2022年中國礦業(yè)大學(xué)《大地測量學(xué)基礎(chǔ)》與GPS及現(xiàn)代定位技

1、目錄 前言 . 11 一、實習(xí)地區(qū)介紹 . 22 1-1 實習(xí)地區(qū)所在地理位置 . 22 1-2 交通情形 . 221-3 地勢地物（包括植被）概況. 221-4 吃住條件 . 22 1-5 已知掌握點利用情形 . 22 二、執(zhí)行規(guī)范名稱 . 22三、掌握網(wǎng)的布設(shè)、作業(yè)方案和作業(yè)組織 . 223-1 掌握網(wǎng)示意圖 . 333-2 起算數(shù)據(jù) . 443-3 實習(xí)的任務(wù)和分工 . 443-4 GPS 觀測 . 55四、參與選點、埋石工作 . 554-1 綜述 . 554-2 點之記 . 55五、儀器檢驗 . 775-1 規(guī)范規(guī)定的檢驗 . 775-2 光學(xué)對點器檢驗 . 885-3 水準(zhǔn)儀器檢驗

2、. 88六、 GPS 靜態(tài)相對定位測量 . 10106-1 使用儀器 . 10106-2 觀測方法 . 10106-3 數(shù)據(jù)處理方法 . 11116-4 最終供應(yīng)成果 . 1111七、水平角觀測 . 20227-1 使用儀器及儀器狀況 . 20227-2 觀測方法 . 20227-3 對規(guī)范中操作規(guī)定的看法與體會. 21217-4 觀測記錄成果及成果質(zhì)量 . 2121八、水準(zhǔn)測量 . 22228-1 施測等級 . 22228-2 使用儀器及儀器檢查情形. 22228-3 施測方法 . 2222 8-4 精密水準(zhǔn)觀測留意事項 . 23238-5 觀測記錄成果及成果質(zhì)量 九、電磁波測距及三角高程測

3、量. 2323 . 24249-1 使用儀器 . 2424 9-2 觀測方法 . 24249-3 觀測記錄成果及成果質(zhì)量. 24249-4 三角測量高差與級水準(zhǔn)高差比較 . 2424十、實習(xí)過程中遇到的困難和問題,解決問題的方法及作業(yè)體會. 2525十一、內(nèi)業(yè)運算 . 252511-1 外業(yè)資料的檢查驗收情形. 252511-2 GPS 網(wǎng)測量概算 . 2626 11-3 導(dǎo)線網(wǎng)概算 . 2626 11-4 水準(zhǔn)網(wǎng)概算 . 2828 十二、完成任務(wù)情形統(tǒng)計 . 2929 十三、收成、體會、建議 . 3030前言大地測量學(xué)是測繪工程專業(yè)的一個重要的技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)課；通過實習(xí),對觀測、記錄、運算等基本功

4、的 訓(xùn)練,提高動手才能和解決實際問題的才能；通過實習(xí),增強(qiáng)個人工作的責(zé)任感,培育關(guān)懷集體、團(tuán)結(jié) 互助的團(tuán)隊精神；1. 實習(xí)目的（1）進(jìn)一步鞏固、加深大地測量學(xué)、GPS的有關(guān)理論學(xué)問；（2）嫻熟把握大地測量學(xué)、GPS所使用的一起及觀測方法,提高掌握測量實踐才能；（3）培育和提高解決實際問題及組織社會生產(chǎn)的治理才能；（4）進(jìn)行喜愛測繪事業(yè)的訓(xùn)練；2. 本次實習(xí)的性質(zhì)這次的實習(xí)是關(guān)于“ 大地測量學(xué)” 以及“二等水準(zhǔn)測量的才能；3. 實習(xí)時間和實習(xí)地點GPS及現(xiàn)代定位技術(shù)” 這個主題；為了加強(qiáng)一級導(dǎo)線以及實習(xí)地點：南湖校區(qū)教學(xué)與生產(chǎn)實習(xí)基地三號測區(qū)實習(xí)支配：外業(yè)測量任務(wù)時間：2022 年 7 月 1

5、日 -2022 年 7 月 10 日內(nèi)業(yè)概算及平差運算處理時間：4. 實習(xí)的組織和支配2022 年 7 月 11 日-2022 年 7 月 14 日我在測繪 10-2 班第 4 組實習(xí)；本組共5 人；成員如下：羅京輝 組長 ,達(dá)吾列提,朱建偉,眺望,王如云；平常主要由我負(fù)責(zé)每天的支配及任務(wù)調(diào)度以及內(nèi)業(yè)運算；一、實習(xí)地區(qū)介紹 1-1 實習(xí)地區(qū)所在地理位置實習(xí)地區(qū)為礦大南湖校區(qū)教學(xué)與生產(chǎn)實習(xí)基地詳細(xì)為 學(xué)院、建筑工程學(xué)院、治理學(xué)院；1-2 交通情形測區(qū)內(nèi)道路暢通,交通相對來說比較便利；1-3 地勢地物（包括植被）概況3 號測區(qū)；測區(qū)主要包含運算機(jī)學(xué)院、理測區(qū)內(nèi)基本上都是學(xué)院樓,道路兩旁有樹木,測區(qū)

