reading寫作起源soil fertilization瑪雅的衰落詞句

1、The Origins of WritingWords & Phrases1.The Egyptians were not far behind in develo writing, but we cannot followthe history of their writing in detail because they usedmaterialrishable writingNot far behind in develo writing：在發(fā)展寫作方面沒有落后太遠 Perishable：adj. 先前講過也考過，自己回憶，想想！Perishable writing material:

2、易腐爛的寫作材料and from the papyrus reeds the Egyptians made a form of p2.r, it wasexcellent in quality but, like any p papyrus reeds: 莎草蘆葦 papyrus：n. 莎草（了解即可）reed：n.蘆葦(更常見，要記住)r, fragilea form of pr：一種形式的紙張he form of：以的形式 form：形式，外形 fragile：adj. 脆弱的=delicateMesopotamias rivers boasted no such useful reeds

3、, but its land did provide good clay, and as a consequence the clay tablet became the standard material.Boast：v. 夸耀有，擁有（值得驕傲的成就或 ） If someone or something3.can boast a particular achievement orses, they have achieved orsesst thingAs a consequence: 結(jié)果， consequence：結(jié)果， 因此；Sequence：n. 順序，Subsequent：adj

4、. 隨后的以上詞都必須記住，經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，還考過詞匯題Fire bakes ird.Bake: v. 烘烤， Consequently：adv.4.5.So when a conqueror set a Mesopotamian palace ablaze, he helped ensure the survival of any clay tablets in itConqueror：n. 征服者，占領(lǐng)者 Conquer：v. 征服，打敗（敵人） Conquest：n. 征服，擊敗 Setablaze: 把點著火了 Ablaze：adj. 著火的，發(fā)光的 clay tablets：泥板，粘土板6

5、.7.stand for different sounds or words：代表不同或文字inevitably, literacy was largely limited to a small profesal class, the scribes inevitably：adv. 不可避免地=unavoidably （考過詞匯題）literacy：n. 文化，文字，讀寫能力limited to： 局限于= confined to= restricted to=restrained to=constrained to（這些短語表達經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，要記得）profesal class：專業(yè)階層，職業(yè)階

6、層scribe：n. 抄寫員they took over the various cuneiform signs used for writing Sumerian and gave8.them sound and word valuestook over：接管t fit their own language.Sumerian：n. fit：v. 適合The literature of the Sumerians was treasured throughout the Near East, and long after Sumerian ceased to be spoken, the Ba

7、bylonians and Assyrians and others kept it alive as a literary language, the way Europeans kept Latin alive after the fall of Rome.Treasure：v. 珍視，重視Cease to：停止語（了解即可）9.Cease：v. 停止；sation：n. 停止Literary language：文學(xué)語言10.no noions of numbers of commodities：許多商品的標(biāo)記 ion：n. 標(biāo)記，記號commodities：n. 商品=goods11.p

8、rimitive form of bookkeng：原始的形式primitive：adj. 原始的，最初的the multitudinous things and acts12.t are involved in daily life,from simple inventories of commodities to complicatedand regulationsernmental rules：v.=recordmultitudinous：adj. 大量的，眾多的inventories of commodities：商品的存貨inventory：n. 存貨，目錄13.clay table

9、ts in batches：成組的泥板 batch：n. 一組，烤出來的一批面包to be available for reference：用于參考時能找到的available：adj. 可獲得的，能找到的7.Now and then：時不時地=occaally（詞匯題）creativeellectual activity：創(chuàng)造性的智力活動they make an appearance very clearly, even from the third millennium B.C.E.make an appearance: 出場，出現(xiàn)Syntax1.It was in E

10、gypt and Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq)t civilization arose,and it is theret we find the earst examples of the key feature of civilization, writing.強調(diào)句，it is+強調(diào)內(nèi)容+t 引出后文，大家了解即可，因為語序和中文完全相同，不閱讀，學(xué)著點看自己能不能寫出來用在寫作里Key：關(guān)鍵的，重要的=essential2.These examples, inscribed clay tabletst date to shortlybefore 3000 B

