遺傳學(xué)中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照

1、.第一章細(xì)胞遺傳學(xué)基礎(chǔ)中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)索引細(xì)胞（ cell ）細(xì)胞膜（ cell membrane ）質(zhì)膜（ plasma membrane， plasmalemma）細(xì)胞質(zhì)（ cytoplasm ）細(xì)胞器（ organelle）基質(zhì)（ cytoplasmic matrix ）線粒體（ mitochondria ）內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)（ endoplasimic ， ER）粗面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)（ rough reticulum ， rER）滑面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng) （smooth endoplasmic reticulum，sER）高爾基體（ Golgi body ）中心體（ centrosome）核糖體（ ribosome）附著核糖體

2、（ attached ribosomes）游離核糖體（ free ribosomes）核膜（ nuclear membrane）核基質(zhì)（ nuclear matrix ）核液（ nuclear sap）核仁（ nucleolus ）染色質(zhì)（ chromatin ）常染色質(zhì)（ euchromatin）異染色質(zhì)（ heterochromatin ）結(jié)構(gòu)異染色質(zhì) （ constitutive heterochromatin ） 兼性異染色質(zhì)（facultative heterochromatin ）染色體（ chromosome）著絲粒（ centromere）主縊痕（ primary constr

3、iction ）中著絲粒染色體（metacentric chromosome ）近中著絲粒染色體（submetacentric近 端 著 絲 粒 染 色 體 （ subtelocentric端著絲粒（ telocentric chromosome）次縊痕（ secondary constriction ）隨體（ satellite ）端粒（ telomere）核小體（ nucleosome）螺線體（ solenoid ）;.細(xì)胞（ cell ）質(zhì)膜（ plasma membrane， plasmalemma）細(xì)胞器（ organelle）線粒體（ mitochondria ）粗面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)（rou

4、gh reticulum ， rER ）高爾基體（ Golgi body ）核糖體（ ribosome ）游離核糖體（free ribosomes）核基質(zhì)（ nuclear matrix ）核仁（ nucleolus ）常染色質(zhì)（ euchromatin）結(jié)構(gòu)異染色質(zhì) （ constitutive heterochromatin 染色體（ chromosome）主縊痕（ primary constriction ）近中著絲粒染色體（ submetacentric 端著絲粒（ telocentric chromosome）隨體（ satellite）核小體（ nucleosome）超螺線體（ s

5、uper solenoid）核型分析（ karyotype analysis ）C 分帶（ centromere banding）G 分帶（ Giemsa banding）分帶（ N banding ）細(xì)胞周期（ cell cycle ）有絲分裂（ mitosis）有絲分裂期（ M phase）凝線期（ synizesis）聯(lián)會(huì)（ synapsis）粗線期（ pachynema）雙線期（ diplonema ）終變期（ diakinesis ）染色體重建（ chromosome reconstruction ）重復(fù)（ duplication ）易位（ translocation ）假顯性現(xiàn)象（

6、 pseudo dominance）反接重復(fù)（ reverse duplication ）劑量效應(yīng)（ dosage effect）臂間倒位（ pericentric inversion ）相互易位（ reciprocal transloca tion）復(fù)合易位（ complex translocation ）細(xì)胞膜（ cell membrane ）細(xì)胞質(zhì)（ cytoplasm）基質(zhì)（ cytoplasmic matrix ）內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)（ endoplasimic， ER）滑面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng) （smooth endoplasmic reticulum，sER）中心體（ centrosome）附著核糖體（at

7、tached ribosomes）核膜（ nuclear membrane）核液（ nuclear sap）染色質(zhì)（ chromatin ）異染色質(zhì)（ heterochromatin ） 兼性異染色質(zhì)（facultative heterochromatin ）著絲粒（ centromere）中著絲粒染色體（ metacentric chromosome）近 端 著 絲 粒 染 色 體 （ subtelocentric 次縊痕（ secondary constriction ）端粒（ telomere）螺線體（ solenoid）核型（ karyotype ）核型模式圖（idiogram ）分帶

