商務(wù)英語翻譯詞類轉(zhuǎn)換正說反譯和反說正譯講義

1、第七章 英漢翻譯中的詞類轉(zhuǎn)換法Conversion in English-Chinese Translation詞類轉(zhuǎn)換翻譯法 由于英漢兩種語言的表達(dá)方式不同，翻譯時(shí)就不能用“一個(gè)蘿卜一個(gè)坑“的方法逐詞對譯。原文中有些詞在譯文中需要轉(zhuǎn)換詞類，才能使譯文通順自然，這種將源語言中屬于某種詞性的詞語翻譯成目的語中屬于另一種詞性的詞詞語的翻譯方法，稱詞類轉(zhuǎn)換翻譯法。轉(zhuǎn)換分詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯與句型轉(zhuǎn)譯。詞類轉(zhuǎn)譯歸納起來有以下四種：1.其他詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞2.其他詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞3.其他詞轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞4.其他詞轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞1.其他詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞 One of the most remarkable differences be

2、tween English and Chinese syntax is the use of verbs. It is taken for granted that an English sentence contains no more than one predicate verb, while in Chinese it is not unusual to have clusters of verbs in a simple sentence. For example:Families upstairs have to carry pails to the hydrant downsta

3、irs for water. 住在樓上的人家得提著水桶去樓下的水龍頭打水。1.1.名詞轉(zhuǎn)換成動(dòng)詞1.1.1 由動(dòng)詞派生的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.火箭已被用來探索宇宙。A commonplace criticism of American culture is its excessive preoccupation with material goods and corresponding neglect of the human spirit.人們普遍批評美國文化過于強(qiáng)調(diào)

4、對于物質(zhì)產(chǎn)品的占有而相對地過于忽視人們的精神生活。1.1.2 含有動(dòng)作意味的名詞往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.看到我們的噴氣式飛機(jī)，聽到隆隆的機(jī)聲令我特別神往。 Another example: Accounting includes the design of accounting systems, preparation of financial statements，audition of cost studies, development of forecast

5、s, income tax work, computer applications , and the analysis and interpretation of accounting information as an aid to make business decisions. 會(huì)計(jì)包括設(shè)計(jì)會(huì)計(jì)制度，準(zhǔn)備財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表，審計(jì)成本研究報(bào)告，開展預(yù)測，計(jì)算收入所得稅，運(yùn)用計(jì)算機(jī)，以及分析 和解釋有助于做出商業(yè)決策的會(huì)計(jì)信息。 英語中有些加后綴 er 的名詞， 如: teacher, thinker等，譯成漢語時(shí)要翻譯成動(dòng)詞。 有些以er結(jié)尾的名詞有時(shí)在句子中并不指身份和職業(yè), 而含有較強(qiáng)的動(dòng)作意

6、味，往往譯成動(dòng)詞。 如：She is a lover of Chinese painting. 她喜愛中國畫。I am afraid I cant teach you swimming. I think my little brother is a better teacher than I. 恐怕我不能教你游泳，我弟弟比我教得好。Some of my class-mates are good singers. 我們班的一些同學(xué)唱歌唱得好。1.1.4) 作為習(xí)語主題的名詞往往可以轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞。The next news bulletin, shorter than usual, made no

7、mention （沒有提及）of the inflation.The teacher showed great concern （非常關(guān)心）for the students health.The students had high praise (高度贊揚(yáng)）of Dr. Kevin although they complained about his strictness. 1.2.介詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞 英語中介詞用得很多，其中有些沒有動(dòng)作意義，但有許多介詞有動(dòng)作意義，如： across, past, toward, through等，這些介詞在漢譯時(shí)往往譯成動(dòng)詞。如：The judge sat i

8、n the dining room amid (處理）his morning mails.Carlisle Street runs westward(向西延伸）, across （越過）a great black bridge, down （爬下）a hill and up（爬上） again, by （經(jīng)過）little sloops（單桅船） and meat markets, past （路過）single storied homes, until suddenly it stops against a wide green lawn.（沖著一大片綠色草地中止了。）1.3.形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)

9、詞 英語中表示知覺，情感，欲望等心理狀態(tài)的形容詞，在系動(dòng)詞后面作表語時(shí)，往往譯成漢語的動(dòng)詞，這些詞包括：confident, certain, careful, cautious, angry, sure, ignorant, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delighted, sorry, ashamed, thankful, grateful, anxious, able, etc.For Example：The developed countries are rich in (擁有大量的）skilled work force and

