822匯總版小范圍綜合寫作

1、匯總版說明：每期的匯總版在考完上一場的當天晚上發(fā)布，增發(fā)補充文件加試部分：現(xiàn)在閱讀不考經(jīng)典加試了，所以里面沒有閱讀經(jīng)典加試文件，只有經(jīng)典加試。最近經(jīng)典加試的題目有少量變動，隨機的閱讀：太低，這個是靠看的多了有可能碰上一兩道，如果時間只夠看少量題的話建議就不要看了，作用不大口語寫作：五星級題目必須看，口語比寫作稍高一點?，F(xiàn)在的寫作很大程度上是靠題量取勝的?？谡Z寫作順序：按整個文件的先后順序，越靠前的越重要系數(shù)沒辦法再壓縮題量去年上半年那樣只有二三套口語小范圍的情況很長一段時期內(nèi)都不會出現(xiàn)了建議：小范圍只看【上一場考完當天出的匯總版，增發(fā)的匯總版小范圍補充】就行了。同一星級層次內(nèi)所有題重要性相同，

2、不分先后。匯總版的題目比較多，因為現(xiàn)在出題規(guī)律下各個老師的小范圍就題量特別大，少數(shù)不可能考到的題已經(jīng)在整理匯總版的時候直接刪除。剩下這些只能排重要822 匯總版小范圍綜合寫作830-905 臨時版考完一場更新一次，不出意外每次變動在 10%以內(nèi)1.匯總版小范圍集合了所有老師的小范圍按重要性排序，不同老師的版本題目描述不同2.機經(jīng)僅為一種力為先。，盡可能做到準確，但并不保證完全命中，請各位考生實3. 2014 下半年開始 ETS 出題規(guī)律有變，小范圍題量增加，小范圍分為三級重點，并不是單純各個老師重復(fù)次數(shù)多就越重要，還要考慮是新增題目還是往期存留題目，所以有些只出現(xiàn)一次的題目卻是五星級題。7 月

3、 12 日補充Richard III 是否殺了他的侄子來爭奪王位的故事。1、閱讀說他又和老婆的2、除了殺，因為想當 king，說還有很多其他方法當 king，比如說他哥哥，不被認可，侄子也無法合理繼承還有很多其他作家也這麼覺得，但是說這是值得懷疑的，因為這些作之類說當時有很多小孩在倫敦塔，的敵人 tudors 有關(guān)，朵朵想家和3、倫敦塔里有小孩頭骨在房間里，證明是他殺的，不能判斷是誰的，也不能斷定和7 月 4 日補充1獨角鯨頭上獨角的作用。關(guān)于獨角鯨 tusks of narwhals(拼寫是 Narwhals 不是 Narwhile) functions (獨角鯨頭上獨角的作用）閱讀：提出三

4、種理論(1) 獨角應(yīng)該是用來 Pierce through thick iheet to breathe 的，因為獨角鯨待的地方在冰層下 面不好呼吸，還說有 eyewitness see 曾經(jīng)有獨角鯨冰層。獨角是 male narwhals 用來 Compete for territory此角與鯨的神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)相連，可以起到個 sensor 的作用，感知 ocean properties 如temperature、鹽濃度、氣壓 etc),而且是 important in narwhals survival：教授反駁。1 她說其實獨角是軟的，可以 Bend 的，而且還是從 many directio

5、ns，所以說獨角根本就穿不head 放透厚厚的冰層，只能弄碎很薄的冰面。目擊者看到的情況很有可能只是獨角its在一個 iheeve already begun to break 的地方。她說其實所謂兩條公獨角鯨為領(lǐng)地而戰(zhàn)只是遠觀而得的結(jié)論，如果是從 close 的地方看就 會發(fā)現(xiàn)，其實獨角録在 gently rub each other，這是它們的一種交流方式她說 Female narwhals dont have tusks，那如果這玩意在 narwhal survival 里真的很important，為啥一般母的都 live longern maleThe topic is about t