11、.C.E., have been discovered among the archaeological remains of the Sumerians, a gifted people settled in southern Mesopotamia. 主語后面加逗號，對主語進行停頓的補充修飾，腦海中要下意識尋找下一個逗號，標(biāo)志著補充修飾結(jié)束，返回句子主干（謂語）he form of: 以的形式，form：n. 形式inscribed clay tablets: 被刻字的粘土板archaeological remains：考古遺跡，remains=relics，考過詞匯題 gifted：ad

12、j. 有天賦的，有才華的settle：v.3.Though clumsy and bulky is a virtue dear to archaeologists: it is durable.主語出現(xiàn)前的所有東西都是對主語的鋪墊修飾，所以自己思考“Though clumsy and bulky”指的是誰Clumsy：adj. 笨拙的，不靈活的Bulky：adj. 體積龐大而笨重的 Somethingt is bulky is large and heavy. Bulkythings are often difficult to move or deal with（這個詞經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，要記?。?V

13、irtue：n. 美德，長處，優(yōu)點=advantage=benefitDurable：adj. 持久的，耐久的=lasting（考過詞匯題）4.he Near East they remained in use for moren two and a half millennia,and in certain areas they lasted down to the beginning of the common era until finally yielding, once and for all, to more convenient alternatives.固定搭配的短語出現(xiàn)開端

14、yield 就要期待后文 to，類似短語還有 leadto(導(dǎo)致)，give way to(讓步于)，combinewith，即使這些短語中間被分隔，也要期待后面一定會出現(xiàn)另一部分的搭配Remain in use：仍然在使用中 Millennium：單數(shù)，千年Millennia：復(fù)數(shù)，千年The common era：公元，時代的開始Yield to: 屈服于讓步于被Once and for all: 一次了解的，徹底的，永遠的convenient alternatives：方便的替代物5.This script consists of simple shs, basically just w

15、edge shs and linestcould easily be incised in soft clay wi dubbed it cuneiform from the wedge-sh its hallmark.t 修飾對象的確定，一般就近修飾 Script：n. 手跡手稿，書寫體 consist of：由組成wedge：n. 楔形，楔子，三角形incise：v. 刻入，刻進入=inscribe, carvereed or wooden stylus; scholars haved marks (cunei in Latin)t areo=engravehe form ofreed:

16、n. 蘆葦，蘆桿stylus：n. （古代刻寫用的）尖筆(了解即可)dubfrom: 以為起 dub: v. 起 cuneiform：n. 楔形文字hallmark：n. 標(biāo)志，特點6.The batches, some of which contahousands of tablets, consist for the mostpart ofs of the types just mentioned: bills, deliveries, receipts,inventories, loans, marriage contracts, divorettlements, court judgm

17、ents, and so on.Which 指代對象的確定；固定搭配的短語出現(xiàn)開端 consist 就要期待后文 ofBatches：n. 一組Receipts: n. 收據(jù)Inventories：n. 存貨，列表marriage contracts: 結(jié)婚合同divorettlements：離婚決議Abstract ConcreteSoil Fertilization（較簡單）Words & Phrases1.Fertilizers partially restore plant nutrients lost by ero leaching.Fertilizers：n. 化肥, crop h

18、arvesting, andFertile：adj. 肥沃的 fertilize：v. 傳粉Restore：v. 恢復(fù)；施肥Ero：n. 侵蝕Erode：v. 侵蝕Leaching：n. 漂洗Three basic types of anic fertilizer are animal manure, green manure, t.anic fertilizer：有機化肥animal manure：動物糞便=animal waste=dung manure: n. 糞便green manure：綠植堆肥comt：復(fù)合肥 comt is a mixture of decayed plants

19、and vegetableswaste which is added to the soil to help plants grow.3.stimulates benefil soil bacteria and fungistimulate：v. 刺激benefil：adj. 有益的bacteria and fungi: 細菌和真菌the replacement of most mixed animal-raising and crop-farming operations with separate operationsthe replacement of with: 用替代the high

20、 costs of transporting animal manure from feedlots near urban areas to distant rural crop-growing areasfeedlots: n. 飼養(yǎng)場urban：adj. 都市的，反義：rural：adj.農(nóng)村的the replacement of horses and other draft animals t added manure to the soil with tractors and other motorized farm machinerydraft animals：使役動物，拖拉農(nóng)具的動

