職業(yè)大學(xué)英語Unit Five

1、Unit FiveText AText B能力分析訓(xùn)練Text A1.Digitized “E-cash” Systems A number of companies are developing payment systems permitting direct payments to be made anonymously. Payment takes the form of encoded messages, which represents the encrypted equivalent of digitized money. The aim is to be able to eff

2、ect payment directly without requiring the use of intermediaries. One of the leading firms, which are developing an e-cash system, is DigiCash, which has previously been involved in developing smart card technologies. DigiCash is a Dutch company based in Amsterdam. It has been running trials since N

3、ovember, 1994, involving the transmission of what is effectively electronic money using more than thirty sellers linked to the Internet. Payments consist of uniquely coded digital tokens established in such a way as to prevent duplication or fraud. The key to the DigiCash system is anonymity. A pers

4、on who spends one of its electronic tokens does not need to reveal his or her identity to the buyer nor to any third party except when there is an attempt at fraud, i.e., when the same piece of digital money is presented twice for payment. A number of companies are attempting to overcome the securit

5、y issues involved in handling payments on the Internet by establishing electronic clearing systems. Essentially the service on offer involves a system of secure messages which permit buyer and seller to communicate with each other, while also permitting instructions to make payment to be sent via th

6、e message/payment clearer, frequently using existing proprietary networks.2.Payment Clearing Systems One example is First Virtual Holdings which is a start-up company based in Cheyenne, Wyoming. First Virtual has developed a system for linking credit card, banks and processing agents with the Intern

7、et. It has developed a closed loop payment system which involves the one of First Virtual, which provides a mailbox from which instructions to make the payment. The First Virtual system has been in operation since October, 1994, and is seen to have the advantage that it does not require encrypted me

8、ssages as do other credit card-based systems. First Virtual checks with the buyer that a particular transaction is to go ahead before arranging the appropriate account debit. CyberCash Inc. is a small start-up company set up in August, 1994, in Virginia. CyberCash is developing an on-line payment se

9、rvice and on December 12, 1994 announced that it had signed an agreement with Wells Fargo to run a pilot service. One of the features of the systems being developed by CyberCash is that it will be “browser independent”. CyberCash provides a useful illustration of how electronic payment clearing syst

10、ems on the Internet will work. Users of the CyberCash system must first obtain copies of software which can be downloaded from the CyberCash web server. In addition to facilitating debit or credit card payments, CyberCash will also provide independent electronic payment services. Meanwhile the Infor

11、mation Networking Institute of Carnegie Mellon University is sponsoring “NetBill”, which is a scheme which would broker transactions through a third-party financial institution, similar to the system of debit cards which is already in existence.Notes 1A number of companies are developing payment sys

12、tems permitting direct payments to be made anonymously. 這里的permitting direct payments to be made anonymously是現(xiàn)在分詞修飾payment systems，而to be made anonymously是不定式短語修飾direct payments。 本句譯為：許多公司正在開發(fā)以匿名方式進(jìn)行直接支付的付款系統(tǒng)。 2A number of trials are presently under way to test the concepts involved. under way譯成“前進(jìn)著

13、，進(jìn)行中”，例如： Preparations for spring plough are well under way. 春耕的準(zhǔn)備工作正在扎實地進(jìn)行著。 本句譯為：目前，許多試驗正在進(jìn)行中以測試所涉及的概念。 3It has been running trials since November, 1994, involving the transmission of what is effectively electronic money using more than thirty sellers linked to the Internet. （1）該句的時態(tài)是現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時，表示動作于

14、過去某時開始，一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并可能繼續(xù)下去。例如： He has been teaching here for 10 years. 他已經(jīng)在這兒教了10年書了。 It has been raining all the morning. 下了一早上雨了。 In our country peoples living standard has been rising steadily. 我們國家人民的生活水平已經(jīng)穩(wěn)步提高。 （2）involving the transmission of what is effectively electronic money using more than th

15、irty sellers linked to the Internet是一個現(xiàn)在分詞，修飾trials，而linked to the Internet是一個過去分詞，修飾thirty sellers。 本句譯為：自從1994年12月以來公司就一直進(jìn)行著各種試驗，其中包括了當(dāng)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上有超過30個買家時，該如何有效地進(jìn)行電子貨幣的傳輸。 4When the transaction is confirmed, First Virtual sends a message to the buyer to confirm that the transaction should still go ahead

16、, at which point payment is effected. 這里的effect作動詞，譯為“實現(xiàn)，達(dá)到（目的等）”。例如： I will effect my purpose; no one shall stop me. 我決心達(dá)到我的目的；沒有誰能阻止我。 effect the greatest economy力求節(jié)約 本句譯為：當(dāng)交易得到確認(rèn)之后，F(xiàn)irst Virtual會發(fā)送信息給買方以進(jìn)一步確定交易要繼續(xù)進(jìn)行，這樣，支付就達(dá)到了目的。 5First Virtual is significant in that its payment system was created

