四級閱讀長難句分析課件

1、四級閱讀長難句分析1、句子種類和類型（一）按使用目的，句子可分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。1）陳述句（Declarative Sentences/Statement）：說明一個事實或陳述一種看法。例如： Light travels faster than sound.（說明事實） The film is rather boring.（說明看法）2）疑問句（Interrogative Sentences/Question）：提出問題。有以下四種： a. 一般疑問句（General Questions）： Can you finish the work in time? b. 特殊疑問句（W

2、h-Questions）： Where do you live? c. 選擇疑問句（Alternative Questions）： Do you want tea or coffee? d. 反意疑問句（Tag-Questions）： He doesnt know her, does he? 3）祈使句（Imperative Sentences/Command）：提出請求，建議或發(fā)出命令。例如： Dont be nervous!別緊張！4）感嘆句（Exclamatory Sentences/Exclamation）：表示說話人驚奇、喜悅、憤怒等情緒。例如： What good news it

3、is!多好的消息?。。ǘ┚渥影雌浣Y(jié)構(gòu)可以分為以下三類：1）簡單句（Simple Sentences）：只包含一個主謂結(jié)構(gòu)句子叫簡單句。例如： She is fond of collecting stamps. 2）并列句（Compound Sentences）：包含兩個或兩個以上主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子叫并列句，句與句之間通常用并列連詞或分號來連接。例如： The food was good, but he had little appetite. 3）復(fù)合句（Complex Sentences）：包含一個主句和一個或幾個從句的句子叫復(fù)合句，從句由從屬連詞引導(dǎo)。例如： The film had beg

4、un when we got to the cinema. 2. 句子成分 1. 組成句子的成分叫句子成分。2. 在句子中，詞與詞之間有一定的組合關(guān)系，按照不同的關(guān)系，可以把句子分為不同的組成成分。3. 句子成分由詞或詞組充當(dāng)。 4. 英語句子的基本成分有六種：主語（subject）、謂語（predicate）、表語（predicative）、賓語（object）、定語（attribute）和狀語(adverbial)。 同位語是句子成分的一種, 它位于名詞、代詞后面, 說明它們的性質(zhì)和情況, 它可以由名詞、代詞、名詞性短語或從句充當(dāng)。同位語的表現(xiàn)形式有以下幾種：(1) 名詞： Tom, ou

5、r monitor, is a handsome boy. (2) 代詞： I myself will do the experiment.(3) 數(shù)詞： She is the oldest among them six. (4) 從句： He told me the news that the plane had exploded. (5) 由such as, that is引導(dǎo) Some subjects, such as maths and physics, are very difficult to learn. (6) 由 of 引導(dǎo) The city of Beijing has

6、been greatly changed since 2000. (7) 由 or 引導(dǎo) The freezing temperature, or freezing point, is the temperature at which water freezes under ordinary pressure. 同位語 the Appositive3、簡單句6種基本結(jié)構(gòu)。 1主語系動詞表語（A is B.） Harvard is among the first American universities to accept Chinese students. 哈佛是最早接受中國留學(xué)生的美國大學(xué)

7、之一。2主語及物動詞賓語（A does B.） These traditions have exerted a profound impact on the values and way of life of the Chinese people, and on Chinas road of development today. 這些傳統(tǒng)，對今天中國人的價值觀念、生活方式和中國的發(fā)展道路，具有深刻的影響。 3主語不及物動詞（A leaves.） In 1847, Chinese student Rong Hong and others came to the United States as

8、the first group of Chinese students to study here. 1847年，中國最早的一批留美學(xué)生容閎等人赴美求學(xué)。4主語及物動詞雙賓語（間接賓語指人，直接賓語指物）（A gives B something.） My visit to IBM, AT&T and the Bell laboratory yesterday gave me some first-hand knowledge of the latest successes in modern science and technology. 昨天，我參觀了國際商用機器公司、美國電話電報公司和貝爾