8、（ quinacrine banding ）分帶（ reverse banding）高分辨顯帶（ high-resolution banding ）間期（ interphase）減數(shù)分裂（ meiosis）細(xì)線期（ leptonema）偶線期（ zygonema）聯(lián)會(huì)復(fù)合體（synaptonemal complex ，SC）雙價(jià)體（ bivalent ）交叉端化（ terminalization of chiasmata ）濃縮期（ diakinesis ）缺失（ deletion ）倒位（ inversion ）中間缺失（ interstitial deletion ）順接重復(fù)（ tande

9、m duplication ）不等交換（ unequal crossing over）臂內(nèi)倒位（ paracentric inversion ）簡(jiǎn)單易位（ simple translocation ）移位易位（ shift translocation ）等臂染色體（isochromosome ）;.單倍體（ haploidy ）多倍體（ polyploid ）異源多倍體（allopolyploid ）同源多倍體（autopolyploid ）雙精受精（ dispermy）合子（ zygote）組成型多倍體（constitutional polyploid ）缺倍體（ nulliploid ）非

10、整倍 性（ aneuploidy ）亞倍體（hypoploid ）單體性（ monosomy ）缺對(duì)性（ nullisomy ）超二倍體（ hyperploid ）三體性（ trisomy ）雙三體性（ ditrisomy ）四體性（ tetrasomy），染色體不分離（nondisjunction ）后期延遲（ anaphase lag）后期延遲運(yùn)動(dòng) （ delayed movement，lagging ） 混倍性（ mixoploidy ）鑲嵌型（ mosaicism）嵌合型（ chimerism ）第二章分子遺傳學(xué)基礎(chǔ)中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照基因gene外顯子 exon內(nèi)含子 intron基因組

11、genome密碼子 codon起始密碼子initiator同義密碼子synonym多義密碼子ambiguous codon核糖體ibosome表觀基因組 學(xué) epigen omics啟動(dòng)子 promoter增強(qiáng)子 enhancer沉默子 silencer化學(xué)修飾chemical modification基因突變gene mutation)堿基 base回復(fù)突變r(jià)eversion)暗修復(fù)dark repair)切除修復(fù)excision repair)缺口修復(fù)gap repair錯(cuò)配修復(fù)mismatch repair重組recombination同源重組homologous recombinati

12、on轉(zhuǎn)座transposition)限制性核酸內(nèi)切酶restriction endonuclease載體vector;.第三章免疫遺傳學(xué)基礎(chǔ)中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照免疫力immunity免疫防immunologic defence自我穩(wěn)定homeostasis自身免疫病autoimmune disease免疫監(jiān)視immunosurveillance先天性免疫innate immunity獲得性免疫adaptive immunity非特異性免疫non-special immunity特異性免疫special immunity免疫應(yīng)答immune response細(xì)胞免疫應(yīng)答cellular immune

13、respons體液免疫應(yīng)答humoral immune response免疫系統(tǒng)immune system免疫球蛋白mmunoglobulin(Ig)抗體antibody(Ab_重鏈heavy chain(H)輕鏈light chain(L 鏈 )恒定區(qū)constant region ( C 區(qū) )可變區(qū)variable region高變區(qū)或超變區(qū)hypervariable region ( HVR)互補(bǔ)決complementaity-determin ing region (CDR)框架結(jié)構(gòu)或支架結(jié)構(gòu)framewo rk region ( FR)結(jié)構(gòu)域 domain絞鏈區(qū)hinge regi

14、on抗原結(jié)合片段antigen binding fragment (Fab)結(jié)晶片段fragment crystallizable (Fc)型群phenogroup調(diào)理作用opsonization攻膜復(fù)合體membrane attack complex (MAC)抗體依賴性細(xì)胞介導(dǎo)的細(xì)胞毒作antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)基因簇gene cluster先導(dǎo)序列基因1eader sequence (L)V 區(qū)基因variableregion ( VH )多樣性基因diversity ( D)連接基因joining ( JH)

15、C 區(qū)基因constant region (CH)假基因pseudogene;.可讀框open reading frame (ORF)轉(zhuǎn)換區(qū)switch region (S)七聚體heptamer九聚體nanomer重組信號(hào)序列recombination signal sequence (RSS)類別轉(zhuǎn)換class switch同種型轉(zhuǎn)換isotype switch環(huán)狀切除circular excision抗體親和力成熟現(xiàn)象affinity maturation主要組織相容性基因復(fù)合體major histocompatibility complex (MHC)2微球蛋白2-microglobu