6、he functionality of Narwhals tusks; Narwhals a kind of whale in ocean;however,tusk.s in both reading and listening content are different for the function of theof all, the lecturer indicatest the tusk cannot be to break iheetshe ocean becausethe tusks are bendable and nord enough to pierce through t

7、he thick ice. Even though somepeople witnessed the ice-breaking phenomenon Narwhals did as the reading explains; it is truepartly because the ihee much easier to break.Secondly, the reading insistsve already brokeo smaller ones or thinner ones, whiakes itt the tusk is as weapons for male Narwhals to

8、 compete forterritory for superior mating opportunities. Likewise this standpois refuted by the speaker whotuskst observation from a distance makes people confused about what they actually wereng.They were communicating, not fighting each other. Male Narwhals rub together as a way ofcommuionLastly,

9、if the tusk,sessed mostly by male, is really essential in the survival game for suchcreaturehe ocean, the life span of male should be longernt of the femalet rarelyhave tusks. However the facthat female Narwhals have longer life spann male Narwhals.The reading says tusks can be used to sense the cha

10、nges of their living environment and are vitalto all the Narwhals. So this does not make sense. As above mentioned, the reading and thelistening contents are oping.2使用分散劑（dispersant)對消除 oil spills 海洋造成的破壞作用到底有沒有效果閱讀：(1)(2)(3)不能徹底解決問題，因為只是石油顆粒變小，burning 才能徹底消除分解后的物質(zhì)對海里的生物：產(chǎn)生物質(zhì)。（1）只在特定環(huán)境下才有效，當海洋風(fēng)浪較大或流

11、速過快時不能解決問題。分散劑把石油粒變小己經(jīng)很不錯了，因為這樣就可以進一步借助海洋里的細菌分解作用消除石油顆粒。（2）閱讀的那種情況只出現(xiàn)在會對生物有害(3) 相比 dispersant 來說 oil 更的實驗中，那里的濃度相當高，自然界中的很低，不， overall reduce the toxic levelThe topic debated is about whether or not oil dispersants are great agent as a method to be utilizedfor oil spills; the speaker and the author

12、hold a differenton it.Thepois regarding the factt oil dispersants cannot really solve the problem once ando smaller droplets ad the oil is still there. Either burning orfor all because they just turn the oilskimming the oil is a better solution. However, the speaker sayst those two methods ofremovin

13、g the oil cannot be carried out when the waves are high or the wind is strong. Thus, themethods are not efficient and feasible.Secondly, according to the lecturer, the oil duplets with detrimental chemicals are only at highconcentrationhe labs, nothe real sea condition. So in real scenario, the conc

14、entration is lowand does almost no harm to sea creatures the ecosystem. However, ，the reading indicatestthe smaller droplets can be consumed by creatures livinghe ecosystem and are deadly to them.Lastly, the reading pos outt oil dispersants are poisonous themselves, However, the speakerclaimst every

15、thing is a trade-off To put it differently, oil chemicals from the oil spill are waymore toxic. With limited ways, oil-dispersant method is still the best for the time being. Insummary, the speaker thinkst there are no methodst can perfectly without any flaw ordefect. Oil dispersant are still ideal

16、for the solution of oil spill at this time. Thus, the stanboth materials are contradictory.on3讓加州一個 Salton Sea 的鹽化程度降低的幾種方法。Reading:(1)(2)(3)使用海水淡化設(shè)備引，引進鹽度低的海水用墻圍住，不讓全部的地方鹽度都那么高Listening:123淡化后有些物質(zhì)可危害人類起等不經(jīng)濟，太遠了造價昂貴湖的所在位置是頻繁地方，造墻是不明智五星級將 solar technology 當作 fossil fuels 的一個 alternatives閱讀 1 solar en

17、ergy 沒有 other sour帶來的 pollutant, 比如沒有 fossil fuel 的 pollutant 和沒有 nuclear energy 的 radioactive contamination:反駁：使用 solarenergy 需要大量佔地，比如 NY 如果要用能，那麼得佔用它25%的土地面積來建 thousands of panels，而在土地越來越珍貴的今天，大量佔用土地也是一種 environmental problem閱讀 2 solar energy is always available and plentiful。great effort,而且可以 st