9、實驗室，領(lǐng)略了當(dāng)代科技發(fā)展的前沿成就。 5主語及物動詞復(fù)合賓語（即賓語賓語補足語）（A tells B to do something） Today, the Chinese people who are struggling to achieve modernization have made the opening-up a basic state policy. 今天，正在為實現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代化而奮斗的中國人民，把對外開放作為一項基本國策。 6There系動詞主語（There is a man.） There are many types of businesses in a free-marke

10、t economy. 在自由市場經(jīng)濟國家企業(yè)類型有多種多樣。4、并列句并列句: 用并列連接詞把兩個或兩個以上的簡單句連接在一起的句子叫并列句.常用的連接詞如下: also, and, but, either . or, however, not only.but also, or, or else(否則，要不然), so, still（仍然；但是；盡管如此 ）, yet, neither.nor. 并列句的構(gòu)成: 簡單句 + 連接詞 + 簡單句。 1. He studied hard and he passed the examination. 2. Lets hurry, or well b

11、e late. 3. I have been to Beijing many times but my parents have never been there. 5、復(fù)合句復(fù)合句是由兩個或兩個以上的有主謂結(jié)構(gòu)的句子用從屬連詞連接起來的句子。其中一個句子是主體,叫做主句,而其他的句子叫做從句。從句由連接詞引導(dǎo), 它們是: that, before, whether, if, although, because, as long as, as soon as, since, after, who, which, whom, what, whose, why, where, how, when

12、。從句盡管有主謂結(jié)構(gòu),但不能單獨成為一個句子,在句中, 從句僅擔(dān)任某個成分,根據(jù)擔(dān)任的成分從句可分主語從句,賓語從句,表語從句,定語從句,同位語從句，狀語從句。因為一般可以充當(dāng)句子的主語、賓語、同位語和表語，所以這四種從句可以統(tǒng)稱為名詞性從句。主語從句：在句中起主語作用的句子叫做主語從句. 主語從句一般放在句首。引導(dǎo)主語從句的詞有下列: that, who, whether, if, what, which, when, where, how, why. Who cleaned the blackboard is not known yet. Its very good that he has

13、 passed the exam. 賓語從句：在句中起賓語作用的句子叫做賓語從句，賓語從句放在動詞后面。引導(dǎo)賓語從句的詞有下列: that, who, if, whether, what, which, when, where, how, why. I didnt expect that he had broken the glass. Could you tell me who is your teacher?表語從句: 在句中起表語作用的句子叫做表語從句，表語從句放在系動詞的后面。引導(dǎo)表語從句的詞有下列: that, who, if, whether, what, which, when,

14、 where how, why等. The question is whether he will join us next time.同位語從句：位于同位名詞之后，說明同位名詞的內(nèi)容的從句。引導(dǎo)詞一般僅有that.Do you know the news that the Chinese Womens Volleyball Team has won the world championship? 定語從句:在句中起定語作用的句子叫做定語從句，定語從句放在被修飾的名詞后面。 引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞有下列。 who, whose, that, which, whom, when, where why.

15、 Do you know the man who is in the car. This is the place where I was born. 狀語從句:在句中起狀語作用的句子叫做狀語從句，狀語從句一般放在句后,強調(diào)時放在句首。 He opened the windows since it was hot.When he was young, he couldnt go to school。 6、句子原則句子原則1：一個句子只能有一個謂語，謂語由動詞構(gòu)成。句子原則2：如果一個句子有多個動詞，只有一個是謂語動詞，其它為非謂語動詞。 句子原則3：如果一個句子有多個謂語，那么這個句子可能是并

16、列句或者是復(fù)合句。如果有并列連詞，就是并列句，如果沒有就是復(fù)合句。 7、句子分析方法 1、無論句子多么復(fù)雜，先找到主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，忽略插入成分及次要成分。 2、根據(jù)句子原則判斷是否為簡單句、并列句還是復(fù)合句。 3、如果為復(fù)合句，根據(jù)關(guān)系詞找出從句和主句。 4、分析主句是否完整：如果主句不完整，從句為名詞性從句；如果主句完整，從句為定語從句或狀語從句。 5、根據(jù)關(guān)系詞或從屬連詞推導(dǎo)出究竟是哪類從句。8.閱讀理解長難句的六大特點1、 主語拉長一般來講，漢語主語比較簡短。相比之下，英語中主語一旦拉長，就會增加讀者的理解難度。解決方法：有效分解主謂成分，斷開之后各個擊破。例如： The streams, l