16、lin ( 2m)第四章質(zhì)量性狀的遺傳中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照質(zhì)量性狀qualititativecharacter遺傳descendiblity heredity inherit染色體chromosome性染色體sex chromosome常染色體euchromosome伴性遺傳sex-linked inheritance限性遺傳sex limited inheritance從性遺傳sex influenced inheritance血型blood group顯性上位作用dominant epistasis隱性上位作用recessive epistasis重疊作用duplicate effect基因座位

17、gene locus等位基因allele復(fù)等位基因multiple alleles上位基因epistatic gene性連鎖基因sex-linked gene顯性性狀dominantcharacters隱性性狀recessive characters育種breeding雜交育種cross breeding伴性基因sex-linked genes隱性純合子allozygote雜合子heterozygote顯性基因dominant gene隱性基因recessive gene;.就巢性broodiness自別雌雄auto-sexing騾鴨mule duck測(cè)交test cross隱性致死reces

18、sive lethal半致死基因semi-lethal gene標(biāo)記基因marker gene父本male parent母本fem ale parent繁殖力fecundity遺傳效應(yīng)genctic effect雜交優(yōu)勢(shì)heterotic vigor經(jīng)濟(jì)性狀practical characters堿基對(duì)base pair遺傳缺陷genetic defects下位基因hypostatic gene基因文庫(kù)gene library完全顯性complete dominance不完全顯性incomplete dominance共顯性codominance連鎖遺傳linkage inheritance第

19、五章數(shù)量性狀的遺傳中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照數(shù)量性狀quantitative trait表型值phenotypic value基因型值genotypic value數(shù)量性狀基因座quantitative trait locus主效基因major gene系統(tǒng)環(huán)境效應(yīng)systimatic evirenmental effect隨機(jī)環(huán)境效應(yīng)randomatic envirenmental effect加性效應(yīng)additive effect顯性效應(yīng)dominance effect上位效應(yīng)epistatic effect育種值breeding value遺傳力heritability重復(fù)力repeatabilit

20、y遺傳相關(guān)genetic correlation表型相關(guān)phenotypic correlation;.環(huán)境相關(guān)environmental correlation廣義遺傳力heritability in the broad sense狹義遺傳力heritability in the narrow sense實(shí)現(xiàn)遺傳力realized habitability最大可能生產(chǎn)力most Probable Producing Ability (MPPA)持久性環(huán)境效應(yīng)permanent environment effect暫時(shí)性環(huán)境效應(yīng)temporary environmental coefficie

21、nt組內(nèi)相關(guān)系數(shù)intra-class correlation coefficient最大似然法maximum Likelihood( ML)約束最大似然法restricted Maximum likelihood (REML)最小范數(shù)二次無(wú)偏估計(jì)法minimum norm quadratic unbiased estimation (INQUE)最小方差二次無(wú)偏估計(jì)法minimum variance quadratic ynbiased estimation, (MIVQUE)最佳線性無(wú)偏預(yù)測(cè)best Linear unbiased prediction (BLUP)最佳線性無(wú)偏估計(jì)best

22、 linear unbiased estimation (BLUP)混合模型方程mixed model equation (ME)方差分析analysis of variance (ANOV A)類方差分析法ANOV A-like method第六章性別決定與性別控制名詞術(shù)語(yǔ)雄異配型maleheterogamety雌異配型female heterogamety異配性別heterogametic sex同配性別homogametic sex睪丸決定因子(TDF) testis determining factor擬（偽）常染色體區(qū)域( PAR) pseudoautosomal-regionY 染

23、色體性別決定 區(qū)sex-determiningregion of Y chromosome第二性征（副性征）secondary sexual character性反轉(zhuǎn)sex-reversal半合基因hemizygous gene伴性遺傳或性連鎖遺傳sex-linked inheritance從性遺傳sex-conditioned inheritance限性遺傳sex-limited inheritanc;.第七章遺傳病與遺傳病控制中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照染色體病chromosomal disease單基因遺傳病monogenetic disease多基因遺傳病polygenetic or multige