6、內(nèi)包含兩座橋,高差相對較大；通視情形基本上可以；1-4 吃住條件吃住自力更生,較便利；1-5 已知掌握點利用情形本測區(qū)有一個已知掌握點 I24 ,其平面 X、Y 坐標(biāo)需要通過 GPS測量測得；這就需要對學(xué)校的一些點和外面已知的三個點 E088、泉山點、 漢王點進(jìn)行 GPS網(wǎng)型設(shè)計； 再通過 GPS網(wǎng)平差, 求出 I24 點的坐標(biāo)；水準(zhǔn)通過環(huán)測學(xué)院 S00 點構(gòu)成閉合環(huán),進(jìn)行觀測；其中,S00 點的高程需通過從泉山點引來；二、執(zhí)行規(guī)范名稱（1）全球定位系統(tǒng)（GPS）測量規(guī)范 GB/T 18314-2022 ；（2）全球定位系統(tǒng)城市測量技術(shù)規(guī)程CJJ73-97 ；（3）工程測量規(guī)范GB50026-

7、2022；（4）城市測量規(guī)范CJJ8-99 ；（5）國家一、二等水準(zhǔn)測量規(guī)范GB/T 12897-91 ；（6）國家三、四等水準(zhǔn)測量規(guī)范GB12898-91；（7）國家三角測量規(guī)范GB/T17942-2022 ；三、掌握網(wǎng)的布設(shè)、作業(yè)方案和作業(yè)組織3-1 掌握網(wǎng)示意圖GPS網(wǎng)：導(dǎo)線網(wǎng)：水準(zhǔn)網(wǎng)：實際布設(shè)觀測站時可能與圖上有所差異,其中 I5 點在水準(zhǔn)觀測時由于距離較短及跨過公路和其他一系列緣由,所以去掉,改為在 I24 和 L6之間布設(shè) 4 站,中途經(jīng)過一落差較大的橋；3-2 起算數(shù)據(jù)點號XYH（56 高程）備注漢王3784070.114511258.48155.950054 坐標(biāo)3784023

8、.786511206.00380 坐標(biāo)泉山（ QSGY）3788109.4670514667.667754 坐標(biāo)E0883787813.059513642.03439.966454 坐標(biāo)I0913787766.762513589.52039.96980 坐標(biāo)3788499.461512613.23051.84954 坐標(biāo)E1023788453.155512560.70651.84980 坐標(biāo)3784070.114511258.48147.87054 坐標(biāo)S0036.607概略高程3-3 實習(xí)的任務(wù)和分工實習(xí)任務(wù)：全班共同完成一個測區(qū)的平面掌握網(wǎng)及高程掌握網(wǎng)的布設(shè)、觀測及平差運算的全部工作；詳細(xì)

9、任務(wù)是：（1）全班進(jìn)行選點、埋石的實踐訓(xùn)練（2）全班共同完成如干 GPS點的靜態(tài)相對定位觀測（3）全組完成全站儀、一臺水準(zhǔn)儀及一對水準(zhǔn)標(biāo)尺的檢驗和記錄（4）全組共同完成至少一條導(dǎo)線的水平角、垂直角的觀測工作；每人獨立完成至少2 個測站點的水平角和垂直角的觀測工作,沒人獨立完成至少2 個測站點的全部記錄工作；（5）全組共同完成一條導(dǎo)線的測距工作；（假如全站儀可同時進(jìn)行角度與距離的觀測）（6）全組共同完成一條導(dǎo)線上如干測段的二等水準(zhǔn)觀測工作；每個人都有不少于 10 站的觀測和記 錄工作；（7）每人獨立完成一份平面掌握網(wǎng)和高程掌握網(wǎng)的概算及平差運算；（8）每人編寫一份實習(xí)報告；實習(xí)分工：在導(dǎo)線測中,

10、兩人看管棱鏡,一人操作全站儀,一人記數(shù),一人打傘；在二等水準(zhǔn)測量中需要兩人 立尺,一人水準(zhǔn)儀讀數(shù),一人記數(shù),一人打傘,敏捷把握；三角高程測量與導(dǎo)線測量同步進(jìn)行；3-4 GPS 觀測GPS觀測由四個班聯(lián)合作業(yè),共同完成GPS外業(yè)測量工作（主要由G-S 組完成）；其中,每個人獨立對 GPS觀測數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行解算；每個人聯(lián)合全部數(shù)據(jù)完成GPS水準(zhǔn)高程運算；詳細(xì)實施方法：20 個組分別調(diào)一名成員共同組成G-S 組,組員 20 人,依據(jù)領(lǐng)取GPS接收機(jī)數(shù)量分配人數(shù),共同測定每組的導(dǎo)線起算點坐標(biāo),四、參與選點、埋石工作4-1 綜述GPS組共同和諧設(shè)計觀測方案；在實地確定掌握點的詳細(xì)位置,力爭做到點位安全牢靠,便