17、akes, meadows(草地）, mountain ridges and foreststhatmake the Poconos an ideal place for balck bears have alsoattractedmore people to the region. （2005.6）首先，把原句子分解為兩個簡單獨立的句子： （1）The streams, lakes, meadows(草地）, mountain ridges andforeststhat make the Poconos an ideal place forbalckbears溪流、湖泊、草地、山脈、森林，使

18、得Pocono成為黑熊理想的棲息地（2）have also attracted more people to theregion.吸引了越來越多的人們來到這里。其次，句子整合翻譯： 溪流、湖泊、草地、山脈、森林，這些不僅使得Pocono成為黑熊理想的棲息地，而且吸引了越來越多的人們來到這里。 2、分詞短語打頭，句子呈現(xiàn)三段（或三段以上）的長句式分詞短語（包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞）做狀語，這一句式比較常見，讀者閱讀時由于要區(qū)分短語和主語之間的邏輯關(guān)系，所以理解上有難度。并且分詞短語本身往往由于摻入了插入語成分，理解上就更為困難。解決方法：理清主動和被動關(guān)系。一般來說現(xiàn)在分詞與主語之間是主動關(guān)系；而

19、過去分詞與主語之間是被動關(guān)系。例如： Operating out of a century-old schoolhouse inthevillage of Long Pond, Pennsylvanis, the Conservancys Bud Cook is working withlocalpeople and business leaders to balance economicgrowthenvironmental protection. （2005.6）翻譯： 在賓西法尼亞州的朗龐德村莊有一棟上百年歷史的校舍，大自然保護協(xié)會的成員巴德-庫克就在這里辦公，他與當(dāng)?shù)厝嗣窈蜕虡I(yè)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)合作

20、，以努力平衡好經(jīng)濟發(fā)展與環(huán)境保護之間的關(guān)系。 注意：介詞短語位于句首類似分詞短語形式。例如：In a time of low academic achievement by children intheUnited States, many Americans are turning to Japan, a country of highacademicachievement and economic success, for possibleanswers.（2005.1） 翻譯： 有一段時間，美國的兒童學(xué)業(yè)表現(xiàn)不盡如人意，許多人于是轉(zhuǎn)向日本，想從中尋求可能的解決辦法，因為日本不僅經(jīng)濟實力強

21、，而且學(xué)術(shù)成就也很高。 特別注意不定式to位于句首表目的，一定是考試重點。例如： 原文：To prepare children for successful careers infirstgrade and beyond, Japanese schools do not teach reading, writing, andmathematics,but rather skills such as persistence, concentration,and theability to n as a mr of a group. （2005.1）翻譯：為了使孩子能在一年級和以后有良好的表現(xiàn)，日

22、本的學(xué)校并不教授閱讀、寫作、和算數(shù)，而是教孩子們諸如毅力、注意力和群體合作能力等技巧。 3、多個謂語動詞連用簡單句之所以簡單是因為成分單一便于讀者理解。而四級閱讀理解中，出題人為增加閱讀難度，就會把幾個謂語動詞放在一個句子當(dāng)中。但是無論局勢如何變化，英語句子本身就猶如一棵大樹，只能有一個主干起支撐作用，其他起輔助作用。解決方法：遇到多個謂語動詞連用情況要分清主句謂語動詞和從句的謂語動詞。剔除細枝末節(jié)之后，句子也就好理解了。例如： Scratchy throats, stuffy noses and body aches all spellmisery,but being able to tel