24、ne disorder線粒體遺傳病mitochondrial disease常染色體顯性遺傳autosomal dominant disorder失顯non penetrance不完全外顯incomplete dominance不規(guī)則外顯irreqular dominance多發(fā)性外生骨疣multiple exostosis干骺端發(fā)育不良metaphysialaclasis骨軟骨瘤 病 osteochondromatosis并蹄syndactylism多趾polydactylism常染色體隱性遺傳病autosomal recessive disorder糖原貯積病I 型 glycogenosi

25、s type l ， Von Gierk s disease隱睪cryptorchidism粗腿病thick legs關(guān)節(jié)彎曲arthrogryposis先天性 肢外展綜合征congenital splayleg syndrome赫爾尼亞hernia小眼球microphthalmia無(wú)眼球anophthalmia豬的應(yīng)激綜合征porcine stress syndrome(PSS)惡性高熱綜合癥milignant hyperthermia syndrome(MHS)PSEpale， soft， exudativeDFDdark， firm ， dry性連鎖遺傳病sex-linked disor

26、der;.血友病hemophilia睪丸雌性化syndrome of testicular feminization假肥大性肌營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良癥duchenne muscular dystrophy(DMD)三體綜合征trisomic syndrome單體綜合征monosomic syndrome卵巢囊腫ovarian cyst平衡易位balanced translocation貓叫綜合征cri du chat syndrome兩性畸形hermaphroditism真兩性畸形true hermapheroditism假兩性畸形pseudo hermaphroditism性轉(zhuǎn)變sex reversal肛

27、門閉鎖atresia ani誘變劑mutagen斷裂劑clastogen致畸劑teratogen抗病育種breeding for disease resistance第八章畜禽品種中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照西弗里斯蘭省west-friesland荷爾斯坦省holstein物種species品種breed品系strain, line專用品種special-purpose breed兼用品種dual-purpose breed海福特牛hereford;.夏洛萊 牛charolais利木贊牛limousin安格斯牛angus阿伯丁 -安格斯牛 aberdeen-angus契安尼娜牛chianina荷斯坦牛hol

28、stein中國(guó)荷斯坦牛china holstein美國(guó)荷斯坦 -弗里生協(xié)會(huì)Holstein-Friesian Association of America娟姍牛jersey西門塔爾牛simmental伯爾尼省大委員會(huì)the great council of bern province世界西門塔爾牛聯(lián)合會(huì)WSF丹麥紅牛danish red摩拉水牛murrah尼里 -拉維水牛 nili -ravi婆羅門牛brahman圣格魯?shù)吓anta gertrudis肉牛王beefmaster婆朗格斯牛brangus婆羅福特牛braford西門婆羅牛simbrah契安尼娜牛chianina夏白雷charbr

29、ay辛地紅牛red sindhi純血馬thoroughbred阿爾登馬ardennes澳洲美利奴羊australian merino超細(xì)毛 型 super fine merino細(xì)毛 型fine merino中毛型medium wool merino強(qiáng)毛型strong wool merino;.羅姆尼羊romney marsh薩?？搜騭uffolk諾?？?羊norfolk無(wú)角陶賽特羊poll dorset考力代羊corriedale夏洛萊羊charollais薩能山羊sannen安哥拉山羊angora goat努比亞山羊nubian波爾山羊boer goat大白豬large white長(zhǎng)白豬l

30、andrace杜洛克豬duroc漢普夏豬hampshire皮特蘭豬pietrain隱性白羽雞recessive white來(lái)航雞leghorn羅斯褐蛋雞ross brown layer海波羅肉雞hybro broilers咔嘰 康貝爾鴨khaki campbell ducks楓葉 鴨maple ducks櫻桃谷肉鴨cherry valley meat ducks萊茵鵝rhine geese郎德鵝landoise geese王鴿king pigeons美國(guó)七彩雉雞american seven-colour common pheasants非洲鴕鳥(niǎo)african ostriches第九章動(dòng)物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)