17、 almost entirely independently of the banking system. 這里的in that作“既然；因為”。例如： Criticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to correct our mistakes. 批評和自我批評是必要的，因為能幫助我們改正錯誤。 本句譯為：First Virtual之所以杰出是因為其系統(tǒng)幾乎完全獨立于銀行系統(tǒng)的支付系統(tǒng)。 6There was no traditional banking mechanism set up to deal with

18、the Internet. 這里的set up to deal with the Internet是一個過去分詞，修飾traditional banking mechanism，相當(dāng)于There was no traditional banking mechanism (which was) set up to deal with the Internet. 本句譯為：過去傳統(tǒng)的銀行機制是無法處理互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的各種事宜的。 7The merchant adds identification information and forwards all the information to the Cy

19、berCash server. 這里的forward作動詞，譯為“發(fā)送”。例如： These packages will be forwarded immediately. 這些包裹將立即發(fā)送。 We are forwarding our new samples. 現(xiàn)寄上我們最新的樣品。 本句譯為：商家再增加其身份識別信息并將這些所有的信息再一同發(fā)往CyberCash的服務(wù)器。Text B Internet technology is having a profound effect on the global trade in services. EDI is the key in elec

20、tronic commerce. Put simply, EDI is about doing business and carrying out transactions with your trading partners electronically. EDI covers most things that are done using “electronical paper” based communication, for example placing orders with suppliers and carrying out financial transactions. Mo

21、re formally EDI is described as the interchange of structured data according to agreed message standards between computer systems, by electronic means. Structured data equates to an unambiguous method of presenting the data content of a document, be it an invoice, order or any other document type. A

22、s use of the Internet expands, many companies and Internet users are concerned that some governments will impose extensive regulations on the Internet and electronic commerce. Customs and Taxation Many nations will advocate in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and other appropriate declare a tariff

23、-free environment whenever it is used to deliver products or services. ome principles should be established quickly before nations impose tariffs and before vested interests form to protect those tariffs. Any taxation of Internet sales should follow these principles:They should neither distort nor h

24、inder commerce. The systems should not discriminate some types of commerce.The systems should be simple and transparent. They should be capable of capturing the overwhelming majority of appropriate revenues, be easy to implement, and minimize burdensome record keeping and costs for all parties.The s

25、ystems should be able to accommodate tax systems and our international partners today. Taxation systems will have to accomplish these goals in the context of the Internets special characteristicsthe potential anonymity of buyer and seller, the capacity for multiple small transactions, and the diffic

26、ulty of associating online activities.Payment System New technology has made it possible to pay for goods and services over the Internet. Some of the methods would link existing electronic banking and payment systems, including credit and debit card networks, with new retail interfaces via the Inter

27、net. “Electronic money”, based on stored-value, smart card, or other technologies, is also under development. Substantial private sector investment and competition are spurring an intense period of innovation, which should benefit consumers and businesses wishing to engage in global electronic comme

28、rce. A number of organizations are already working on important aspects of electronic banking and payments. Their analyses will contribute to a better understanding of how electronic payment systems, and will affect global electric commerce and banking. As electronic payment systems develop, governm

29、ents should work closely with the private sector to inform policy development, and ensure that governmental activities flexibly accommodate the needs of the emerging marketplace.Notes 1EDI covers most things that are done using “electronical paper” based communication, for example placing orders wit

30、h suppliers and carrying out financial transactions. cover在這里作“包括，包含”解釋，如： The exhibition covers an area of square meters. 展覽會展出面積為平方米。 Socialist society covers a considerably long historical period. 社會主義社會是一個相當(dāng)長的歷史階段。 本句譯為：EDI涵蓋大部分利用“電子紙張”進(jìn)行通信的活動，如向供貨商下訂單和進(jìn)行金融交易。 2Many nations will advocate in the

31、World Trade Organization (WTO) and other appropriate declare a tariff-free environment whenever it is used to deliver products or services. 這句采用詞語的增詞法翻譯。 本句譯為：許多國家在世界貿(mào)易組織（WTO）中提倡關(guān)稅和稅收，而其他一些國家對于貨物的遞送或服務(wù)的提供則聲明應(yīng)有適當(dāng)?shù)拿庹鞫惖沫h(huán)境。 3The taxation of commerce conducted over the Internet should be consistent with

32、the established principles of international taxation, should avoid inconsistent national tax jurisdictions and double taxation, and should be simple to administer and easy to understand. 該句有三個并列的情態(tài)動詞，分別是should be consistent with, should avoid, should be simple to 本句譯為：網(wǎng)上商務(wù)征稅原則應(yīng)該與先前建立起來的國際稅收規(guī)則相一致，應(yīng)該避