23、l if the cause is a cold or flu(流感） maymake adifference in how long the misery lasts. （2005.1） 解析： 此句是由but引導(dǎo)的并列句。前面一句話容易理解，謂語動詞是spell,關(guān)鍵看后一句話。but引導(dǎo)的句子黑體下劃線是主語，該句子真正謂語動詞是maymake，如下面所示： but being able to tell if the cause is a cold or flu(流感） may make a difference inhowlong the misery lasts. 翻譯： 喉嚨發(fā)癢、

24、鼻塞、渾身酸痛都令人痛苦，但是能夠確定造成這種痛苦的根源是普通感冒還是流感，對這種痛苦能折磨你多就會起關(guān)鍵作用。4、舉例作為插入語（顯著詞such as; for example; including etc.） 插入語主要起補充或說明的作用，我們在進行快速閱讀的時候通常會把它省略，即忽略不看。但是，筆者在這里要提出的一點是，如果根據(jù)文章問題回原文定位句子時，如果定位的關(guān)鍵句子包含了以上插入語中的任何一種形式，則答案往往就在此處。例如： 原文：Finally, other people may give us instrumental supportfinancial aid, materia

25、l resources, and needed servicesthat reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems. 考題： Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work is an example of A. instrumental support B. informational support C. social companionship D. the strengthening of self-respect （1）Cold symptoms such

26、 as stuffy nose, runny nose and scratchy throat typically develop gradually, and adults and teens often do not get a fever. （2005.1） 翻譯：普通感冒患者的一些典型癥狀，如鼻塞、流鼻涕、喉嚨發(fā)癢，發(fā)作比較緩慢，成人和青少年患者一般不會有發(fā)熱癥狀。 （2）And in general, flu symptoms including fever and chills, sore throat and body aches come on suddenly and are

27、 more severe than cold symptoms. （2005.1） 翻譯：一般來說，流感癥狀包括發(fā)燒、發(fā)冷、喉嚨發(fā)癢、渾身疼痛，比普通感冒的癥狀來得突然和猛烈。 注意：舉例有時可以換成短語，如介詞短語、不定式短語等等；還可以換成有兩個破折號引起的插入語成分。例如： It is 37 years later. Stokoenow devoting his time to writing and editing books and jounals and to producing video materials on ASL and deaf cultureis having lu

28、nch at a caf near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution.(2004.6) 時間過了37年?，F(xiàn)在Stoloe致力于撰寫和編輯關(guān)于美國手語和聾啞人文化的書籍和雜志，以及制作相關(guān)的錄像材料。 5、并列句連用使得句子變長（主謂賓都可以并列） 并列句是四級閱讀理解中的主要句式。出題人會把幾個成分相同的并列句子，通過剔除多余成分從而使其合并為一個很長的句子。 解決方法：破解這樣句子的關(guān)鍵是要弄清楚兩個句子的邏輯關(guān)系，補全成分后重新還原為幾個單獨的句子即可。例如： To make matters wo

29、rse for the government, it soon emerged that the Princesss trip had been approved by the Foreign Office, and that she was in fact very well-informed about both the situation in Angola and the British governments policy regarding landmines. (2004.6) 翻譯：對政府來說，更糟糕的是，不久得知的消息是，王妃的安哥拉之行得到過外事辦的批準(zhǔn)，并且她事實上非常了

30、解安哥拉的形勢和英國政府關(guān)于地雷的政策。相當(dāng)于拆分成三個句子： (1) To make matters worse for the government (2) It soon emerged that the Princesss trip had been approved by the Foreign Office. (3) It soon emerged that she was in fact very well-informed about both the situation in Angola and the British governments policy regardin

31、g landmines. 6、多重復(fù)合句疊加 所謂多重復(fù)合句疊加，就是說一個長句子當(dāng)中可能包含了好幾種句式（并列的定語從句、狀語從句、介詞短語等等）。 解決方法：分清主從句，理清句子邏輯關(guān)系至關(guān)重要。通常采用圖表法。例如： （1）Then there is the general, all covering apology, which avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act that was particularly hurtful or insulting, and which the person who is apologi