31、育的規(guī)律中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照;.生長(zhǎng)growth發(fā)育development胚胎期term of embryo生后期term of birth after累積生長(zhǎng)accumulation growth相對(duì)生長(zhǎng)relative growth絕對(duì)生長(zhǎng)absolute growth生長(zhǎng)波growth wave生長(zhǎng)中心growth center第十章動(dòng)物生產(chǎn)性能測(cè)定中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照生產(chǎn)性能測(cè)定performance testing測(cè)定站測(cè)定station test場(chǎng)內(nèi)測(cè)定on-farm test肉用家畜butcher s beast肉嫩度meat tenderness豬應(yīng)激綜合征porcine stress s

32、yndrome （ PSS）體尺測(cè)量body measurement線性外貌評(píng)定linear classification system產(chǎn)奶量milk yield排乳速度milking rate產(chǎn)蛋性能egg laying performance蛋品質(zhì)egg quality羊毛品質(zhì)wool quality繁殖性能breeding performance第十一章質(zhì)量性狀選擇原理與方法中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照質(zhì)量性狀qualitative trait顯性基因dominant gene;.隱性基因recessive gene伴性遺傳sex-linked inheritance選擇selection隨機(jī)交配群體

33、 mendelian population or randomized mating population 測(cè)交 test cross檢驗(yàn)概率probability of detection第十二章數(shù)量性狀的選擇原理與方法中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照多性狀的選擇multiple-trait selection單性狀的選擇single trait selection間接選擇indirect selection直接選擇direct selection表型值phenotypic value選擇差selection differential選擇反應(yīng)selection response選擇強(qiáng)度selectionint

34、ensity選擇指數(shù)selection index順序選擇tandem selection獨(dú)立淘汰independent Culling （ level）家系 family家系內(nèi)選擇intra-family selection家系選擇family selection遺傳進(jìn)展genetic gain數(shù)量遺傳學(xué)quantitative genetics閾模型thresholdmodel閾性狀thresholdtrait閾值 threshold value遺傳同化genetic assimilation第十三章個(gè)體遺傳評(píng)定中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照分子血緣相關(guān)陣numerator relationship ma

35、trix估計(jì)育種值estimated breeding value（ EBV ）估計(jì)傳遞力estimated transmitting ability（ ETA ）相對(duì)育種值relative breeding value（ RBV ）;.綜合育種值total breeding value經(jīng)濟(jì)加權(quán)值economic weight系譜測(cè)定pedigree testing同胞測(cè)定sib testing后裔測(cè)定progeny testing順序選擇法tandem selection獨(dú)立淘汰法independent culling綜合選擇指數(shù)selection index最佳線性無(wú)偏預(yù)測(cè)best lin

36、ear unbiased prediction （BLUP ）混合模型方程組法mixed model equations （MME ）動(dòng)物模型animal model公畜模型sire model公畜 -母畜模型sire-dam model外祖父模型maternal grandsire model孟德?tīng)柍闃覯endelian sampling對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)迭代iteration on data生產(chǎn)質(zhì)量quality of production(張勤 )第十四章交配系統(tǒng)中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照交配體制mating system交配系統(tǒng)mating system選型交配ssortative mating同型交配pos

37、itiveassorrtativemating異型交配negative assortative mating近交 inbreeding遠(yuǎn)交utbreeding近交衰退inbreeding depression生長(zhǎng) growth繁殖 reproduce適應(yīng)性 adaptability活力 vigor環(huán)境條件critical environmental conditions敏感 susceptible）。遺傳致死因子hereditarylethals畸形 abnormalities近交系數(shù)inbreeding coefficient親緣系數(shù)coefficient of relationship第十

38、五章雜交體系與雜種優(yōu)勢(shì)的利用;.中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照級(jí)進(jìn)雜交grading crossing導(dǎo)入雜交Introduction crossing育成雜交rearing crossing簡(jiǎn)單經(jīng)濟(jì)雜交simple corssing三元雜交three way crossing輪回雜交rotational crossing頂交top crossing生產(chǎn)性雙雜交double cross近交系inbred line專門化品系specialized strain合成系synthetic strain雜種優(yōu)勢(shì)heterosis一般配合力general combining ability特殊配合力specific c