33、免國家間稅收法的不一致或重復(fù)收稅，而且還應(yīng)易于管理和理解。 4The systems should not discriminate some types of commerce. 這是一句否定句，但在句中出現(xiàn)的是some而不是any，所以翻譯時，應(yīng)將其翻譯為“某些”而不是“一些”。 本句譯為：這些系統(tǒng)不應(yīng)該區(qū)別對待某些商業(yè)行為。 5They should be capable of capturing the overwhelming majority of appropriate revenues, be easy to implement, and minimize burdensome

34、 record keeping and costs for all parties. （1）be capable of 作“（事物）能的，可以的”解釋。例如： This machine is capable of improvement. 這臺機器是可以改進(jìn)的。 （2）be able to 和be capable of 在翻譯時，都作“有能力的，有本領(lǐng)的”解釋，但兩者仍有區(qū)別。be able of 側(cè)重先天具備的能力，而be capable of 則偏向于后天培養(yǎng)的能力。例如： I am able to swim when I was a child without any training.

35、 在我還是個孩子時，沒經(jīng)過訓(xùn)練，就會游泳。 Some airplanes are capable of going 1,000 miles an hour. 有一些飛機一個小時能飛行一千英里。 本句譯為：它們應(yīng)能為國家征得絕大多數(shù)必要的稅收，易于執(zhí)行，并將各方的負(fù)擔(dān)和費用降到最低。 6Taxation systems will have to accomplish these goals in the context of the Internets special characteristics-the potential anonymity of buyer and seller, the

36、 capacity for multiple small transactions, and the difficulty of associating online activities. 后面緊跟的三個名詞是進(jìn)一步說明the Internets special characteristics的。 本句譯為：稅收系統(tǒng)應(yīng)根據(jù)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的特點來實現(xiàn)這些目標(biāo)。 這些特點有潛在的匿名買家和賣家，多筆小規(guī)模的處理能力以及一些與在線活動相關(guān)的困難問題。 7The administration believes that the same broad principles applicable to inte

37、rnational taxation, just not hindering the growth of electronic commerce, should be applied to electronic taxation. 這里的applicable to international taxation是修飾前面的the same broad principles，而just not hindering the growth of electronic commerce是現(xiàn)在分詞短語，進(jìn)一步說明the same broad principles。 本句譯為：政府相信：應(yīng)用于國際的稅收規(guī)則

38、，只要不阻礙電子商務(wù)的發(fā)展，同樣適用于電子稅收。 8Substantial private sector investment and competition are spurring an intense period of innovation, which should benefit consumers and businesses wishing to engage in global electronic commerce. 這里的which should benefit consumers and businesses wishing to engage in global el

39、ectronic commerce是非限制性定語從句用來修飾整個句子。 本句譯為：大量的私營企業(yè)的投資和競爭催生了一個創(chuàng)新的時代，這對于那些希望參與到全球電子商務(wù)中去的消費者和商家都有益處。 9As electronic payment systems develop, governments should work closely with the private sector to inform policy development, and ensure that governmental activities flexibly accommodate the needs of the

40、emerging marketplace. 這里的As引導(dǎo)的是狀語從句。 本句譯為：隨著電子支付系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展，政府應(yīng)與私營企業(yè)緊密聯(lián)系，推動政策的發(fā)展，并確保政府行為可以靈活地滿足日益發(fā)展的市場的需要。ExercisesTrue or false 1EDP is the key in electronic commerce. 2EDI covers most things that are done useing “electronical paper ”base communication, so the term paper trading is often used to describe

41、 EDI. 3More formally EDI is described as the interchange of structured data according to agreed message standards between computer systems, by electronic means. 4Electronic exchange of information in the context of pure EDI effectively means with human intervention. 5Potential areas of problematic r

42、egulation include taxes and duties, restrictions on the type of information transmitted, control over standards development, licensing requirements and rate regulation of service providers. 6The payment systems should discriminate some types of commerce. 7Taxation systems will have to accomplish the

43、se goals in the context of the Internets special characteristicsthe potential anonymity of buyer and seller, the capacity for multiple small transactions, and the difficulty of associating online activities. 8At this early stage in the development of electronic payment systems, the commercial and te

44、chnological environment is changing slowly. 9From a longer term perspective, however, the marketplace and industry self-regulation alone may not fully address all issues. 10A number of organizations are already working on important aspects of electronic banking and payments. 1EDI is about doing busi

45、ness and carrying out t with your trading partners e . 2EDI covers most things that are done using “electronical paper” based c , for example placing orders with s and carrying out f transactions.Put in the missing information based on the text 3Structured data equates to an u method of presenting t