32、zing should promise never to do again. (2006.1) 顯然，原句子是由有there be引導(dǎo)做主句，后面跟了兩個which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句，兩者是并列的。比較特殊的是which定語從句中有各自有一個定語從句，像是一個連環(huán)套。 總結(jié)長難句分析步驟1、首先確定句子是簡單句、復(fù)合句或并列句。2、如果是簡單句，首先確定主謂結(jié)構(gòu)；接著確定賓語和賓語補足語（如有的話）；然后確定定語和狀語等次要成分，即找出主語、謂語和賓語各自的修飾語。按照所確定的各個成分，給出全句大意（可用翻譯法）。譯文意思應(yīng)當(dāng)通順，并和上下文意義基本吻合。如意義出入較大，文理不通，則分析可能有誤

33、，這時應(yīng)考慮重新進行句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析。3、如果是并列句，首先應(yīng)找出并列連詞并把全句分解為若干個分句；接著按照簡單句的分析方法再細分各分句的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和句意；然后將全句綜合考慮。4、如果是復(fù)合句，首先找出從屬連詞并確定出主句，這時應(yīng)特別注意連詞省略現(xiàn)象和多義連詞在句中的確切含義；接著按照簡單句的分析方法再細分各分句的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)和句意；然后確定從句的性質(zhì)，即該從句在句中修飾什么詞語或結(jié)構(gòu)；最后整體考慮全句大意，尤其要注意對修飾語的判斷是否準(zhǔn)確。例. Recycling also stimulates the local economy by creating jobs and trims the poll

34、ution control and energy costs of industries that make recycled products by giving them a more refined raw material. 如果沒有句子的宏觀感覺，在理解的時候就會比較費勁。不少同學(xué)是一個單詞一個單詞往下理解，結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)很難把分散理解的信息串成一個符合邏輯的整體。如果用圖形的方式把句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析出來，我們就能較好理解了。主語：Recycling謂語： stimulates the local economy by and trims the pollution control and en

35、ergy costs of industries (that)by顯然，這句話是一個主語做了兩件事情,每件事情還有by引導(dǎo)的狀語，第二件事情還有that引導(dǎo)的定于從句修飾前面的名詞。四級長句結(jié)構(gòu)分析與翻譯1. The fridges effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant.1. 冰箱對人類幸福貢獻不多，但他對環(huán)境的影響倒是不小。2. There is another conversation, which from

36、 our point of view is equally important, and that has to do not with what is read but with how it is read.2. 依我們看，還有另一種對話同樣重要，它與所讀的內(nèi)容無關(guān)，而與閱讀的方式有關(guān)。3. Decision-thinking is not unlike pokerit often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you t

37、hink.3. 作決定就像打撲克一樣，不僅你心里怎么想，而且別人認為你心里怎么想，以及你認為他們認為你心里怎么想，常常是很重要的。也就是說：作決定就像打撲克，知己知彼非常重要。(29個詞的句子，有四個從句，即：在主語部分中，“but also”后面的“what others think you think”中的“what”是“you think”的賓語，而不是“others think”的賓語。因此，這個從句意為“別人認為你心里怎么想”；“and”后面的“what you think they think you think”中的“what”是最后一個“you think”的賓語，而不是前面的

38、“you think”或“they think”的賓語。另外，“they think”是前面“you think”的賓語，“what you think”又是“they think”的賓語。一個雙重否定（not unlike），三處省略( matters)。4. But it will be the drivers responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind.4. 但是，駕駛員有責(zé)任讓座在前

39、排的14歲以下的乘客系上某種安全帶，否則不得坐在前排。5. For most people the sea was remote, and with the exception of early intercontinental travelers or others who earned a living from the sea, there was little reason to ask many questions about it, let alone to ask what lay beneath the surface. 5.對大多數(shù)人來說，海洋是遙遠的，除了早期飄洋過海旅行的

40、人或靠海謀生的人之外，沒有什么理由詢問有關(guān)海洋的問題，更談不上詢問海洋里有什么之類的問題。6. Obviously, there would be no point in investing in a computer if you had to check all his answers, but people should also rely on their own internal computers and check the machine when they have the feeling that something has gone wrong. 6. 當(dāng)然，如果計算機得出