18、ore 起來等沒陽光的日子用!能不像其他能源需要 be mined with反駁： 儲藏能的電池是 METAL 做的，那些 metal 也需要 be mined with effort，能的使用也會被 effected by nature resour閱讀 3 Solar energy 能在 remoocations 使用，比如 mountains and ships。 現(xiàn)在這些邊遠地區(qū)難以接電線還是什麼管道，所以能源使用，然而他們可以用 solar panels，就可以自己發(fā)電反駁： solar energy is a complex technology. 如果你在 CITY 里，sola

19、r energy 的設(shè)備壞了，修起來還方便；如果在邊遠地方，那就要花很長時間來修，也很還是用 gasoline 好，easy to maain。 所以邊遠地區(qū)2.Beetles damage ash trees. The article talks about how to save ash trees. Reading1. banning transporion of ash trees, which will take beetles nests to other areas.2. drilling holes on the ash trees to inject a chemical p

20、esticidetrees.t make beetles leave away ash3. planting trap treesListeningt beetles like to lay their eggs on.1. they cannot prohibit private companiest cut down ash trees to be firewood.)2. drilling to much holes will damage ash trees. The cycle of injectingsticide is two years)3. trap trees are be

21、etles food，which will increase the population of beetles and hurt more ash trees.)This topic is regarding whether or not people can save the ash trees from the catastrophic damagecaused by the emerald ash borers, a kind of harmful beetles to the tree. The listening and thereading contents hold diffe

22、rents on it.To begin with, the lecturer sayst although several bans on the movement of the ash trees havebeen made, they still have trouble prohibiting private companiest cut down those trees andtransport it to other pla, causing infesion spread. The reading however indicates theregulation can preve

23、nt infested tree logs fromruding the healthy trees. Thus, the ban trying tolimit the transporion of ash trees or untreated firewood fails to stop this disaster.Secondly，from the reading passage, emerald ash borers or EAB usually cut holes to lay eggs and harm the trees, so it would be a wise remedy

24、to use pesticide by drilling holes directly to kill thelarvae. Nevertheless, the speaker refutes and sayst this methods injury trees; besides, themedication of pesticide only lasts two yearst is to be appd again. Lastly, the pesticidemight also be damaging to other harmless insects inhabiting m such

25、 kind of trees.Finally, the lecturer also denies the methods of setting up trap trees for attracting beetles to layeggs on them instead of reallyngt on the ash trees as the passage put forth. Chanaretsuch trap trees not just draw the attention of the beetles, but also provide them food in a way. Ino

26、ther words, it will increase the population of beetles and hurt more ash trees at the same time. Therefore, the methods proed by the author are not satisfactory and comprehensive.3reading：羅馬第九（1）Scotland 第九之謎被派去蘇格蘭的，被蘇格蘭的叛軍消滅了（2）Netherland 荷蘭的一個 Roman fort 的房頂上發(fā)現(xiàn)有羅馬第九標記的 tile，證明第九在荷蘭生活過。（3）Judea猶太有

27、revolt，羅馬派不列顛帶第九前往，士兵們得病死了或者是被叛軍擊潰了。listening：（1）大規(guī)模過大規(guī)模的才能成建制地消滅一個，而沒有跡象顯示當時蘇格蘭和羅馬之間爆發(fā)，比如在蘇格蘭沒有找到屬于第九的。（2）tile 可能是由其他人從不列顛帶到荷蘭的。另外 tile 需要一種 XX 工具才能製造，而堡壘附近沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)這種工具。（3）不列顛在西邊，猶太在東邊，長途運送士兵和補給品去耗時太久，而猶太當?shù)鼐陀惺勘梢葬缯{(diào)。The topic debated is regarding the disappearance of the Nh Legion and the stand and list

