to the establishment of an environmental administrative system. It has established a system in which the National Peoples Congress enacts the laws, g

44、overnments at different levels take responsibility for their enforcement, the administrative departments in charge of environmental protection exercise overall supervision and administration and the various departments concerned exercise supervision and administration according to the stipulations o

45、f the law. The National Peoples Congress has established an Environment and Resources Protection Committee, whose work it is to organize the formulation and examination of drafted laws related to environmental and resources protection and prepare the necessary reports, exercise supervision over the

46、enforcement of laws governing environmental and resources protection, put forward motions related to the issue of environmental and resources protection, and conduct exchanges with parliaments in other countries in the field of environmental and resources protection. The peoples congresses of some p

47、rovinces and cities have also established corresponding environmental and resources protection organizations. The Environmental Protection Committee under the State Council is made up of leaders of various related ministries under the State Council. It is the State Councils consultancy and coordinat

48、ion agency for environmental protection work. Its major tasks are studying and examining the principles, policies and measures relating to coordinative development of the countrys economy and environmental protection, giving guidance to and coordinating efforts in tackling major environmental problems, exercising supervision over and conducting checks on the implementation of the environmental protection laws and regulations by various localities and departments, and promoting the development of environmental protec