41、的全部答案均需復(fù)查一遍，花錢買計算機就毫無意義。不過人們也應(yīng)該信賴自身內(nèi)部的計算能力，一旦感覺到計算機得出的結(jié)果有不對之處，就必須進行復(fù)查。7. Normally a student must attend a certain number of courses in order to graduate, and each course, which he attends, gives him a credit, which he may count towards a degree.7. 大學(xué)生通常必須修滿一定數(shù)量的課程才能畢業(yè)，每修完一門課就得到相應(yīng)的學(xué)分，累計到一定量便能拿到學(xué)位。8.

42、It may have been a sharp criticism of the pupils technical abilities in writing, but it was also a sad reflection on the teacher who had omitted to read the essay, which contained some beautiful expressions of the childs deep feelings.8. 這種評語可能是對該學(xué)生寫作技巧的嚴厲批評，但同時也是對那個未曾仔細閱讀學(xué)生作文的教師令人遺憾的做法的批評，因為作文中包含表達

43、學(xué)生深刻感情的一些優(yōu)美詞句。9. A breakthrough in the provision of(在方面 ) energy from the sun for the European Economic Community (EEC) could be brought forward by up to two decades, if a modest increase could be provided in the EECs research effort in this field, according to the senior EEC scientists engaged in e

44、xperiments in solar energy at EECs scientific laboratories at Ispra, near Milan.9. 在米蘭附近的伊斯普拉的歐共體科學(xué)試驗室進行太陽能試驗的歐洲經(jīng)濟共同體資深科學(xué)家認為，只要略微增加歐洲經(jīng)濟共同體在利用太陽能方面的研究經(jīng)費，就能使這方面的研究提前20年取得突破。10. Mr.Gretz calculates even though solar energy only provided three percent of the EECs needs, this could still produce a saving

45、 of about a billion pounds in the present bill for imported energy each year.10. 格雷茨先生計算得出，即使太陽能只解決歐共體對能源需求的3%，每年也能為其節(jié)約價值約10億英鎊的進口能源所需的費用。11. At Beth Israel each patient is assigned to a primary nurse who visits at length with the patient and constructs a full-scale health account that covers everyt

46、hing from his medical history to his emotional state.11. 貝斯以色列醫(yī)院為每一位病人指派一名責(zé)任護士，責(zé)任護士要與指派給他的病人做深入交談，并對病人的身體狀況作全面紀錄，內(nèi)容包括從病史到病人情緒的一切事情。12. Papouseks light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the light

47、s closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the display came on.12. 巴普塞克將發(fā)光器直接放在嬰兒面前，他觀察到如下有趣的現(xiàn)象：有時嬰兒并不回頭仔細看燈，但是燈亮的時候就會發(fā)出“咯咯的笑聲”。13. Complaining is usually most effective when it is done politely but firmly, and especially when the consumer can demonstrate what is wrong with the item in qu

48、estion.13. 通常，投訴如果既有禮貌，又很堅決又極有效，尤其是當(dāng)消費者能說明有問題的商品的毛病所在時。14. So we sleep well when we are in a familiar, safe place, but we sleep lightly, if at all, when we fear that bears will nose into the tent.14. 因此，我們身處熟悉，安全的環(huán)境時就睡得好，而擔(dān)心熊會闖入帳篷時就睡不好。15. When children understand that the light of the lighting flas

49、hing reaches their eyes almost at the same moment, but the sound of the thunder takes about 5 seconds to travel just one mile, they can begin to time the interval between the flash and the crash to learn how close they were to the actual spark.15. 假如孩子們明白閃電發(fā)出的光幾乎同時到達他們的眼睛，而雷聲約5秒鐘才傳播1英里，那他們就可以開始給閃電和雷

50、聲二者的間隔計時，以了解自己離實際火花的遠近。16. Most people would agree that, although our age exceeds all previous ages in knowledge, there has been no corresponding increase in wisdom.16. 大多數(shù)人都會同意這一看法：盡管當(dāng)代在知識方面超越了過去所有的時代，但智慧方面并無相應(yīng)的增加。17. When they get sick, we transfer them to a hospital, where children are forbidden