46、he data content of a document, be it an i , order or any other document type. 4As use of the Internet expands, many companies and Internet users are concerned that some governments will impose e r on the Internet and electronic commerce. 5Many nations will a in the World Trade Organization (WTO) and

47、 other appropriate declare a t -free environment whenever it is used to deliver products or services. 6The systems should be s and t . 7Taxation systems will have to accomplish these goals in the context of the Internets special characteristicsthe potential a of buyer and seller, the capacity for mu

48、ltiple small transactions, and the difficulty of a online activities. 8Some of the methods would link existing electronic banking and payment systems, including c and d card networks. 9It would be hard to develop policy that is both t and a . 10As electronic payment systems develop, governments shou

49、ld work closely with the private sector to inform policy d , and ensure that governmental activities flexibly a the needs of the emerging marketplace.能力分析訓(xùn)練Skills of UnderstandingSkills of Translation Skills of Business E-mail Writing Skills of Oral Language in Working Condition Skills of Understand

50、ing確定作者的觀點和態(tài)度 一般說來，作者的觀點和態(tài)度有時不會被直接表達(dá)出來，因此我們要確定作者的觀點和態(tài)度就要關(guān)注作者描述事實或發(fā)表評論時所用的詞匯，注意這些詞的個人感情色彩和褒貶成分。 這屬于更深層次的閱讀理解。 Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual ability. This is only one aspect of their total personality. We are concerned to develop the abilities of all

51、 our pupils to the full, not their academic ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning.例1： Question: The author argues that a teachers chief concern should be the development of the students . （A）p

52、ersonal qualities and social skills （B）total personality （C）learning ability and communicative skills （D）intellectual abilities 本題要求我們推測作者的觀點。 根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容可以看出，作者認(rèn)為教師主要關(guān)心的應(yīng)該是學(xué)生的total personality（總體素質(zhì)）。 (A)、(C)、(D)所列內(nèi)容知識總體素質(zhì)的方方面面。所以該題答案為(B)。 The United States is unique in the world because, with the notabl

53、e exception of the Indians, all Americans are immigrants or the descendants of immigrants.例2： Question: The authors attitude toward immigrants is . （A）discourteous （B）respectful （C）prejudiced （D）disinterested 本題要求我們推測作者的態(tài)度。 根據(jù)文章的用詞我們可以看出作者對于移民是respectful（尊重的），因為作者認(rèn)為美國之所以獨特就因為它是一個移民的國家。 利用前述技巧，閱讀下列短文

54、并回答有關(guān)問題。Exercises of Such Skill Some investigators are thankful that this new system for naming elements has not been able to extend its influence into other areas of physics and biology. It is said, the quark （夸克）might now be simply particle U. By the same token （記號）, Legionaires diseases might be

55、simply infectious disease 203. Science might become orderly, but it would be a lot less interesting. Passage 1 Question: What is the authors attitude toward the new system for naming elements? （A）Indifferent （B）Obviously approving （C）Hard to determine （D）Slightly critical Nursing at Beth Israel Hosp

56、ital produces the best patient care possible. If we were to solve the nursing shortage, hospital administration and doctors everywhere would do well to follow Beth Israels example.Passage 2 Question: The authors attitude towards the nursing system at Beth Israel Hospital is . （A）negative （B）neutral

57、（C）critical （D）positive Culture shock produces a feeling of disorientation（迷惑）. This disorientation may be homesickness（思鄉(xiāng)?。? imagined illness, or even paranoid（妄想癥）. When people have the disorientation of culture shock, they sometimes feel like staying within their room or apartment to give themsel

58、ves a sense of security. This escape does solve the problem of culture shock for the short term, but does nothing to familiarize the person with the culture. Familiarity and experience are the long-term solutions to the problem of culture shock.Passage 3 Question: The author thinks that it is for pe

59、ople to stay in their homes as a solution to culture shock. （A）not a good idea （B）a great idea （C）not a bad idea （D）a good ideaSkills of Translation分譯與合譯 翻譯英語句子時，有時我們可以把原文的句子結(jié)構(gòu)整個保存下來或只稍加改變即可，但在一些情況下則必須將原來的句子結(jié)構(gòu)作較大的改變。 分譯法和合譯法是改變原文句子結(jié)構(gòu)的兩種重要方法。 分譯法是指把原文的一個簡單句譯成兩個或兩個以上的分句，合譯法是把原文中兩個或兩個以上的簡單句或一個復(fù)合句在譯文中用一

60、個單句表達(dá)出來。 例如： The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements. 中國人似乎為他們在經(jīng)濟(jì)上取得的成就而自豪，這是合乎情理的。（分譯） A friendly correspondence as neighbors and old acquaintances had continued between me and Mrs. Reads family, who all had a regard for me from the time of my first lodging in this house