10、capital resources, so they can concentrate on producing many technology-intensive products such as computers, aircrafts and so on.We are especially grateful （特別感謝）to you for arranging the meeting for us with the Machinery Trading Delegation at such short notice.The prospect of earning five thousand

11、dollars a month had stimulated the sporting (adj.冒險(xiǎn)性的） and commercial instinct of the villagers.眼看能每月掙到五千美元，村里人人都動(dòng)了碰碰運(yùn)氣和撈錢的念頭。1.4.副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on.(穿上鞋子）The successful fishermen of that day were already in.( 都已回來了。)2. 其他詞轉(zhuǎn)換成名詞 2.1.動(dòng)詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞Such materials are charact

12、erized by good insulation and high resistance to wear.這些材料的特點(diǎn)是：絕緣性好，耐磨性強(qiáng)。The design aims at automatic operation, easy regulation, simple maintenance and high productivity.設(shè)計(jì)的目的在于自動(dòng)操作，調(diào)節(jié)方便，維護(hù)簡易，生產(chǎn)率高。2.2.形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞Out of the corner of his eye he could see the landscape. It was industrial and at that hou

13、r, sad.他眼角的余光還能瞥見窗外的景色。這里是工業(yè)區(qū)，此刻一片蕭條景象。 It was a stormy morning, with rain and mist.那天早上有暴風(fēng)，還夾著雨和霧。More examples:In the fission（裂變） process，the fission fragments are very radioactive.在裂變的過程中， 裂變碎片具有強(qiáng)烈的放射性。Both the compounds are acids, the former is strong, the latter weak.這兩種化合物都是酸， 前者是強(qiáng)酸，后者是弱酸。 2.3

14、. 副詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞The supermarket would give everyone 10% off on all cash purchases.那家超市將給每一位用現(xiàn)金購物的顧客10%的優(yōu)惠( 折扣）。What is the fare to London and back?去倫敦一個(gè)來回需要多少錢?3. 其他詞轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞3.1.形容詞派生的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成形容詞Security and warmth of the cabin of a ship were wonderful.船艙很安全也很溫暖，好極了。The pallor（ n.蒼白，灰白，）of her face indicated cl

15、early how she was feeling at the moment.她蒼白的臉色清楚地表明了她那時(shí)的情緒。3.2.有些名詞加不定冠詞作表語時(shí)，可以譯成形容詞。The economic blockade was a failure to Cuba.對古巴的經(jīng)濟(jì)封鎖很失敗。As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help.他對這個(gè)城市完全陌生，希望你給他必要的幫助。4. 其他詞轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞4.1.英語名詞譯成漢語動(dòng)詞時(shí)， 修飾該名詞的形容詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成漢語的副詞。Warm d

16、iscussion arose on every corner as to his achievements.到處在熱烈地討論他的成就。We took brief, restless naps, struggled to understand the intermittent broadcasting of the radio.我們短短地，不安地睡了幾次，竭力想聽懂收音機(jī)里斷斷續(xù)續(xù)的廣播。4.2.其他詞轉(zhuǎn)換成副詞的常見句型Give an accurate/exact answer準(zhǔn)確回答Make full use of充分利用Have a clear and unemotional expos

17、ition清楚客觀地闡述Place the highest value on高度重視More examples:We tend to like handling clocks and watches of all sorts.我們往往喜歡擺弄各種鐘表。 No doubt we have well established channels of distribution and we canvass（檢查）the retailers directly, without any middleman.毫無疑問，我們有既定的分銷渠道，不經(jīng)中間人直接審查零售商。I have the honor to i

18、nform you that.( the kindness, the fortune, the pleasure)我很榮幸地通知你（善意，有幸，高興）To my surprise，he came finally. 我很吃驚他最后來了。To my delight, I passed all the exams.很高興我都及格了。Assignments: Do the first paragraph of translation exercise on Page 61 of your book. Write the Chinese translation after each English se

19、ntence. Underline the Converted words in both the English and Chinese sentences. Chapter Eight Affirmative vs. Negative 正說反譯， 反說正譯 英語中含有no, not , never, non-, un-, im-, in-, -less 等成分的詞句，漢語中含有“不”、“沒”、“無”、“未”、“別”、“休”、“莫”、“非”、“毋”、“勿”等成分的詞句，都稱為否定說法，簡稱反說；相反，英漢語中不含這些成分的詞句稱為肯定說法，簡稱正說。 英語和漢語中均有從正面或反面來表達(dá)一種概