11、于觀測和儲存,點間相互通視,掌握網(wǎng)的圖形結(jié)構(gòu)良好；在實地設(shè)立測量標(biāo)志,埋設(shè)標(biāo)石；其幾何中心表示點位；詳細(xì)見 3-1 掌握網(wǎng)示意圖；4-2 點之記依據(jù)測區(qū)實際情形供挑選 13 個點,詳細(xì)點之記如下：五、儀器檢驗 5-1 規(guī)范規(guī)定的檢驗（1）測角、測距儀器光學(xué)對點器檢驗；應(yīng)在觀測之前進(jìn)行檢驗；（2）水準(zhǔn)儀器 i 角誤差檢驗；水準(zhǔn)標(biāo)尺基輔讀數(shù)常數(shù)測定；一對標(biāo)尺零點差差測定；水準(zhǔn)標(biāo)尺每米長度誤差測定；前 3 項檢驗應(yīng)在水準(zhǔn)測量前進(jìn)行；其中,這些檢驗我均參與并負(fù)責(zé)這些項目的檢驗；5-2 光學(xué)對點器檢驗如圖：1. 挑選平整位置放置一平板,平板上標(biāo)注一A 點,在平板上方安置全站儀 （儀器架設(shè)高度約1.3 米

12、）并對中整平,全站儀的分劃板中心與 A 點重合；2. 繞豎軸旋轉(zhuǎn)光學(xué)對中器 180 ,如分劃板中心與另一點 B重合,做第一次校正,使分劃板中心與AB 之中點重合,如分劃板中心仍與 3. 轉(zhuǎn)變 A 點距光學(xué)對中器的距離A 點重合,就可進(jìn)行下一步步檢驗； 例如將平板向上移動, 由 1.3m 縮短為 1.0m ,依據(jù)上步重新檢驗；如光學(xué)對中器旋轉(zhuǎn)180 之后,分劃板中心仍與A 重合就說明條件已經(jīng)滿意；如分劃板中心并不與A重合而與 B 重合,就應(yīng)校正,使分劃板中心與A B之中點重合；上述檢驗和校正工作需反復(fù)進(jìn)行,直到滿意要求為止.經(jīng)過檢驗,我們發(fā)覺的全站儀正常,光學(xué)對點器檢驗正常；5-3 水 準(zhǔn)儀器檢

13、 驗5-3-1 水 準(zhǔn)儀器 i 角 誤差 檢 驗檢驗步驟：如上圖所示,在一平整場地,挑選一條長為61.8m 的直線 J1、J2,將其長度等分成三段,在A、B處打入木樁,并釘上圓帽釘作為立尺點；在 J1、J2 處先后架設(shè)水準(zhǔn)儀；精密整平后,瞄準(zhǔn) A、B 亮點上所立水準(zhǔn)尺,照準(zhǔn)、讀數(shù)四次；在 J1點設(shè)站時的 A、B 水準(zhǔn)尺上四次讀數(shù)之中數(shù)記為 a1、b1；在 J2 點設(shè)站時四次讀數(shù)之中數(shù)記為 a2、b2；將A、B 水準(zhǔn)尺上排除了 i 角影響后的正確讀數(shù)記為 a1、b1、a2、b2；表格如下：儀器觀測次序標(biāo)尺讀數(shù)高差 a-bi 角運算站A 尺讀數(shù)B 尺讀數(shù)/mmA、B 標(biāo)尺間距離S=20.6mJ11

14、142 619143 9192 613 9233 609 9214 618 922J2中數(shù)a1=142123b1=143921-12.722 =a2-b2-a1-b1=1.3mm1155 589156 719i=10 =6.52 578 7283 582 7274 587 730中數(shù)a2=155584b2=156726-11.42對于精密水準(zhǔn)儀,要求i 角小于 20 ；超出限差時,必需對其進(jìn)行校正；算出 i =1.91 終點 . 時段mmmmmI025-I075.191B-955.5494-434.5670-93.10021053.84570.03490.00110.00640.0030-0.

15、00391: 30186I67-I068.191H-74.4088-140.6286132.3232206.93600.0123-0.0028-0.00380.00080.00411: 16799I025- 泉山點 .191B-1788.7439-954.853559.33652028.51440.02120.00110.0024-0.0010-0.00211: 95498I67-I045.191H459.1962-270.4418673.0847858.51210.0330-0.0030-0.00310.00120.00031: 26012I025-E088.191B-945.3858-35

16、0.8251-193.48911026.77680.0211-0.00660.01980.0119-0.00301: 48753I67-I043.191G409.7578-199.8899546.6246711.79770.0243-0.0003-0.00370.00060.00131: 29331I025-I008.191B-482.2194-82.2481-232.0343541.42420.02120.0022-0.01470.0164-0.00681: 25582I67-I008.191G-97.0380-753.6476912.81281187.69870.0073-0.00010.

