新編簡明英語語言學教程重點

1、新編簡明英語語言學教程重點Chapter 1:Introduction1、Linguistics:語言學It is generally defined as the scientific study of language、(Linguistics studies not any particular language,but it studies language in general)2、General linguistics:普通語言學The study of language as a whole is called general linguistics、(language is a

2、 complicated entity with multiple layers and facets)3、Language:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication、4、descriptive(描述性):A linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use、5、prescriptive(規(guī)定性):It aims to lay down rules for“correct an

3、d standard”behaviors、i、e、what they should say and what they should not say、6、synchronic(共時語言學):the description of language at some point of time in history7、diachronic(歷時語言學):the description of language as it changes through time3)speech（口語）Writing（書面語）These the two media of communication、Modern lin

4、guistics regards the spoken language as primary,not written、(speech is prior to writing)8、langue(語言):refers to an abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of the speech community、It is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to abide by、Such as:In English sentence

5、must have subject and predicate、9、parole(言語):refers to the realization of langue in actual use、It is concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules、(Saussure)10、competence(語言能力):the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language11、performance(語言應(yīng)用):the actual realization of thi

6、s knowledge in linguistic communication、(Chomsky)traditional grammar and modern linguistics1、linguistics is descriptive,while traditional grammar is prescriptive2、modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary,not the writer、3、also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework、Functions of language、1、the descriptive function、2、the expressive function3、the social functionChapter 2:Phonology音系學phonetics:the study of the phonic medium of language;it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages9、The three branches of phoneti