20、念的現(xiàn)象。翻譯時(shí)，英語里有些從正面表達(dá)的詞和句子，譯文中可從反面來表達(dá)；英語里有些從反面表達(dá)的詞和句子，譯文中可從正面來表達(dá)。例如： Excuse me . 對不起。（原文從正面表達(dá)，譯文從反面表達(dá)。）“Dont stop working ,” he said. （英語反面表達(dá)） 他說，“繼續(xù)干活吧?！?（漢語正面表達(dá)）He went into the insecure building. （反面表達(dá)） 他走進(jìn)那所危樓。（正面表達(dá)） 他走進(jìn)那所不安全的大樓。（反面表達(dá)） 以上三個(gè)句子中，Excuse 和 Dont stop 都是動(dòng)詞，insecure 是形容詞，譯時(shí)分別用反面表達(dá)法“對不起”（

21、動(dòng)詞）、正面表達(dá)法“繼續(xù)”（動(dòng)詞）和正、反面表達(dá)法“?！焙汀安话踩保ㄐ稳菰~），其詞類恰巧都分別與原文相一致。但也應(yīng)看到，運(yùn)用這種方法翻譯時(shí)往往還可能有詞類轉(zhuǎn)換的現(xiàn)象，如：He knew he was mortally ill.（副詞）他知道他得的是不治之癥。形容詞）This would cover my absence from the classroom. （名詞）這就為我不在教室提供了借口。（動(dòng)詞）Without reasoning one is apt to be beyond control. （介詞）沒有理智容易變成不受約束。（動(dòng)詞） 從原則上說，英語中的正說最好譯成漢語的正說，英

22、語中的反說最好譯成漢語的反說，以便更準(zhǔn)確地傳達(dá)原文的意義，但在實(shí)踐中，兩者的正反表達(dá)形式有時(shí)不能吻合，必須進(jìn)行正反的轉(zhuǎn)換，即將正說處理成反說，將反說處理成正說。 先談?wù)f轉(zhuǎn)反說。在英語中，諸如avoid, cease, deny, fail, hate, ignore, miss, overlook, pass, dodge,prevent, stop之類的動(dòng)詞，absence, aversion（厭惡）, failure, refusal之類的名詞，absent, far (from), free (from), little 之類的形容詞，out, too (to )之類的副詞，above

23、, beyond, instead of 之類的介詞，before, rather than之類的連接詞，都屬于“正說類”詞匯，但譯成漢語時(shí)，有時(shí)卻要“正說反譯”。例如： Another person runs to avoid doing anything else, to dodge a decision about how to lead his life or a realization that his life is leading nowhere .(C. Tucker :“Fear of Dearth”) 另一個(gè)人跑步則是為了不做別的事，不對如何生活作出決定，不去感受自己生活碌

24、碌無為。They were of course all intending to be surprised; but their astonishment was beyond their expectation( J. Austen: Pride and Prejudice, Ch. 14, V. ) 大家都做好了驚訝的準(zhǔn)備，但卻沒有料到會(huì)驚訝到這個(gè)地步He had an aversion to yielding so completely to his feelings, choosing rather to absent himself; and eating once in twent

25、y-four hours seemed sufficient sustenance（食物，生計(jì)） for him. (E. Bronte: Wuthering Heights, Ch. 20, V. ) 他不愿意完全憑感情用事，因此寧肯自己不來吃飯?？磥恚男r(shí)吃一頓飯，在他是足夠了。例1)中的avoid和dodge是兩個(gè)正說概念的及物動(dòng)詞，都表示“回避”的意思，譯成中文都用反說的“不”字來傳譯。例2)中的beyond是個(gè)正說概念的介詞，意思為“超出”，譯成中文也改成反說的“沒有（料到）”。例3)中的名詞aversion和動(dòng)詞absent，本來也都是正說概念，譯成中文也都改成了反說的“不愿

26、意”和“不來（吃飯）”。 有時(shí)候，英文中正說的句子可能處理成正說、反說都可以，但處理成反說可能更自然，更順暢。請看下面例句： I knew her before I ever met your mother. (R. Zacks: “The Date Father Didnt Keep”)我沒遇見你媽媽之前就認(rèn)識(shí)她了。 不少譯者一看到before 引導(dǎo)的狀語從句，都習(xí)慣于譯成正說的“在之前”，這樣譯不是不可以，但是像本例句這樣的句子，似乎譯作“沒之前”更符合漢語的習(xí)慣。一、英語從正面表達(dá)，譯文從反面表達(dá)（一）動(dòng)詞 下面三個(gè)英語例句都用動(dòng)詞從正面表達(dá)，而譯成漢語時(shí)都從反面表達(dá)：1）“when w