17、0195-0.0088-0.01911: 161891I025-I009.191B-425.473427.6358-337.3588543.69320.0222-0.0010-0.0038-0.01320.00871: 24469I67-I009.191G-40.2920-643.7638807.48821033.48560.0126-0.0059-0.00180.00670.00661: 82129I025-I024.191C-142.2999-14.6324-82.9657165.36830.0230-0.00210.00200.0052-0.00101: 7184I67- 泉山點 .19

18、1H-1403.5625-1626.25301204.18352462.67020.0103-0.0029-0.01130.00250.01031: 238697I025-I074.191B-890.5709-300.8754-221.8686965.85100.0291-0.0018-0.00280.00310.00181: 33152I67-E088.191H-560.2044-1022.2246951.35801504.61100.0071-0.0015-0.01760.00470.01551: 211967I075- 泉山點 .191B-833.1945-520.2865152.436

19、7994.05640.03260.00100.0074-0.0028-0.00511: 30460I068-I045.191H533.6050-129.8132540.7616770.71970.0340I068-I043.191G-0.00420.00250.0015-0.00231: 22688484.1667-59.2613414.3015639.98040.02540.0081-0.0224-0.01050.00141: 25208I075-I008.191B473.3300352.3190-138.9341606.19520.0324-0.0007-0.01440.0118-0.01

20、161: 18711I068-I008.191G-22.6292-613.0190780.4896992.70760.01250.00040.0232-0.0075-0.02031: 79292I075-I009.191B530.0760462.2028-244.2586744.49590.03320.01390.0146-0.00000.01891: 22449I068-I009.191G34.1168-503.1352675.1651842.70800.0154-0.0018-0.00060.00420.00361: 54761I075-I024.191C813.2495419.93461

21、0.1345915.32640.0336-0.00660.0046-0.0070-0.00381: 27213I068- 泉山點 .191H-1329.1537-1485.62441071.86042263.31930.0134-0.0036-0.00270.00210.00491: 169049I075-I074.191B64.9785133.6916-128.7685196.66460.03610.0053-0.0080-0.0028-0.00191: 5451I068-E088.191H-485.7956-881.5960819.03481297.70060.01220.0022-0.0

22、1320.00500.01131: 106449泉山點 -E088.191B843.3581604.0284-252.82561067.71910.0094-0.00620.00590.0111-0.00411: 114118I045-I043.191G-49.438470.5519-126.4601153.01600.0394-0.03470.01630.00940.01091: 3879泉山點 -I008.191B1306.5245872.6054-291.37081597.91850.00970.0024-0.02960.0122-0.01641: 164073I045-I008.191

23、G-556.2342-483.2058239.7280774.82510.03290.01490.0132-0.0131-0.02301: 23521泉山點 -I009.191B1363.2705982.4893-396.69531726.60320.0134-0.0005-0.0028-0.0054-0.00071: 129017I045-I009.191G-499.4882-373.3220134.4035637.90450.0340-0.00840.00360.00830.00631: 18772泉山點 -I024.191C1646.4440940.2211-142.30221901.3

24、2680.01730.0002-0.00470.0040-0.00251: 110196I045- 泉山點 .191H-1862.7587-1355.8113531.09882364.35190.0334-0.0005-0.0058-0.00060.00361: 70811泉山點 -I074.191B898.1730653.9781-281.20511146.07090.0251-0.0019-0.00480.0037-0.00511: 45703I045-E088.191H-1019.4006-751.7828278.27321296.83880.03290.0006-0.01460.004

25、90.00911: 39471E088-I008.191B463.1664268.5770-38.5452536.78900.00640.0079-0.03250.0011-0.00951: 83278I043-I008.191G-506.7959-553.7577366.1881835.21460.02430.0215-0.0111-0.0233-0.01591: 34409E088-I009.191B519.9124378.4608-143.8698658.96890.01210.0105-0.0098-0.01960.00691: 54638I043-I009.191G-450.0499

26、-443.8739260.8636683.82660.0254-0.0087-0.0134-0.00070.01421: 26937E088-I024.191C803.0859336.1927110.5234877.60350.01700.0074-0.0124-0.00790.00101: 51750I043- 泉山點 .191H-1813.3203-1426.3632657.55892398.96360.0249-0.00380.00160.00580.00361: 96528E088-I074.191B54.814949.9497-28.379679.40430.02480.0048-0

