Comprehensivecourse教育部高職高專規(guī)劃教材(非英語專業(yè)用)答辯課件

1、Comprehensive course教育部高職高專規(guī)劃教材（非英語專業(yè)用）Practical EnglishChongqing Electric Power CollegePractical English 第1頁，共38頁。Unit oneText AUnit TwoText AUnit ThreeText AUnit FourText AUnit FiveText AUnit SixText AUnit SevenText AUnit EightText AContent第2頁，共38頁。Unit 7Do Animals Have a Culture?第3頁，共38頁。第4頁，共38頁

2、。Chimpanzee An anthropoid (類人猿）ape of Africa，with black hair and large outstanding ears, it is smaller and less fierce than a gorilla (大猩猩）.homeRelated Information第5頁，共38頁。gorillaThe largest of the anthropoid apes (Gorilla gorilla) native to the forests of equatorial Africa, having a stocky body and

3、 coarse, dark brown or black hair.第6頁，共38頁。ApesThe closest living relatives of humans.home第7頁，共38頁。Washoe Project Washoe ( 1966-1970 ) was the first successful attempt to teach a nonhuman primate (靈長(zhǎng)類的動(dòng)物) to use symbols in communicating. Researchers taught a young chimpanzee more than 130 hand-signs

4、 of the American language of the deaf. Since then studies of language use a variety of nonhuman primates indicate that theses animals are capable of using sounds as symbols to exchange information regarding objects in their natural environment.第8頁，共38頁。scientist n.defense n.handy a.female n. / a .at

5、tempt mand n.abstract a.attitude n.Vocabulary第9頁，共38頁。scientist n. 科學(xué)家Root word: science n.-ist:Sociologist 社會(huì)學(xué)家socialist 社會(huì)主義者economist 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家psychologist 心理學(xué)家 第10頁，共38頁。defense: n. the act of defending against attack, danger, or injury.e.g. self- defense guard resistance attack第11頁，共38頁。handy: a.nea

6、r: at hand e.g. The taxi-stop is handy at the next block.useful and simply to use e.g. There were handy shelves near the kitchen sink.clever in using the hands e.g. My husband is very handy at repairing radios. convenient第12頁，共38頁。femalemale第13頁，共38頁。attempt: 1) n. a try; an effort made to do someth

7、ing e.g. We failed in our attempt to climb the mountain. 2) v. attempt to do sth. effort第14頁，共38頁。command: an ordere.g.at ones command control mastery隨心所欲第15頁，共38頁。abstractconcrete第16頁，共38頁。Language Pointsattitude: a manner or way of feeling and behaving; opinione.g. an hostile attitude（敵對(duì)的態(tài)度） a wai

8、t-and-see attitude （觀望的態(tài)度） an attitude of indifference （冷漠的態(tài)度） Whats your attitude to/towards the new plan? 第17頁，共38頁。OutlinePara.1Para.2-5The Definition of CultureSome Aspects of Human Behavior Found in Certain AnimalsPara.6Conclusion: 1. the ability to use tools 2. the ability to teach and learn3.

9、 the ability to use languageAnimals may also have a culture, though it is limited when compared with that of human beings.第18頁，共38頁。 2 Our culture lets us make up for having lost our strength, claws, long teeth, and other defenses. Instead, we use tools, cooperate with one another, and communicate i

10、n language. But these aspects of human behavior, or “ culture”, can also be found in the lives of certain animals. 1 Lately social scientists have begun to ask if culture is found just in humans, or if some animals have culture too. When we speak of culture, we mean a way of life a group of people h

11、ave in common. Culture includes the beliefs and attitudes we learn. It is the patterns of behavior that help people to live together. It is also the patterns of behavior that make one group of people different from another group.Text Study第19頁，共38頁。 3 We used to think that the ability to use tools w

12、as the dividing line betweenhuman beings and other animals. Lately, however, we have found that this is notthe case. Chimpanzees can not only use tools but actually make tools themselves. This is a major step up from simply picking up a handy object and using it. For example, chimps have been seen s

13、tripping the leaves and twigs off a branch, then putting it into a termite nest. When the termites bite at the stick, the chimps removes it and eats them off the endnot unlike our use of fork! 4 For some time we thought that although human beings learned their culture, animals could not be taught su

14、ch behavior. Or even if they could learn, they would not teach one another in the way people do. This too has proven to be untrue. A group of Japanese monkeys was studied at the Kyoto University Monkey Centre in Japan. They were given sweet potatoes by scientists who wanted to attract them to the sh