28、ening is different.he readingTo begin with，the writer thinkst this legion was destroyed in the battlein Scotland.Nevertheless, in order to destroy one of the best legions in Rome, there musthis massive battle, yet there was none, nor were the weapons discoveredve many signs fort belongs to the NhReg

29、ion. Some similar fortresses were found, yet they did not mean much.he second place, from the listening，some spel tiles were discoveredhe fortress relatedto the Nh Region; however, the spel sted tiles can be brought to Scotland from otherplabecause the tile making tool was not found and there were n

30、o kilns located nearby. On theother hand, from the writer, such stthey left the sioned fortress.ed tiles found were the evidence of Nh Legion whenLastly，the legion was said to be wiped out on the way to quell the rebels in Judea. Soldiers were sick or dead or even when they arrived at the battle fie

31、ld, they could be easily destroyed. However,from the listening, Judea is situatedhe east of Rome and it is not a sensible decito dispatchthe Nh Region to suppress the revolt since it is too far away. Besides, there were soldierssioned in Judea. The Rome Empire can jusd the soldiers directly fromt re

32、gion.To sum up，the listening content and the reading passage are different on how the legendary Nh legion was disappeared.4.the hoho閱讀：人類的原因（1）其灌溉系統(tǒng)含有alkaline water，土地遂不孕不育；（2）因為 hoho砍伐一種樹砍太多，而這種 tree 是狠多動物依賴生存的，所以森林里面的物種，而這些動物呢又是人依賴生存的 meat，于是人類沒東西吃；（3）受到外來者（navajo groups）：所以，有找到 fence 可以證明。（1）the

33、hoho有休耕的概念，加上雨水沖刷，所以土地應(yīng)該可以在幾年后變得肥沃；再說在那以前 1000 年他們一直用得好好的，咋就一下沒了？（2）這種樹生長狠快，只用木材來生火和蓋房子的古人是用不完的。（3）缺乏明確遺跡留下。 The reading pro，有工事不等于有，也許只是預(yù)防而已；再說沒有其他關(guān)于的es three explanations as to why the Hohokan culture disappeared suddenly inthe 15th century, while the professor refutes these explanations.of all, t

34、he reading arguest the local irrigation system is to be blamed. The watertHohokan people used to irrigate their crops contained a lot of alkaline, which would form saltdeit, making the soil infertile and unfit to grow food. However, the professor sayst theHohokan people were able to manage the saeit

35、 because they would let the field rest for afew growing seasons aftlanting crops for oason. When the fields were resting, the fallingrain would wash the salt away.Second, the reading arguest the local people had cut down too many trees, which was thenatural habiand food sourof many birds and animals

36、. With these birds and animals gone,the local people had no food sour. The professor refutes this poby sayingt the mesquitetree could grow and reproduce very quickly. It is imthem to be replaced by new growth.sible for them to cut down all the trees forThirdly, the reading sayst based on the hill to

37、p fortification, the Hohokan people may havegoneowith invading new comers. The professor casts doubt on this poby sayingt the very existence of hilltop fortification indicatest Hohokan people are fully prepared forinvas. Whats more, if there wereoccupation, there would have been evidenuch asremains

38、of weapons, burnt dwellings, but they are not found where Hohokan people once lived.5.Reading 里說 Biopolymer 的袋子比一般的袋好, 不產(chǎn)生，廉價、環(huán)保、容易保存食物；Lecture 里說不廉價，不環(huán)保，因為這種東西用農(nóng)作物制成，所以費錢，而且農(nóng)作物生長要用化肥和殺蟲劑，所以污染，不環(huán)保。另外還說到，這種東西不 durable, 容易拉壞，不方便。6【康老師，J2】閱讀：文章講了三個關(guān)於在五大湖區(qū)建電站的好處提供就業(yè)崗位淡水無腐蝕有較好的技術(shù)防止漏油雖然提供了，但是為了把建電站的錢弄回來，電

39、費也貴了。雖然沒腐蝕，但更容易結(jié)冰，成本也沒降。如果漏油，則水質(zhì)污染嚴重。The topic debated is about whether or not setting up a hydroelectric-lant around The GreatLakes is a sound suggestion for people living around to make better use of water resource; thespeaker and the author hold a differenton it.Thereason from the writing is rega