27、.0120-0.0078-0.00151: 3201I043-E088.191H-969.9622-822.3347404.73341334.49250.0241-0.0055-0.0372-0.00530.02531: 55317I008-I009.191B56.7460109.8838-105.3245162.44330.0122-0.00310.0280-0.01950.03051: 13311I008-I009.191G56.7460109.8838-105.3245162.44330.0122-0.0006-0.02220.0148-0.02481: 13311I008-I024.1

28、91C339.919567.6157149.0686377.27790.0172-0.00440.0351-0.00320.00101: 21955I008- 泉山點 .191H-1306.5245-872.6054291.37081597.91850.0097-0.0030-0.02520.01200.01841: 164073I008-I074.191B-408.3515-218.627310.1657463.30570.0248-0.00430.0231-0.0080-0.00731: 18653I008-E088.191H-463.1664-268.577038.5452536.789

29、00.0064I009-I024.191C-0.0065-0.02990.01720.02181: 83278283.1735-42.2682254.3931383.00090.0190-0.00390.00110.01420.00641: 20224I009- 泉山點 .191H-1363.2705-982.4893396.69531726.60320.0134-0.0038-0.0050-0.00650.00431: 129017I009-I074.191B-465.0975-328.5112115.4902581.01050.0262-0.0041-0.00270.01260.00731

30、: 22207I009-E088.191H-519.9124-378.4608143.8698658.96890.01210.0047-0.0175-0.00240.00581: 54638I024-I074.191B-748.2710-286.2430-138.9029813.10430.0273-0.00300.01030.0086-0.00231: 29785泉山點 -E088.191H843.3581604.0284-252.82561067.71910.00940.0056-0.01110.0027-0.00251: 1141182.3 Tau 檢驗表基線Tau-XTau-YTau-

31、ZI025-I075.191B0.01510.05420.0296I67-I068.191H0.11380.14750.0475I025- 泉山點 .191B0.01950.03780.0302I67-I045.191H0.02470.04280.0269I025-E088.191B0.09120.21850.1246I67-I043.191G0.00510.05300.0134I025-I008.191B0.03010.15740.1610I67-I008.191G0.00160.48180.3347I025-I009.191B0.02180.05380.2950I67-I009.191G0

32、.15270.05510.2542I025-I024.191C0.05430.03710.1444I67- 泉山點 .191H0.08690.29800.0687I025-I074.191B0.02630.03000.0565I67-E088.191H0.05110.59200.2411I075- 泉山點 .191B0.00550.04250.0270I068-I045.191H0.03160.03230.0309I068-I043.191G0.11740.28390.1993I075-I008.191B0.00690.13490.1834I068-I008.191G0.00750.61800

33、.2767I075-I009.191B0.10730.12880.0002I068-I009.191G0.03620.01200.1167I075-I024.191C0.08980.05170.1125I068- 泉山點 .191H 0.11420.09430.0959I075-I074.191B0.08960.08230.0324I068-E088.191H0.07590.48340.2455泉山點 -E088.191B0.22760.20230.2814I045-I043.191G0.18280.13180.1330泉山點 -I008.191B0.11310.66460.3390I045-

34、I008.191G0.11610.20270.2765泉山點 -I009.191B0.01280.03150.0817I045-I009.191G0.05390.04970.1574泉山點 -I024.191C0.00520.11030.1480I045- 泉山點 .191H 0.00350.07170.0134泉山點 -I074.191B0.03740.05760.0819I045-E088.191H0.00530.25410.1152E088-I008.191B0.27110.74320.0451I043-I008.191G0.22450.10600.4626E088-I009.191B0

35、.25870.14360.5023I043-I009.191G0.12580.18880.0143E088-I024.191C0.23270.27980.2768I043- 泉山點 .191H 0.05590.01370.1147E088-I074.191B0.08120.13840.1630I043-E088.191H0.10240.32800.1055I008-I009.191B0.08310.31610.3042I008-I009.191G0.01240.55010.5475I008-I024.191C0.10170.56230.0832I008- 泉山點 .191H 0.07300.6

36、7010.4693I008-I074.191B0.08750.26430.1747I008-E088.191H0.08630.79880.6654I009-I024.191C0.09230.01530.2870I009- 泉山點 .191H 0.07720.05920.1130I009-I074.191B0.06040.02210.1687I009-E088.191H0.12430.48100.0909I024-I074.191B0.04470.11280.1584泉山點 -E088.191H0.20370.48670.15322.4 Tau 檢驗直方圖2.5 自由網(wǎng)平差坐標(biāo)站點緯度 / 中誤

37、差m經(jīng)度 / 中誤差m高程 / 中誤差中誤差 度: 分: 秒 度: 分: 秒mmE08834:13:01.98385N0.0031117:08:55.52206E0.003955.55360.00590.0076I00834:13:00.44447N0.0031117:08:34.63355E0.003956.75900.00620.0079I00934:12:56.30588N0.0044117:08:30.70245E0.005856.98480.00840.0111I02434:13:06.17675N0.0063117:08:21.61117E0.006862.11580.01180.

