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1、.:.;中國(guó)的環(huán)境維護(hù)問(wèn)題英漢對(duì)照中國(guó)政府非常注重因人口增長(zhǎng)和經(jīng)濟(jì)開(kāi)展而出現(xiàn)的環(huán)境問(wèn)題,把維護(hù)環(huán)境作為提高人民生活程度和生活質(zhì)量的一個(gè)重要方面。為了促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)與環(huán)境的協(xié)調(diào)開(kāi)展,中國(guó)在80年代制定并實(shí)施了一系列維護(hù)環(huán)境的方針、政策、法律和措施。The Chinese government has paid great attention to the environmental issues arising from the countrys population growth and economic development, and has made protecting the env
2、ironment an important aspect of the improvement of the peoples living standards and quality of life. In order to promote coordinated development between the economy, the society and the environment, China enacted and implemented a series of principles, policies, laws and measures for environmental p
3、rotection in the 1980s. 確立環(huán)境維護(hù)為中國(guó)的一項(xiàng)根本國(guó)策。防治環(huán)境污染和生態(tài)破壞以及合理開(kāi)發(fā)利用自然資源關(guān)系到國(guó)家的全局利益和長(zhǎng)久開(kāi)展,中國(guó)政府堅(jiān)決不移地貫徹執(zhí)行環(huán)境維護(hù)這項(xiàng)根本國(guó)策。- Making environmental protection one of Chinas basic national policies. The prevention and control of environmental pollution and ecological destruction and the rational exploitation and utilizat
4、ion of natural resources are of vital importance to the countrys overall interests and long-term development. The Chinese government is unswervingly carrying out the basic national policy of environmental protection. 制定經(jīng)濟(jì)建立、城鄉(xiāng)建立和環(huán)境建立同步規(guī)劃、同步實(shí)施、同步開(kāi)展,實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、社會(huì)效益、環(huán)境效益相一致的指點(diǎn)方針,實(shí)行“預(yù)防為主,防治結(jié)合、“誰(shuí)污染,誰(shuí)治理和“強(qiáng)化環(huán)境
5、管理三大政策。- Formulating the guiding principles of simultaneous planning, simultaneous implementation and simultaneous development for economic construction, urban and rural construction and environmental construction, and combining the economic returns with social effects and environmental benefits; an
6、d carrying out the three major policies of prevention first and combining prevention with control, making the causer of pollution responsible for treating it and intensifying environmental management. 公布實(shí)施環(huán)境維護(hù)的法律法規(guī),把環(huán)境維護(hù)建立在法制的根底上,不斷完善環(huán)境法律體系,嚴(yán)厲執(zhí)法程序,加大執(zhí)法力度,保證環(huán)境法律法規(guī)的有效實(shí)施。- Promulgating and putting into
7、 effect laws and regulations regarding environmental protection and placing environmental protection on a legal footing, continuously improving the statutes concerning the environment, formulating strict law-enforcement procedures and increasing the intensity of law enforcement so as to ensure the e
8、ffective implementation of the environmental laws and regulations. 堅(jiān)持環(huán)境維護(hù)納入國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)開(kāi)展方案,實(shí)施國(guó)家指點(diǎn)下的宏觀調(diào)控與管理,逐漸添加對(duì)環(huán)境維護(hù)的投入,使環(huán)境維護(hù)與各項(xiàng)建立事業(yè)統(tǒng)籌兼顧,協(xié)調(diào)開(kāi)展。- Persisting in incorporating environmental protection into the plans for national economic and social development, introducing to it macro regulation and managem
9、ent under state guidance, and gradually increasing environmental protection input so as to give simultaneous consideration to environmental protection and other undertakings and ensure their coordinated development. 建立健全各級(jí)政府的環(huán)境維護(hù)機(jī)構(gòu),構(gòu)成比較完善的環(huán)境管理體制,充分發(fā)揚(yáng)環(huán)境監(jiān)視管理的作用。- Establishing and improving environment
10、al protection organizations under governments at all levels, forming a rather complete environmental control system, and bringing into full play the governments role in environmental supervision and administration. 加速環(huán)境科學(xué)技術(shù)的提高。加強(qiáng)根底實(shí)際研討,組織科技攻關(guān),開(kāi)發(fā)和推行防治環(huán)境污染的適用技術(shù),扶植環(huán)境維護(hù)產(chǎn)業(yè)的開(kāi)展,初步構(gòu)成了環(huán)境維護(hù)科研體系。- Accelerating
11、 progress in environmental science and technology. Strengthening research into basic theories, organizing the tackling of key scientific and technological problems, developing and popularizing pracitical technology for environmental pollution prevention and control, fostering the growth of environme
12、ntal protection industries, and giving initial shape to an environmental protection scientific research system. 開(kāi)展環(huán)境宣傳教育,提高全民族的環(huán)境認(rèn)識(shí)。廣泛進(jìn)展環(huán)境宣傳,逐漸普及中小學(xué)環(huán)境教育,開(kāi)展環(huán)境維護(hù)在職教育和專業(yè)教育,培育環(huán)境科學(xué)技術(shù)和管理方面的專門(mén)人才。- Carrying out environmental publicity and education to enhance the whole nations awareness of the environment.