39、ombining ability雙列雜交（ diallel crossing ）合成群體synthetic popul ation相互輪回選擇reciprocal recurrent selection第十六章品種與品系培育中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照艾維因 avian單系 monooringinator line迪卡 delcalb地方品系local line ， local strain地方品種local breed父系 sire line近交系 inbred line母系 dam line品系 strain， line;.品系繁育1ine breeding品種 breed群系 polygenesic

40、line通用品系general purpose line物種 species育成雜交crossbreeding for formation a new breed正反交反復(fù)選擇法reciprocal Recurrent Selection中國(guó)荷斯坦牛chinese Holstein專門化品系specialized line群體遺傳學(xué)population genetics基因頻率gene frequency基因庫(kù) gene pool隨機(jī)交配random mating遺傳漂變genetic drift群體有效含量population effective size保種 breeds conserva

41、tion質(zhì)量性狀qualitative character數(shù)量性狀quantitative character數(shù)量遺傳學(xué)quantitative genetics加性效應(yīng)additive effect顯性效應(yīng)dominant effect平均數(shù) mean標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差 standard deviation變異系數(shù)coefficient of variation相關(guān)系數(shù)correlation coefficient純合子 homozygote雜合子 heterozygote表型值 phenotype value育種值 breeding value遺傳力 heritability遺傳相關(guān)genetic c

42、orrelation育種 breeding繁育體系breeding & multiplication system純種 purebred品種退化degeneration品群 variety population群體繼代選育法systematic breeding家系 family純種繁育pure breeding雜交繁育cross breeding系譜pedigree后裔測(cè)驗(yàn)progeny test種畜 breeding stock選種 selection;.世代間隔generation interval遺傳進(jìn)展genetic progress, genetic advance個(gè)體選擇indi

43、vidual selection家系選擇family selection綜合指數(shù)選擇法comprehensive index method選配 mating system同質(zhì)選配mating like to like異質(zhì)選配mating unlike to unlike近交inbreeding近交系數(shù)inbreeding coefficient雜交 crossing雜種 crossbred, hybrid雜種優(yōu)勢(shì)heterosis, hybrid vigor配合力 combining ability第十七章動(dòng)物遺傳資源保護(hù)與利用中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照遺傳資源genetic resources生物多樣性

44、genetic diversity遺傳多樣性保護(hù)genetic diversity conservation物種入侵species invade形態(tài)學(xué)morphological擴(kuò)增片段長(zhǎng)度多態(tài)性amplified fragment length polymorphism（ AFLP ）隨機(jī)擴(kuò)增多態(tài) DNArandom amplified polymorphic DNA（ RAPD ）單位點(diǎn)微衛(wèi)星多態(tài)性single locus microsatellite polymorphism序列標(biāo)記微衛(wèi)星sequence marker polymorphicDNA 單鏈構(gòu)象多態(tài)性DNA single st

45、rand conformational polymorphism平均數(shù)mean變異系數(shù)variation coefficient基因頻率gene frequency基因型頻率genotype frequency參數(shù)parameter平均雜合度average heterozygosity核苷酸多態(tài)性nucleotide polymorphism核苷酸替代平均數(shù)目nucleotide substitution average number系統(tǒng)發(fā)育phylogeny數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)database生態(tài)系統(tǒng)ecosystem;.生物群落biopopulation基因組genome遷徙migration數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理

46、系統(tǒng)database management system地理信息系統(tǒng)geography information system圖象分析系統(tǒng)imaging analysis system遠(yuǎn)程登陸Telnet internet家畜livestock細(xì)胞庫(kù)cell bank細(xì)胞系cell line第十八章現(xiàn)代生物技術(shù)與動(dòng)物育種中英文術(shù)語(yǔ)對(duì)照生物技術(shù)biotechnology基因工程gene engineering蛋白質(zhì)工程protein engineering細(xì)胞工程cell engineering發(fā)酵工程fermentation engineering人工授精artificial insemination(AI)胚胎移植embryo transfer ( ET)核移植nuclear transplantation遺傳標(biāo)記genetic marker免疫遺傳標(biāo)記immunogenetical marker型群 phenogroup生化遺傳標(biāo)記biochemical genetic marker動(dòng)物轉(zhuǎn)基因技術(shù)transgenic technology