38、0150I02534:13:09.35017N0.0075117:08:16.40316E0.007165.86610.01530.0184I04334:12:45.84297N0.0090117:08:07.14708E0.012467.19010.01620.0222I04534:12:50.79403N0.0094117:08:06.68539E0.019767.72820.02100.0302I06834:12:29.73186N0.0051117:08:22.92241E0.006660.49930.00850.0118I07434:13:00.86757N0.0086117:08:

39、52.72614E0.009055.66580.01810.0219I07534:13:05.95317N0.0101117:08:57.36820E0.011554.22390.02450.0288I6734:12:24.51635N0.0034117:08:17.83007E0.004661.53470.00630.0085泉山點34:13:11.55280N0.0035117:09:35.60816E0.004671.58400.00710.00913 二維約束平差3.1 平差參數(shù)迭代次數(shù) 2參考因子 1.0000 xnorth 平移-17.8008 myeast 平移-65.9327

40、m比例 0.0000ppm旋轉(zhuǎn) 0.0000 s3.2 平面距離平差值起點止點北向 x/中誤差東向 y/中誤差平距中誤差相對誤差mmmmI025I075-103.19560.01301048.72670.01121053.79170.01711: 61493I67I068160.88560.0056130.14640.0062206.93540.00831: 24810I025泉山點70.83330.00892027.28670.00712028.52380.01141: 178268I67I045809.32190.0107-286.38410.0184858.49740.02131: 40

41、398I025E088-225.57310.00901001.64930.00681026.73490.01131: 91016I67I043656.77850.0102-274.36300.0117711.78160.01551: 45900I025I008-273.77200.0090467.02430.0068541.35280.01131: 47997I67I0081107.66140.0033428.62520.00351187.70080.00481: 246144I025I009-401.43690.0093366.57540.0077543.62590.01211: 44926

42、I67I009979.99650.0053328.17620.00581033.48580.00791: 130935I025I024-97.60280.0099133.44210.0079165.32730.01271: 13038I67泉山點1452.26680.00421988.88760.00482462.67180.00641: 385912I025I074-260.07390.0120930.13110.0097965.80650.01541: 62710I67E0881155.86030.0032963.25020.00351504.61420.00481: 316357I075

43、泉山點174.02890.0119978.56010.0112993.91440.01631: 60856I068I045648.43630.0113-416.53050.0188770.69280.02191: 35199I075I043495.89290.0108-404.50930.0121639.95130.01621: 39576I008-170.57650.0119-581.70240.0110606.19630.01621: 37400I068I008946.77580.0056298.47880.0061992.71050.00831: 119224I075I009-298.2

44、4130.0122-682.15130.0116744.49870.01691: 44172I068I009819.11100.0067198.02980.0072842.70910.00981: 85808I075I0245.59270.0127-915.28460.0116915.30170.01731: 53056I068泉山點1291.38120.00601858.74120.00652263.31270.00881: 256390I075I074-156.87830.0133-118.59560.0120196.66140.01791: 10987I068E088994.97470.

45、0056833.10380.00611297.70440.00821: 157553泉山點E088-296.40650.0040-1025.63740.00411067.60900.00571: 186109I045I043-152.54340.013912.02120.0210153.01630.02521: 6077泉山點I008-344.60540.0040-1560.26240.00411597.86470.00571: 278681I045I008298.33950.0106715.00930.0183774.75470.02121: 36582泉山點I009-472.27020.0

46、054-1660.71140.00571726.55770.00791: 218955I045I009170.67470.0111614.56030.0188637.81990.02181: 29201泉山點I024-168.43620.0074-1893.84470.00651901.32020.00991: 192231I045泉山點642.94490.01082275.27170.01852364.36870.02141: 110485泉山點I074-330.90720.0102-1097.15570.00871145.97130.01341: 85346I045E088346.5384

47、0.01061249.63430.01831296.79400.02121: 61301E088I008-48.19890.0028-534.62500.0026536.79330.00391: 138873I043I008450.88290.0101702.98810.0116835.15730.01541: 54176E088I009-175.86380.0051-635.07400.0054658.97420.00741: 89027I043I009323.21800.0106602.53920.0122683.75680.01621: 42321E088I024127.97030.00

48、74-868.20720.0064877.58770.00971: 90137I043泉山點795.48830.01032263.25050.01182398.97990.01571: 152605E088I074-34.50070.0102-71.51830.008679.40510.01331: 5974I043E088499.08180.01011237.61310.01161334.45450.01541: 86823I008I009-127.66490.0051-100.44900.0053162.44480.00741: 22040I024176.16920.0074-333.58

49、220.0064377.24360.00981: 38450泉山點344.60540.00401560.26240.00411597.86470.00571: 278681I07413.69820.0101463.10670.0085463.30930.01331: 34947E08848.19890.0028534.62500.0026536.79330.00391: 138873I009I024303.83410.0081-233.13330.0074382.97030.01091: 34990I024泉山點472.27020.00541660.71140.00571726.55770.0