13、Widely conducting environmental publicity work, gradually popularizing environmental education in secondary and primary schools, developing on-the-job education in environimen tal protection and vocational education, and training specialized personnel in environmental science and technology as well
14、as environmental administration. 推進(jìn)環(huán)境維護(hù)領(lǐng)域的國(guó)際協(xié)作。積極開(kāi)展同世界各國(guó)和國(guó)際組織在環(huán)境與開(kāi)展方面的交流與協(xié)作,仔細(xì)履行國(guó)際環(huán)境公約,努力發(fā)揚(yáng)中國(guó)在國(guó)際環(huán)境事務(wù)中的作用。- Promoting international cooperation in the field of environmental protection. Actively expanding exchanges and cooperation concerning the environment and development with other countries and in
15、ternational organizations, earnestly implementing international environmental conventions, and seeking scope for Chinas role in global environmental affairs. 進(jìn)入90年代,國(guó)際社會(huì)與世界各國(guó)在探求處理環(huán)境與開(kāi)展問(wèn)題的道路上邁出了重要一步。1992年6月,結(jié)合國(guó)環(huán)境與開(kāi)展大會(huì)把可繼續(xù)開(kāi)展作為未來(lái)共同的開(kāi)展戰(zhàn)略,得到了與會(huì)各國(guó)政府的普遍贊同。Since the beginning of the 1990s the international
16、community and various countries have made an important step forward in exploring solutions to problems of the environment and development. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in June 1992, made sustainable development the strategy for common development in the future,
17、and this won wide acclaim from the governments of all countries represented at the conference. 1992年8月,結(jié)合國(guó)環(huán)境與開(kāi)展大會(huì)之后,中國(guó)政府提出了中國(guó)環(huán)境與開(kāi)展應(yīng)采取的十大對(duì)策,明確指出走可繼續(xù)開(kāi)展道路是當(dāng)代中國(guó)以及未來(lái)的必然選擇。In August 1992, shortly after that conference, the Chinese government put forward ten major measures China was to adopt to enhance its
18、 environment and development, clearly pointing out that the road of sustainable development was a logical choice for China now and in the future. 1994年3月,中國(guó)政府同意發(fā)布了,從人口、環(huán)境與開(kāi)展的詳細(xì)國(guó)情出發(fā),提出了中國(guó)可繼續(xù)開(kāi)展的總體戰(zhàn)略、對(duì)策以及行動(dòng)方案。有關(guān)部門(mén)和地方也分別制定了實(shí)施可繼續(xù)開(kāi)展戰(zhàn)略的行動(dòng)方案。In March 1994 the Chinese government approved and promulgated Chin
19、as Agenda 21 - White Paper on Chinas Population, Environment, and Development in the 21st Century. This document, proceeding from the countrys specific national conditions in these three respects, put forward Chinas overall strategy, measures and program of action for sustainable development. The va
20、rious departments and localities also worked out their respective plans of action to implement the strategy for sustainable development. 1996年3月,第八屆全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)第四次會(huì)議審議經(jīng)過(guò)的,把實(shí)施可繼續(xù)開(kāi)展作為現(xiàn)代化建立的一項(xiàng)艱苦戰(zhàn)略,使可繼續(xù)開(kāi)展戰(zhàn)略在中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)建立和社會(huì)開(kāi)展過(guò)程中得以實(shí)施。 At its Fourth Session in March 1996 Chinas Eighth National Peoples Congress exami
21、ned and adopted the Ninth Five-Year Plan of the Peoples Republic of China for National Economic and Social Development and the Outline of the Long-Term Target for the Year 2021. Both the Plan and Outline take sustainable development as an important strategy for modernization, thus making it possible