27、ill the plane take off?” “If the weather holds a couple of days. ” “什么時(shí)候（起飛）？” “要是天氣三兩天內(nèi)保持不變，就可以起飛?！?2）The first bombs missed the target. 第一批炸彈沒有擊中目標(biāo)。 3）Such a chance denied me. 我沒有得到這樣一個(gè)機(jī)會(huì)。（二）副詞 1) We may safely say so. 我們這樣說萬無一失（或：錯(cuò)不了） 2) A：The boy is quite clever. B：Exactly 甲：這孩子很聰明。 乙：一點(diǎn)不錯(cuò)（沒錯(cuò)）。

28、3）The subversion（顛覆） attempts proved predictably futile. 不出所料，顛覆活動(dòng)證明毫無效果。（三）形容詞1）Hes not stupid, merely ignorant. 他并不愚笨，僅僅是無知而已。2）It would be most disastrous if even a rumor of it were given out. 甚至只要有一點(diǎn)點(diǎn)風(fēng)聲走漏出去，結(jié)果就不 堪設(shè)想。3）The explanation is pretty thin. 這個(gè)解釋是相當(dāng)不充實(shí)的。4）His refusal is not final. 他的拒絕不是

29、不可改變的。（四）介詞1）This problem is above me. 這個(gè)問題我不懂（或：我解決不了）。2）It was beyond his power to sign such a contract. 他無權(quán)簽訂這種合同。3）These planes were held back to protect the home lands instead of being used where they were badly needed. 這些飛機(jī)被留在后方保衛(wèi)本土，未用于其它急需的地方。五）連接詞1）The guerrillas would fight to death before

30、they surrendered. 游擊隊(duì)員寧愿戰(zhàn)斗到死，而決不投降。2）Hed rather be buried with it (a belt) under a mountain of rock than trust another bank! 他寧可和這條腰帶一起埋入石山下，也不愿再去信任一家銀行了。3）I will not go unless I hear from him. 如果他不通知我，我就不去。（六）名詞This failure was the making of him. 這次不成功是他成功的基礎(chǔ)。Within minutes the men came racing in w

31、ith the two jeeps. They were both very excited, so I had to pretend to be calm to prevent my worry from spreading. 幾分鐘后，那些人乘著兩輛吉普回來了。他們都很激動(dòng)，所以這時(shí)我得故作鎮(zhèn)靜以免我的不安心情緒影響他們。（七）短語The islanders found themselves far from ready to the war. 島民發(fā)現(xiàn)自己遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)沒有做好作戰(zhàn)準(zhǔn)備。Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they

32、could accept with dignity. 雙方認(rèn)為，那和平建議是一個(gè)他們可以接受而不失體面的建議。We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust. 我們相信，年輕一代將不會(huì)辜負(fù)我們的信任。When Philip missed the last bus, he was at a loss to know what to do. 菲利普誤了最后一班公共汽車，茫然不知該怎么辦。And there was much to excite a childs imagination: glimpses o

33、f the pacific Ocean to the west, the San Bernardino Mountains to the north, a “haunted house ” in the nearby foothills to be viewed with awe and approached with caution 這里有許多可以激發(fā)孩子想象力的景象：西方朦朧的太平洋海面，北面的圣貝納迪諾山脈，不遠(yuǎn)處小山腳下那間令人望而生畏，不敢輕易走近的“兇宅”（八）句子If it worked once, it can work twice.一次得手，再次不愁。He was 75, b

34、ut he carried his years lightly.他七十五歲了，可是并不顯老。My guess is as good as yours.我的猜測并不比你的高明。The decision has yet to come.決定還沒有做出。二、英語從反面表達(dá)，譯文從正面表達(dá)（一）動(dòng)詞 英語中有些作反面表達(dá)的動(dòng)詞在譯文中往往可以從正面表達(dá)，這并不困難，如demobilize“復(fù)員”；unfasten “解開”；displease“使人生氣”，等等。1）I rode around with him one day seeing how the ships unloaded. 一天我和他乘車

35、轉(zhuǎn)了轉(zhuǎn)，看看船如何卸貨。2）The man jumped over a neighboring garden wall and disappeared among the crowds. 這個(gè)家伙從鄰居的花園墻頭上翻了出去，在人群中消失了。3) The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanations. 雖經(jīng)他一再解釋，疑團(tuán)仍然存在。（二）副詞1）He carelessly glanced through the note and got away. 他馬馬虎虎地看了看那張便條就走了。2) Mary agreed that the