50、0791: 218955I074141.36300.0106563.55570.0094581.01510.01421: 40980E088175.86380.0051635.07400.0054658.97420.00741: 89027I074-162.47100.0113796.68900.0096813.08680.01481: 54973泉山點E088-296.40650.0040-1025.63740.00411067.60900.00571: 1861093.3 平面坐標(biāo)站點北向 x/中誤差東向 y/中誤差中誤差Em誤差橢圓mmmFmET度: 分: 秒E0883787813.06

51、050.0040513642.03030.00410.00570.00450.0036130:43:07I0083787764.86160.0040513107.40530.00410.00570.00440.0037130:36:28I0093787637.19680.0054513006.95630.00570.00790.00600.0051122:41:45I0243787941.03080.0074512773.82300.00650.00990.00800.0058147:38:15I0253788038.63370.0089512640.38100.00710.01140.009

52、50.0062152:19:40I0433787313.97870.0103512404.41720.01180.01570.01220.0099114:39:26I0453787466.52210.0108512392.39600.01850.02140.02000.0076114:26:09I0683786818.08580.0060512808.92650.00650.00880.00710.0053126:11:20I0743787778.55980.0102513570.51200.00870.01340.01060.0083155:34:04I0753787935.43810.01

53、19513689.10760.01120.01630.01200.0111164:10:21I673786657.20220.0042512678.78010.00480.00640.00510.0038121:19:50泉山點3788109.4670*514667.6677*七、水平角觀測7-1 使用儀器及儀器狀況 科維 TKS-202 全站儀,全站儀的測角、測距儀器光學(xué)對點器檢驗均合格；7-2 觀測方法 實習(xí)中均采納測回的方法觀測閉合環(huán)兩條導(dǎo)線的夾角；測回角度觀測法的步驟是：如上圖所示, 測站點 O四周有待定的目標(biāo)A、B,第一挑選其中的一個方向（如 A）作為起始方向；用盤左位置順時針方向旋

54、轉(zhuǎn)照準(zhǔn)部,依次照準(zhǔn)A、B,讀取觀測值,這為上半測回；然后縱轉(zhuǎn)望遠(yuǎn)鏡, 用盤右位置逆時針方向旋轉(zhuǎn)照準(zhǔn)部,從 B 開頭,依次照準(zhǔn) B、A并讀數(shù), 這個稱為下半測回；7-3 對規(guī)范中操作規(guī)定的看法與體會水平角用 DJ2 經(jīng)緯儀觀測 2 個測回（留意瞄準(zhǔn)覘板上標(biāo)志中心或地面導(dǎo)線點中心）；每測回度盤位置分別為： 0 00 , 90 30 ；每測回各方向 2C 互差 13 ；角度測回互差限差為 9 ；2C值一般反映的是儀器的系統(tǒng)問題,而 否垂直（即水準(zhǔn)管的調(diào)平）有關(guān)系；7-4 觀測記錄成果及成果質(zhì)量2C互差就與瞄準(zhǔn)目標(biāo)的精確度、全站儀的豎軸與水平軸是本測區(qū)共布設(shè)13 站；本人觀測3 站,記錄 3 站；垂直

55、角指標(biāo)差及2C互差均在限差范疇內(nèi),觀測效果較好；經(jīng)整理,由于觀測數(shù)據(jù)較多,所以僅以一側(cè)站為例,如下：I6 測站測測點盤左讀數(shù)左- 右 左 +水平方向值中數(shù)右 / 2站2C盤右 I70 00 00180 00 07-740 00 00I577 45 03257 45 030077 44 5977 44 34I6I790 00 30270 00 34-4320 00 00中儀 器覘 標(biāo)I5167 45 37347 45 42-54077 45 08測點盤左讀數(shù)盤右讀數(shù)指標(biāo)差垂直角 數(shù)高高I6I789 04 32270 55 30+0 1+0 55 2928160.1I789 04 35270 55

56、 30+0 2+0 55 28149.0I589 36 25270 23 36+0 0+0 23 3636124.0I589 36 30270 23 40+0 5+0 23 35備注 點之記 測點次數(shù)觀測值（ m）測站氣溫測站氣壓1118.319I6I72118.31929.0996.23118.3194118.319I5中數(shù)118.3191115.3642115.3643115.3644115.364中數(shù)115.364八、水準(zhǔn)測量8-1 施測等級施測等級為二等水準(zhǔn)測量,詳細(xì)規(guī)范如下：1每 km高差全中誤差2mm；閉合或附合路線來回觀測各一次；閉合差或來回較差限差為4L（mm）,（L 單位：