22、 for the implementation of the strategy of sustainable development in the course of Chinas economic construction and social development. 二、逐漸完善的法律體系與管理體制 中國(guó)注重環(huán)境法制建立,目前曾經(jīng)構(gòu)成了以為根底,以為主體的環(huán)境法律體系。 規(guī)定:“國(guó)家維護(hù)和改善生活環(huán)境和生態(tài)環(huán)境,防治污染和其他公害?!皣?guó)家保證自然資源的合理利用,維護(hù)珍貴的動(dòng)物和植物。制止任何組織或者個(gè)人用任何手段侵占或者破壞自然資源。 是中國(guó)環(huán)境維護(hù)的根本法。該法確立了經(jīng)濟(jì)建立、社會(huì)開(kāi)展
23、與環(huán)境維護(hù)協(xié)調(diào)開(kāi)展的根本方針,規(guī)定了各級(jí)政府、一切單位和個(gè)人維護(hù)環(huán)境的權(quán)益和義務(wù)。 中國(guó)針對(duì)特定的環(huán)境維護(hù)對(duì)象制定公布了多項(xiàng)環(huán)境維護(hù)專門(mén)法以及與環(huán)境維護(hù)相關(guān)的資源法,包括:、等。 中國(guó)政府還制定了、等30多件環(huán)境維護(hù)行政法規(guī)。此外,各有關(guān)部門(mén)還發(fā)布了大量的環(huán)境維護(hù)行政規(guī)章。 中國(guó)地方人民代表大會(huì)和地方人民政府為實(shí)施國(guó)家環(huán)境維護(hù)法律,結(jié)合本地域的詳細(xì)情況,制定和公布了600多項(xiàng)環(huán)境維護(hù)地方性法規(guī)。 環(huán)境規(guī)范是中國(guó)環(huán)境法律體系的一個(gè)重要組成部分,包括環(huán)境質(zhì)量規(guī)范、污染物排放規(guī)范、環(huán)境根底規(guī)范、樣品規(guī)范和方法規(guī)范。環(huán)境質(zhì)量規(guī)范、污染物排放規(guī)范分為國(guó)家規(guī)范和地方規(guī)范。到1995年底,中國(guó)公布了364項(xiàng)
24、各類國(guó)家環(huán)境規(guī)范。中國(guó)法律規(guī)定,環(huán)境質(zhì)量規(guī)范和污染物排放規(guī)范屬于強(qiáng)迫性規(guī)范,違反強(qiáng)迫性環(huán)境規(guī)范,必需承當(dāng)相應(yīng)的法律責(zé)任。 在建立健全環(huán)境法律體系的過(guò)程中,中國(guó)把環(huán)境執(zhí)法放在與環(huán)境立法同等重要的位置,延續(xù)4年開(kāi)展了全國(guó)環(huán)境執(zhí)法檢查,對(duì)污染和破壞環(huán)境的行為進(jìn)展嚴(yán)肅查處,對(duì)環(huán)境違法犯罪行為進(jìn)展嚴(yán)峻打擊。中國(guó)非常注重人民群眾和新聞言論對(duì)環(huán)境違法行為的監(jiān)視,開(kāi)辟了人民群眾反映環(huán)境問(wèn)題的渠道,加強(qiáng)了新聞媒介對(duì)環(huán)境違法行為的揭露和曝光。 應(yīng)該指出的是,中國(guó)的環(huán)境法制建立還需求進(jìn)一步完善,如某些方面存在著立法空白、有些法律的內(nèi)容需求補(bǔ)充和修正、有法不依、執(zhí)法不嚴(yán)的景象等。因此,繼續(xù)加強(qiáng)環(huán)境法制建立仍是一項(xiàng)重要
25、的戰(zhàn)略義務(wù)。 中國(guó)同樣注重環(huán)境管理體制建立,如今曾經(jīng)建立起由全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)立法監(jiān)視,各級(jí)政府擔(dān)任實(shí)施,環(huán)境維護(hù)行政主管部門(mén)一致監(jiān)視管理,各有關(guān)部門(mén)按照法律規(guī)定實(shí)施監(jiān)視管理的體制。 全國(guó)人民代表大會(huì)設(shè)有環(huán)境與資源維護(hù)委員會(huì),擔(dān)任組織起草和審議環(huán)境與資源維護(hù)方面的法律草案并提出報(bào)告,監(jiān)視環(huán)境與資源維護(hù)方面法律的執(zhí)行,提出同環(huán)境與資源維護(hù)問(wèn)題有關(guān)的議案,開(kāi)展與各國(guó)議會(huì)之間在環(huán)境與資源維護(hù)領(lǐng)域的交往。一些省、市人民代表大會(huì)也相應(yīng)設(shè)立了環(huán)境與資源維護(hù)機(jī)構(gòu)。 國(guó)務(wù)院環(huán)境維護(hù)委員會(huì)由國(guó)務(wù)院有關(guān)部門(mén)的指點(diǎn)成員組成,是國(guó)務(wù)院環(huán)境維護(hù)任務(wù)的議事和協(xié)調(diào)機(jī)構(gòu)。其主要義務(wù)是:研討和審議國(guó)家環(huán)境維護(hù)與經(jīng)濟(jì)協(xié)調(diào)開(kāi)展的方針
26、、政策和措施,指點(diǎn)并協(xié)調(diào)處理有關(guān)的艱苦環(huán)境問(wèn)題,監(jiān)視檢查各地域、各部門(mén)貫徹執(zhí)行環(huán)境維護(hù)法律法規(guī)的情況,推進(jìn)和促進(jìn)全國(guó)環(huán)境維護(hù)事業(yè)的開(kāi)展。省、市、縣人民政府也相應(yīng)設(shè)立了環(huán)境維護(hù)委員會(huì)。 國(guó)家環(huán)境維護(hù)局是國(guó)務(wù)院環(huán)境維護(hù)行政主管部門(mén),對(duì)全國(guó)環(huán)境維護(hù)任務(wù)實(shí)施一致監(jiān)視管理。省、市、縣人民政府也相繼設(shè)立了環(huán)境維護(hù)行政主管部門(mén),對(duì)本轄區(qū)的環(huán)境維護(hù)任務(wù)實(shí)施一致監(jiān)視管理。目前,中國(guó)縣級(jí)以上環(huán)境維護(hù)行政主管部門(mén)有2500多個(gè),從事環(huán)境行政管理、監(jiān)測(cè)、監(jiān)理、統(tǒng)計(jì)、科學(xué)研討、宣傳教育等的總?cè)藬?shù)達(dá)8.8萬(wàn)人。 中國(guó)各級(jí)政府的綜合部門(mén)、資源管理部門(mén)和工業(yè)部門(mén)也設(shè)立了環(huán)境維護(hù)機(jī)構(gòu),擔(dān)任相應(yīng)的環(huán)境與資源維護(hù)任務(wù)。中國(guó)多數(shù)大中
27、型企業(yè)也設(shè)有環(huán)境維護(hù)機(jī)構(gòu),擔(dān)任本企業(yè)的污染防治以及推行清潔消費(fèi)。目前,各部門(mén)和企業(yè)的各類環(huán)境維護(hù)人員已達(dá)20多萬(wàn)人。 China pays great attention to environmental legislative work and has now established an environmental statutory framework that takes the Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China as the foundation and the Environmental Protection Law of