36、 prime Minister had in effect resigned dishonorably. 許多人認(rèn)為首相辭職實(shí)際上是很丟面子的。3）Mr. Rumsfeld said the Soviet Union was unprecedentedly engaged in a missile-building program. 拉姆斯菲爾德說，蘇聯(lián)正以空前的規(guī)模推行制造導(dǎo)彈的計(jì)劃。（三）形容詞1）He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious（反復(fù)無常的）. 他這個(gè)人優(yōu)柔寡斷，而且總是反復(fù)無常。2）All the art

37、icles are untouchable in the museum. 博物館內(nèi)一切展品禁止觸摸。3）It was an unusual unit, flying an easily identifiable aircraft. 這是一支異乎尋常的部隊(duì)，乘的是很容易辯認(rèn)的飛機(jī)。4）Hitlers undisguised effort to persecute the Jews met with world-wide condemnation. 希特勒對猶太人露骨的迫害行為受到全世界的譴責(zé)。四）名詞1）It was said that someone had shown discord（不和）

38、 among them. 據(jù)說有人在他們中間搞挑撥離間。2）He manifested a strong dislike for his fathers business. 他對他父親的生意表示強(qiáng)烈的厭惡情緒。3）I watched with disbelief as a number was put on my right forearm82585. 當(dāng)一個(gè)號(hào)碼82585刺在我右前臂時(shí)，我懷疑地看著。（五）短語1） Dont lose time in posting this letter.趕快把這封信寄出去。2）The examination left no doubt that the

39、patient had died of cancer. 調(diào)查結(jié)果清清楚楚說明病人死于癌癥。3）Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon.今天下午學(xué)生統(tǒng)統(tǒng)要交書面作業(yè)。（六）句子1）The significance of these incidents wasnt lost on us . 這些事情引起了我們的重視。2）Such flights couldnt long escape notice. 這類飛機(jī)遲早會(huì)被人發(fā)覺的。3）Ashurst saw at once that Phil was

40、 not all right. 艾舍斯特馬上看到菲爾出了毛病。 Almost from the first, Strauss had his cloth dyed the distinctive indigo（靛藍(lán)） that gave blue jeans their name, but it was not until the 1870s that he added the copper rivets（銅鉚釘） which have long since become a company trademark. (C. Quinn: “The Jeaning of America ”) 幾乎

41、從一開始，施特勞斯就把他的布料染成別具一格的靛藍(lán)色，因此便有了藍(lán)色牛仔褲之稱。不過，直至19世紀(jì)70年代，他才往褲子上加了銅鉚釘；長期以來，這銅鉚釘也就成了公司的標(biāo)志。 not until 是反說法，譯成漢語變成正說的“直到”。 I believed then that I would die there, and I saw with a terrible clarity the things of the valley below. They were not the less beautiful to me. 這時(shí)我覺得我要死在那兒了，而下面山谷里的景致卻看得異常清晰。在我看來，這些景致

42、依然那樣美麗。 not the less 屬于雙否定說法，翻譯中不必“東施效顰”，也來個(gè)雙否定，而只要根據(jù)漢語的習(xí)慣，譯成正說的“依然那樣”即可。 從實(shí)踐來看，英語中的正說和反說，在多數(shù)情況下，還是譯成漢語中相應(yīng)的正說和反說。所以，對于正反說的轉(zhuǎn)換，切不可隨心所欲，為轉(zhuǎn)換而轉(zhuǎn)換，而是要確實(shí)出于需要或是出于譯文的需要，或是出于增強(qiáng)表達(dá)效果的需要，例如： Sir William and Lady Lucas are determined to go, merely on that account, for in general you know they visit no new comers.

43、(J. Austen: Pride and Prejudice) 盧卡斯爵士夫婦打定注意要去，還不就是為了這個(gè)緣故，因?yàn)槟阒?，他們通常是不去拜訪新搬來的鄰居的。 merely on that account 也可以“正”譯成“僅僅為了這個(gè)緣故”，但似乎顯得平淡了一些，而“反”譯成“還不就是為了這個(gè)緣故”，則能更加充分地表達(dá)出說話人的急切心態(tài)。1.Affirmative in English, but Negative in ChineseIm at my wits end to keep this child quiet. 要讓這個(gè)孩子安靜下來，我已經(jīng)無計(jì)可施。 The mother said she would let her son off washing the dishes if he could finish his assig