40、rding building up a hydroelectric-lanthe GreatLakes will increase the employment rate since this is a big construction and machine to operate.However, from the listening, the speaker thinkst for the plants investors, they all want theirmoney recovered soon, so they will not hire many people spending

41、 too muoney on labor cost.In addition, for a swift way of getting their money back, so the electricity price will be high.Secondly, from the speaker, the fresh water is ideal for building up the hydroelectric-lantfor sure because fresh water is not as highly corrosive as the salty water. Nevertheles

42、s, fresh watergets frozen easily;he lake area, the wer is severe and long, so the cost will not be broughtdown as the reading says. Additionally,he period of wer time in Five Lakes, it is long so thecost ofer generation could be increased as well due to the short working period.However, from the spe

43、aker, new technology is great, yet it does not guarantee a full stop of oilleakage. In addition, if the oil leakage does happen, the influence will be way serious. Thus, it isnot a sagacious idea to establish a hydroelectric-lant near the Greakes. Once ithappens, the leakage will disperse very raly

44、and cause very serious pollution to the waters andthe importanbifor animal, plants and fish.For the above reasons in details, the reading and the listening content about this ie arecontradictory. Last but not least, from the reading, we are now able to use the latest technology toprevent oil leakage

45、 of hydroelectric-lant, which is a deadly problem.7Harappan civilization decline 的三個原因；說不可能有那麼 large scale 的第一個閱讀認為有外敵第二個閱讀說是天氣變化忽然特冷特乾燥導(dǎo)致農(nóng)作物沒法正常生長了；說在同一時期還有另外倆 Civilization 他們都有辦法供給他們自己的食物所以 H 不會有這麼大的 Decline第二個原因閱讀提到因為季風(fēng)受到 climate change 影響，所以農(nóng)作物減產(chǎn)，造成文化然后教師說，同時期的埃及同樣也受 climate change 影響，但沒事!，裡的女人說

46、 H 的人都是很好的工程師不會導(dǎo)致疾病大規(guī)模第三個閱讀是說有傳染病蔓延通過水傳染的；他們在設(shè)計的是時候肯定會注意一個叫 C第三個理由我怎麼聽到他們的水利工程系統(tǒng)很棒，所以在處理 drinking water 時會很所以不會被傳染，The reading passage puts forward three hypotheses to explain the decline of the Harappancivilization. However, the lecturer challenges these hypotheses and uses evidence to proveof them

47、 are based on flawed speculations.t allThehypothesis ist the decline of Harappan civilization was caused by invafrom anomadic tribe. However, the lecture arguest the Harappan culture covered a huge expanse ofterritory, so even if the nomeople invaded Harappan land, such invawas confined to asmall nu

48、mber of Harappan cities only, so its unlikely to have led to the total destruction of theHarappan culture.The second hypothesis ist climate change had led to the collapse of Harappan agriculture. Withno food available, the Harappan people had to abandon their home. Reasonable as it may sound, there

49、are flaws his argument too, because, as the lecture indicates, the Egyptian civilization, a contemporary of the Harappan civilization, was able to make adjustment to its agriculture andmanaged to coped with the same unhospitable climate changes. There is no reason why theHarappan people could nove a

50、lso adapted sucsfully to climate change.The third hypothesis puts the blame on water contamination,ingt a water-borne diseasehad forced the Harappan people to migrate to other locations, leading to the decline of the entirecivilization. This theory is not valid according to the lecture. The professo

51、r explainsrappanpeople were excellent engineers who had created advanced csystemst should be capableof preventing the transmisof disease through water.8【康老師，J2】20130322NA牙醫(yī)用來 repair 牙齒的一種物質(zhì)：mercury。閱讀說應(yīng)該被。第一影響健康。裡面有種物質(zhì)吸收后會影響 central nerve system 帶來一系列病。第二環(huán)境問題。診所里用完后衝走進入江河湖海，會造成環(huán)境污染第三可以代替的材料。有很多材料可以代