28、the Peoples Republic of China as the main body. The Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China stipulates, The state protects and improves the living environment and the ecological environment, and prevents and remedies pollution and other public hazards, and The state ensures the rational use of
29、 natural resources and protects rare animals and plants. The appropriation or damage of natural resources by any organization or individual by whatever means is prohibiited. The Environmental Protection Law of the Peoples Republic of China is the cardinal law for environmental protection in China. T
30、he law has established the basic principle for coordinated development between economic construction, social progress and environmental protection, and defined the rights and duties of governments at all levels, all units and individuals as regards environmental protection. China has enacted and pro
31、mulgated many special laws on environmental protection as well as laws on natural resources related to environmental protection. They include the Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution, Law on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution, Law on the Prevention and Control of Environment
32、al Pollution by Solid Wastes, Marine Environment Protection Law, Forestry Law, Grassland Law, Fisheries Law, Mineral Resources Law, Land Administration Law, Water Resources Law, Law on the Protection of Wild Animals, Law on Water and Soil Conservation, and Agriculture Law. The Chinese government has
33、 also enacted more than 30 administrative decrees regarding environmental protection, including the Regulations for the Prevention and Control of Noise Pollution, Regulations on Nature Reserves, Regulations on the Prevention of and Protection Against Radiation from Radio Isotopes and Radioactive Dev
34、ice, Regulations on the Safe Administration of Chemicals and Other Dangerous Materials, Provisional Regulations on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution in the Huaihe River Drainage Area, Regulations Governing Environmental Protection Administration in Offshore Oil Exploration and Developmen
35、t, Regulations on the Control of Marine Wastes Dumping, Regulations for the Implementation of the Protection of Terrestrial Wildlife, Proivisional Regulations on the Administration of National Parks, Regulations on the Protection of Basic Farmland, and Regulations on Urban Afforestation. In addition
36、, departments concerned have also issued a number of administrative rules and decrees on environmental protection. To implement the states environmental protection laws and regulations, peoples congresses and peoples governments at local levels, proceeding from specific conditions in their own areas
37、, have enacted and promulgated more than 600 local laws on environmental protection. Environmental standards are an important component of Chinas environmental statutory framework. They include environmental quality standards, pollutant discharge or emission standards, basic environmental criteria,
38、criteria for samples, and criteria for methodology. The environmental quality standards and pollutant discharge or emission standards are divided into state standards and local standards. By the end of 1995, China had promulgated state environmental standards on 364 items. As stipulated in Chinese l