15、ore of an island. One day a young female began to wash her sweet potatoes 第20頁，共38頁。to get rid of the sand. This practice soon spread throughout the group. It became learned behavior, not form humans but form other monkeys. Now almost all monkeys who have not come into contact with this group do not

16、. Thus we have a “cultural” difference among animals.5 We have ruled out tool use and invention as ways of telling animal behavior from human behavior. We have also ruled out learning and sharing of behavior. Yet we still have held onto the last feature-language. But even the use of language can no

17、longer separate human culture from animal culture. Attempts to teach apes to speak have failed. However, this is because apes do not have the proper vocal organs. But teaching them language has been very successful if we are willing to accept other forms than just the spoken word. Two psychologists

18、trained a chimpanzee named Washoe to use Standard American Sign Language. This is the same language used by deaf people. In this language, “talk” is madeN第21頁，共38頁。through gestures, and not by spelling out words with individual letters. By the time she was five years old, Washoe had a vocabulary of

19、130 signs. Also, she could put them together in new ways that had not been taught her originally. This means she could create language and not just copy it. She creates her own sentences that have real meaning. This has allowed two-way talk. It permits more than one-way command and respond. 6 Of cau

20、se there are limits to the culture of animals. As far as we know, no ape has formed social instructions such as religion, law, or economics. Also, some chimps may be able to learn sign language; but this form of language is limited in its ability to communicate abstract ideas. Yet with a spoken lang

21、uage we can communicate our entire culture to anyone else who knows the language. Perhaps the most important thing we have learned from studied of other animals is that the line dividing us from them is not as clear as we used to think. NN第22頁，共38頁。Language Pointsspeak of : to talk about; mentione.g

22、. I have never spoken of these things to anyone before. Speaking of books, have you read Gone with the wind.第23頁，共38頁。Language Pointshave sth. in common: to share interests, characteristics, etce.g. They have a lot in common. I have nothing in common with Jane.c.f. in common: for or by all of a grou

23、pe.g. The Browns and the Clarks own the garden in common.第24頁，共38頁。Language Pointsmake up for: to compensate for ( what was bad before) with something goode.g. We must make up for the lost time somehow. They demanded a raise in their salary to make up for the in creased cost of living.第25頁，共38頁。Lang

24、uage Pointscooperate with sb. : to work or act together for a shared purpose第26頁，共38頁。Language Pointsbe the case: to be true; be the actual conditione.g. Such is also the case in China.第27頁，共38頁。Language Pointsget rid of: to remove or throw something awaye.g. The cream get rid of my skin rash.第28頁，共

25、38頁。Language Pointscome into contact with: to get in touch with第29頁，共38頁。Language Pointsrule out：to consider as impossiblee.g. The doctor took X rays and ruled out the chance of broken bones. He said the possibility was not ruled out for them to meet again in August. 第30頁，共38頁。Language Pointsspell o

26、ut:to write or say (a word) letter by letter e.g. John is slow in learning and finds it difficult to spell out the new words.to explain in the plainest or most detailed way e.g. The representative spelt out the governments plans in his speech 第31頁，共38頁。We have ruled out tool use and invention as way

27、s of telling animal behavior from human behavior. = We did not regard tool use and invention as ways of telling the difference between animal behavior and human behavior. (Ch.)我們現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)否定了根據(jù)能否使用工具和發(fā)明創(chuàng)造來區(qū)分動(dòng)物和人類行為的方法, 我們也已否認(rèn)了根據(jù)能否完成習(xí)得行為和傳授行為來區(qū)分的方法.第32頁，共38頁。Of course there are limits to the culture of ani

28、mals. As far as we know, no ape has formed social instructions such as religion, law, or economics.= Of course, there are some other things that the culture of animals can not do. (Ch.)當(dāng)然,動(dòng)物文化存在著許多局限性。就我們了解的情況而言，沒有任何類人猿形成過諸如宗教、法律和經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)這樣的社會(huì)習(xí)俗和制度。第33頁，共38頁。Perhaps the most important thing we have lear

29、ned from studied of other animals is that the line dividing us from them is not as clear as we used to think. (Ch.)也許，我們通過對(duì)其它動(dòng)物的研究所了解到的最重要的事實(shí)是：我們與動(dòng)物之間的分界線并不象我們以前認(rèn)為的那樣明確。第34頁，共38頁。 Culture is believed to be the thing only human have. Studies of animals, however, show that chimpanzees can make and use

30、 tools like man. Monkeys can learn to do something from each other. Apes can even be taught some forms of language. We find that certain animals do have culture similar to that of human beings and the line dividing us from them is not as clear as we used to think.Summary第35頁，共38頁。Exercisesno longer/not any longer: not any more; formerly so bu