21、物 tractor：n. 拖拉機motorized farm machinery：機動化的農(nóng)場機械裝置4.5.6.motorized：adj. 裝上發(fā)的，機動化的7.Green manure is fresh or growing green vegeion plowedo the soil toincrease theto the next crop Plow：v. 犁地anic matter and humus (degradedanic matter) availableHumus：n. 腐殖質(zhì) Humus is the part of soil which consists of de

22、 have begun to decay.Available to: 朝向能獲得的eg. the raw materials available to the society 社會能獲得的原材料lantst8.It is produced when microanisms in soil (mostly fungi and aerobic bacteria)break downanic matter such as leaves, food wastes, pthe presence of oxygen.r, and wood inMicroanism：n. 微生物anism: n.an：n.

23、生物anic：adj. 有機體的，有機的tie：n. 組織 muscle tie 肌肉組織aerobic bacteria：耗氧細菌aerobic：adj. 耗氧的，需氧的break downanic matter：分解有機物質(zhì)he presence of oxygen：在氧氣存在的情況下 he presence of 在存在的情況下he absence of在不存在的情況下9.Comt is a rich natural fertilizer and soil conditionert aerates soil,improves its ability to retain water and

24、 nutrients, helps prevent ero prevents nutrients from being wasted by being dumped in landfills. soil conditioner：土壤調(diào)節(jié)劑，土壤結(jié)構(gòu)改良劑conditioner：n. 調(diào)節(jié)劑；護發(fā)素；衣物柔順劑air conditioner：空調(diào) aerates soil：給土壤充氧, andaerate：v. 使充氣To aerate a substance means to cause air or gas to pass through it.retain water and nutrie

25、nts：保留水分和營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)landfill：n.堆，填埋場10.plant and manure layers: 分解植物和動物糞便層e：v. 分解e：v. 組成com11.incinerator：n. 焚化裝置;焚化爐 An incinerator is a spe burning rubbish at a very high temperature incinerate：v. 使燒成灰燼，焚化cinder：n. 灰燼l large container for12.the spores of mushrooms, pu spore：n. 孢子，芽孢mushroom：n. 蘑菇alls, an

26、d trufflespuall：n.（菌）（了解即可）truffle：n. 塊菌，松露（了解即可）13.Corn, tobacco, and cotton can deplete the topsoil of nutrients, espe nitrogen, if planted on the same land several years in a row.Depleteof: 使耗盡，弄空llyDeplete：v. 消耗，減少 To deplete a stock or amount of something means to reduce itNitrogen：n. 氮氣 oxygen

27、：氧氣Several years in a row: 一連幾年14.crop roion：莊稼的輪耕roion：n. 旋轉(zhuǎn)； roe：v. 旋轉(zhuǎn)15.he next year they plant the same areas with legumes, whose root nodules add nitrogen to the soilLegumes：n. 大豆（了解即可）root nodules：根瘤nodule：n. （尤指植物上的）節(jié)結(jié)，小瘤16.lowering the oxygen content of soil and keng fertilizer from being ta

28、ken upas efficientlykeepfromng: 使take up: 吸收做17.releasing nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gast can enhance global warmingreleasing nitrous oxide： enhance：v. 促進，加強nitrate and phosphate fertilizer： 硝酸鹽和磷酸鹽化肥一氧化二氮18.19.The resulting plant nutrient enrient causes algaebloomst use upoxygen dissolvedhe water,

29、 thereby killing fish.Enrient：n. 豐富，富裕，充實Algae：n. 藻類Bloom: v. 開花；繁盛，興旺Dissolve：v. 溶解Syntaxe1.Raly growing and spreading mycorrhizae fungi in the spores attach toplant roots and help them take 主語前的所有成分都是對主語的鋪墊修飾 Mycorrhizae：n. 菌根（了解即可）attach to：粘在上；附在上oisture and nutrients from the soil.takeoisture a