52、替她，像陶瓷，金甚麼的。wildlife。說 第一它只有很少的量然后這種過敏的比例很小。體吸收。不會帶來甚麼大問題。有些人有問題是他們過敏，第二有一種 device, S 開頭的，（屏幕會顯示。）可以 collect 這些 solids 所以不會帶來這些問題。第三這種材料持續(xù)時間長效果好，其他材料不能代替。像金。太貴了。From the reading material, it has listed three reasons not to use amalgam as material to makedentures. However, the professorthe validity o

53、f those reasons.he lecture puts forward different evidence to argue againstTo begin with, although it is widely knownt amalgam is toxic due to traof mercury, yet thety we applyolding a denture is not so much as to cause detrimental effect on humanbeings, but only a small number of patients allergic

54、to mercury which is very rare. However, thereading says the ingredients amalgam fillings used hurts human beings in nerves related function.Secondly, amalgam did contaminate environment. However, in the light of the mandatoryadapion of separation technology, this defecs been thus eliminated. All the

55、 amalgam will befiltered out through this pros, regulating clinical or laboratory tests demanding 95-99%separating efficiency. With such technology and law enforcement, there will be no environmentconcerns over suaterial ie, which is contrary to the readingt indicates it is harmful toour environment

56、 and the wildlife as a whole. Finally, amalgam fillings are still considered the bestmaterial for dental fillings. All thesible substitutes for amalgam are either not efficient orcostly. It is thus not practical at all to actually use those replacements, such as gold or silver.Besides those comite m

57、aterials does not last long and it stains easily. Yet, the author thinkstthere are many alternative materials for this harmful amalgam filling.Weixin: tfwxIn a nuts, all the pos sed in reading materials have been proved unsubstantiated by thelecturer in listening material. Amalgam icontradictory to

58、the reading passage.itable to be the material for denture and this view is9【康老師 27,J2 】閱讀：講要 meet the demand of energy。一個國家應(yīng)該採用核能發(fā)電，但是有些批評者。safety，說如果 core overheat 的話會輻射外泄造成對環(huán)境生態(tài)及人類的危害；cost，說核能發(fā)電廠一間大約要 25 billion，比起其他的發(fā)電廠貴，舉例子說了 oil和 coal；有 other technology，比如風(fēng)力發(fā)電；：女教授反駁了。（1）就新技術(shù) pebbed reactor，可以控

59、溫，當熱量超出 regular 時會 slow work，以保持normal temperature，不會有；（2）雖然核能電廠造價比較貴，但鈾比較便宜，相較之下煤或石油發(fā)電雖然發(fā)電廠便宜但是貴，不見得比較省；（3）風(fēng)力發(fā)電不穩(wěn)定，換句話說 not reliable，因此需要其他的發(fā)電廠當 backup，所以還不如用 nuclear 呢。10【J2 】某地區(qū)下了 2 個月的 red rain，三個原因，1 volcanic eruption, 2meteoric explosive，3sporesof lichens,教授說第一種可能造成 red rain,但不太可能會造成這么長時閣的 red

60、 rain，而且雨水成分中沒有火車噴出物，第二種情況也不會造成那么大的 clouds,而且 clouds 會飄走，若發(fā)生了 explo，下雨應(yīng)該是在另一個地方；第三種情況，lichens 住在地面，只能影響到ground-leve!的 air，若要行成 red rain,需要很多很多的 lichens，市民沒有看到這種現(xiàn)象。11閱讀：natural gas 的缺點不夠干凈，會排放溫室氣體會有大量的廢水噪音和光影響小區(qū)：反駁。（1）現(xiàn)在風(fēng)碼比煤少多了能并不能很好的利用，并且天然氣也并沒有產(chǎn)生那么多溫室氣體，最起（2）采天然氣產(chǎn)生打大量的廢水已經(jīng)有了處理辦法，可以排到很深的染飲用水，這樣就不會污（