57、km）；2每一測段（相鄰二導(dǎo)線點之間的水準(zhǔn)路線）應(yīng)觀測偶數(shù)站；導(dǎo)線點上不能放尺墊,標(biāo)尺底部不能 安放尺環(huán)；測段中間轉(zhuǎn)點上應(yīng)放尺墊（可擔(dān)心放尺環(huán)）；3每一測站觀測程序：往測奇數(shù)站：后前前后,往測偶數(shù)站：前后后前；返測奇數(shù)站：前后后前,返測偶數(shù)站：后前前后；4每一測站技術(shù)要求：視線長度（儀器至標(biāo)尺距離）50m；前后視距差 1m；前后視距累積差3m；視線離地面高度 0.6mm；0.3m；基輔分劃讀數(shù)較差0.4mm；基輔分劃所測高差較差8-2 使用儀器及儀器檢查情形使用儀器為精密水準(zhǔn)儀 1測角、測距儀器光學(xué)對點器檢驗在觀測之前進(jìn)行檢驗,檢驗正常；2水準(zhǔn)儀器 I 角誤差檢驗；水準(zhǔn)標(biāo)尺基輔讀數(shù)常數(shù)測定；一

58、對標(biāo)尺零點差差測定；水準(zhǔn)標(biāo)尺每米長度誤差測定；前3 項檢驗應(yīng)在水準(zhǔn)測量前進(jìn)行,檢驗均正常；8-3 施測方法按光學(xué)測微法進(jìn)行觀測,以往測奇數(shù)測站為例,一測站的操作程序如下：（1）置平儀器；水準(zhǔn)儀望遠(yuǎn)鏡繞垂直軸旋轉(zhuǎn)時,水準(zhǔn)氣泡兩端影像的分別,不能超過 1cm,對于自 動安平水準(zhǔn)儀,要求圓氣泡位于指標(biāo)圓環(huán)中心；（2）用望遠(yuǎn)鏡照準(zhǔn)后視水準(zhǔn)尺,是符合水準(zhǔn)氣泡兩端影像近于符合,用上、下絲照準(zhǔn)標(biāo)尺基本分劃 4 位,第四位數(shù)由測微器直接讀得；再使用測微螺旋用楔形平分線精確照準(zhǔn)標(biāo) 進(jìn)行視距讀數(shù)；視距讀取 尺的基本分劃,并讀取標(biāo)尺基本分劃和測微分劃的讀數(shù),測微分劃讀數(shù)取至測微器最小分劃；（3）照準(zhǔn)前視標(biāo)尺, 使用

59、測微螺旋用楔形平分線精確照準(zhǔn)標(biāo)尺的基本分劃,并讀取標(biāo)尺基本分劃和 測微分劃的讀數(shù),然后用上、下絲照準(zhǔn)標(biāo)尺基本分劃進(jìn)行視距讀數(shù)；（4）用水平微動螺旋是望遠(yuǎn)鏡照準(zhǔn)前視標(biāo)尺的幫助分劃,用楔形平分線精確照準(zhǔn)標(biāo)尺的基本分劃,并讀取標(biāo)尺幫助分劃和測微分劃的讀數(shù)；（5）旋轉(zhuǎn)望遠(yuǎn)鏡,照準(zhǔn)后視標(biāo)尺的幫助分劃,用楔形平分線精確照準(zhǔn)標(biāo)尺的基本分劃,并讀取標(biāo)尺幫助分劃和測微分劃的讀數(shù)；8-4 精密水準(zhǔn)觀測留意事項（1）儀器防曬,觀測時打傘；（2）前后視距盡量相等,其差小于規(guī)定限值；（3）標(biāo)定傾斜螺旋的置平零點,使用螺旋中部；（4）前后視標(biāo)尺與測站盡量位于始終線上,以削減觀測站數(shù)；（5）同一測站上觀測時不得重復(fù)調(diào)焦,傾

60、斜螺旋和測微螺旋最終為旋進(jìn)；（6）安置水準(zhǔn)儀, 使其中兩個腳螺旋與水準(zhǔn)路線方向平行,與右側(cè)；（7）每一測段的水準(zhǔn)路線應(yīng)進(jìn)行往測與返測；第三個腳螺旋輪換置于路線方向的左側(cè)（8）往測奇數(shù)站按“ 后前前后” 、偶數(shù)站按“ 前后后前” 的觀測次序在相鄰測站交替進(jìn)行,返測時 程序反過來；（9）測站數(shù)均應(yīng)為偶數(shù),原就應(yīng)加入標(biāo)尺零點差改正,往測改為返測時,2 根標(biāo)尺互換位置并重新 整置儀器；（10）一個測段水準(zhǔn)路線的來回測盡量在不同氣象條件下觀測；（11）觀測前水準(zhǔn)器嚴(yán)格居中；（12）觀測間隔時,終止在固定的水準(zhǔn)點上,否就挑選8-5 觀測記錄成果及成果質(zhì)量2 個堅穩(wěn)牢靠的固定點作為間歇點；本測區(qū)共水準(zhǔn)來回測