30、nd nutrients：吸收水分和營養(yǎng)2.Today, the additional food they help produce feeds one of every threepeoplehe world名詞后面直接連句子，馬上反應(yīng)整句話修飾名詞one of every three people：三分之一的人口The Collapse of the MayasWords & Phrases1.populations unprecedented bothheir size and densityunprecedented：adj. 史無前例的，前所未有的2.societiesdevelop

31、edvarious ensiveagriculturalmethods,including large-scale irrigation and hill-slope terracing (the cutting of horizontal ridgeso hillsides so they can be farmed)ensive agricultural methods：強化的農(nóng)業(yè)方法 hill-slope terracing：山坡上修建梯田 terrace：n. 梯田；v. 修梯田horizontal ridges：水平的脊線increase yields from a given ar

32、ea：增加一塊地的產(chǎn)量 land under cultivation：處在耕種下的土地.These strategies were in essence very sucsful：這些策略本質(zhì)上很成功Thus, the argument ist because of their size and ever moreensiveagriculture, the Mayan and other ancient sunsustainable.e societies were fundamentallyever moreensive agriculture：強度越來越大的農(nóng)業(yè)fundam

33、entally unsustainable：根本上不可維持的，根本上的7.Claims about environmentaldegradationanddisaster havefiguredprominently in discuss of the collapse of the Mayan city-ses of theCentral American lowlands. Environmental degradation: 環(huán)境的 figure in：出現(xiàn)，包括(在中) If a appear in or are included in it.Figure prominently in

34、: 在中占據(jù)顯要位置or thing figures in something, theyEg.violations figured prominentlyhe report.8.9.came upon the Mayan cities：偶然遇到瑪雅城they were struck by the sight of tall pyramids and elaboray carved stones among luxuriant forest growthwere struck by：被迷住，被驚呆/驚嘆不已elaboray carved stones：精細雕刻的石頭luxuriant：adj.

35、 蔥蘢的；茂密的；茂盛的 Luxuriant plants, trees, and gardens are large, healthy, and growing well10.the archetypal picture of a gre面ost civilization: 一個偉大的文明的經(jīng)典畫archetypal:adj.典型 的 ; 有代 表性的 Someoneorsomethingtis archetypal has all the most important characteristics of a particular kind ofor thing and isrfect e

36、xample of it.11.catastrophic collapse or apocalyptic overthrow：性的傾塌或性的apocalyptic：adj.的 Apocalyptic means relating to the lly of the world性的；世界total destruction of something, espeoverthrow：n.，12.These could have come about through either natural or humanly inducedchangeshe environmentcome about：出現(xiàn)na

37、tural or humanly induced changes：自然或人類引起的變化 induce：v. 誘導(dǎo)產(chǎn)生upsurge of monument construction 紀(jì)念碑修建的飆升upsurge：n. 飆升；急劇增長 If there is an upsurge in something, there is a sudden, large increase in it6.erse rivalry： 國家之間的競爭lay the blame entirely on human action：把指責(zé)全部落在人類的行為上These exerted aerful

38、mediating effect on the way the Maya endeavoredto cope with their difficulties.erful mediating effect on：對施加強大的調(diào)節(jié)exerted aexert ： v. 施加（影響、 壓力等） ; 行使，運用（等） If someoneororsomething exertsinfluence, authority, or prere, they use it in a strongdetermined way, espelly in order to produce a particular ef

39、fect mediate: v. 調(diào)節(jié)，調(diào)解endeavor: v. 努力，試圖subsistence capacity：供養(yǎng)能力17.18.Mayan elites had espoused certain so持某些社會的和政治的議程l and political agendas：瑪雅支Espouse：v. 支持;擁護 If you espouse a particular policy, cause, or bef, youe veryerested in it and give your support to it19.against this specific background:

40、 在這樣特定的社會背景下Syntax1.It was not just the number of peoplet livedhe Mayan city-ses butalso the relatively small areao which they were concentrated.介詞+which， which 指代介詞前面的名詞，對該名詞做修飾city-ses：n. 城邦國家relatively：adv. 相對地，相比較而言地=comparatively concentrate：v. 集中，But they also placed considerable strains on the environment and rendered it increasingly fragile and vulnerable to unexpected climatic events, and even