51、to visit terminally ill patients- even when those patients are their parents.17. 他們生病時，我們把他們轉(zhuǎn)到醫(yī)院，而孩子們不許探望患有不治之癥的病人，即使病人就是他們的父母也不行。18. When we talk about someones personality, we mean the ways in which he or she acts, speaks, thinks and feels that make that individual different form others.18. 我們所說的個

52、性是指示個人與他人不同的行為，言談，思維和感覺等方式。19. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school.19. 研究行為與結(jié)果之間的關(guān)系的行為主義者認為：獎勵能提高工作和學(xué)習(xí)表現(xiàn)。20. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards o

53、ften destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others. 20. 研究精神生活各個方面的認知學(xué)派研究人員則認為：獎勵促使學(xué)生對別人給予的肯定和禮物有依賴心理，常常會破環(huán)他們的創(chuàng)造性。21. Such enormous numbers used to discourage us and cause us to dismiss the possibility of making a machine with human-like ability, but now that we have

54、 grown used to moving forward at such a pace we can be less sure.21. 如此巨大的數(shù)目過去常常使我們感到泄氣，以至于放棄了制造具有人類大腦功能的機器人的想法，然而由于我們已經(jīng)習(xí)慣于如此迅速的發(fā)展，我們不再認為沒有可能制造具有人類大腦功能的機器人了。22. Further ahead, by a combination of the great wealth this new age will bring and the technology it will provide, the construction of a vast,

55、 man-created world in space, home to thousands or millions of people, will be within our power.22. 進一步展望未來，通過這個新時代所產(chǎn)生的巨大財富和新技術(shù)的結(jié)合，人類可望在太空建立一個浩大的可供千萬人居住的世界。23. It is also possible for a student to move between one university and another during his degree course, though this is not in fact done as a r

56、egular practice.23. 學(xué)生也能在攻讀學(xué)位期間到其他學(xué)校修課，不過實際上通常不這么做。24. A rapid means of long-distance transportation became a necessity for the United States as settlement spread ever farther westward.24. 隨著新拓居地不斷向西推進，快速長途運輸方式這個問題亟待解決。25. In such a case, it is usually settled in the consumers favor, assuming he or

57、she has a just claim.25. 在這種情況下，假如消費者提出的要求合理，常常按對其有利的方法解決。26. People will be alert and receptive if they are faced with information that gets them to think about things they are interested in.26. 假如人們面對的信息使他們思考自己感興趣的事物，他們就會警覺起來，而且表現(xiàn)出較強的接受能力。 27. But he said that with a modest increase in the present

58、 sums, devoted by the EEC to this work it was possible that the breakthrough could be achieved by the end of the next decade.27. 但是他指出歐洲經(jīng)濟共同體在這方面的研究經(jīng)費只要在現(xiàn)有水平上略微增加，到下個十年的末期就有可能取得突破。28. And he believes that with the possibility of utilizing more advanced technology in this field it might be possible t

59、o satisfy a much bigger share of the Communitys future energy needs.28. 他認為如果能在這方面采用更先進的技術(shù)，滿足歐共體未來能源需求的比例可能更大。29. But with the renewed concern about pesticides on produce, and refinements in infrared scanning, Paley hopes to get back into operation.29. 但是隨著人們重新關(guān)注殺蟲劑對農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的影響，以及紅外線掃描技術(shù)的改進，Paley希望能重操舊業(yè)。

60、30. The sight of Barney Clark- alive and conscious after trading his diseased heart for a metal and plastic pump- convinced the press, the public and many doctors that the future had arrived.30. 新聞界，公眾和許多醫(yī)生看到巴尼克拉克以一個金屬和塑料制成的人造心臟換下自己患病的心臟后仍然或者，并且頭腦清醒，于是他們相信患者們的光明未來已經(jīng)到來31. Any attempt to trace the dev