39、aw, the environmental quality standards and pollutant discharge standards are compulsory standards, and those who violate these compulsory environmental standards must bear the corresponding legal responsibility. In the process of establishing and improving the environmental statutory framework, Chi
40、na attaches equal importance to environmental law enforcement and environmental legislation. For four years in a row, China has conducted nationwide checks on the enforcement of environmental legislation to seriously deal with acts of polluting and damaging the environment and severely punish enviro
41、nmental law violations. China pays great attention to supervision exercised by the people and media over law-breaking activities regarding the environment - it has opened channels for the masses of people to report on environmental problems and adopted measures for the media to expose environmental
42、law-breaking activities. But it should be pointed out that Chinas environmental legislative work needs to be further improved. For instance, some areas still remain uncovered, some contents are yet to be amended or revised and there are still the phenomena of not fully observing or enforcing laws. T
43、herefore, to make continuous efforts to strengthen environmental legislative work remains an important strategic task. China attaches equal importance to the establishment of an environmental administrative system. It has established a system in which the National Peoples Congress enacts the laws, g
44、overnments at different levels take responsibility for their enforcement, the administrative departments in charge of environmental protection exercise overall supervision and administration and the various departments concerned exercise supervision and administration according to the stipulations o
45、f the law. The National Peoples Congress has established an Environment and Resources Protection Committee, whose work it is to organize the formulation and examination of drafted laws related to environmental and resources protection and prepare the necessary reports, exercise supervision over the
46、enforcement of laws governing environmental and resources protection, put forward motions related to the issue of environmental and resources protection, and conduct exchanges with parliaments in other countries in the field of environmental and resources protection. The peoples congresses of some p
47、rovinces and cities have also established corresponding environmental and resources protection organizations. The Environmental Protection Committee under the State Council is made up of leaders of various related ministries under the State Council. It is the State Councils consultancy and coordinat
48、ion agency for environmental protection work. Its major tasks are studying and examining the principles, policies and measures relating to coordinative development of the countrys economy and environmental protection, giving guidance to and coordinating efforts in tackling major environmental problems, exercising supervision over and conducting checks on the implementation of the environmental protection laws and regulations by various localities and departments, and promoting the development of environmental protec
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