中考英語現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

1、中考英語現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)清華大學(xué)英語系測(cè)試：為中學(xué)英語量身定做.官方網(wǎng)站：HYPERLINK :/qinghua.yeryy / 清華大學(xué)英語教授50年研究成果中考英語現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)一、弄清根本構(gòu)成方法現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)由“have / has+過去分詞構(gòu)成。其中的have / has 為助動(dòng)詞，構(gòu)成疑問句時(shí)，可將其提前；構(gòu)成否認(rèn)句時(shí)，可直接在其后加not.二、掌握兩種主要用法現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)主要有兩種用法，一種是已完成用法，也叫影響性用法；另一種是未完成用法，也叫持續(xù)性用法。兩種用法的特點(diǎn)是：1. 已完成用法影響性用法：該用法的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作在過去已經(jīng)完成，并且這個(gè)過去發(fā)生并完成的動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在有影響

2、或結(jié)果，同時(shí)說話強(qiáng)調(diào)的或感興趣的就是這個(gè)影響或結(jié)果。如：She has left. 她離開了。對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果：她現(xiàn)在不在這兒。Has she found her car key？ 她找到她的車鑰匙了嗎？對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果：她能開她的車了嗎？I have finished my work. 我的工作做完了。對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果：現(xiàn)在我沒事了。He has eaten nothing today. 他今天什么也沒吃。對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響或結(jié)果：他現(xiàn)在一定很餓。2.未完成用法持續(xù)性用法：該用法的現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示一個(gè)過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作并未在過去完成，而是一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，并且有可能繼續(xù)下去也可能到此結(jié)束。如：How

3、 have you been？ 你近來怎樣？She has been a teacher for 20 years. 她已當(dāng)了20年的老師。How long have you lived here？ 你在這里住了多久了？They have been married for ten years. 他們結(jié)婚已經(jīng)10年了。Ive known her for a long time. 我認(rèn)識(shí)她很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間了。注：除以上用法外，現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)還可表示過去的重復(fù)動(dòng)作甚至將來動(dòng)作。如：He has always gone to work by bike. 他總是騎自行車上班。Ill go to bed when I

4、ve finished my homework. 我做完作業(yè)后就上床睡覺了。三、注意通常連用的副詞 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常連用的副詞有already， never， ever， just， before， recently等。如：We have finished our work already. 我們已經(jīng)完成了工作。He has never driven a car before. 他過去從未開過車。Have you ever been a teacher？ 你當(dāng)過教師嗎？Shes just been to a party. 她剛參加一個(gè)晚會(huì)回來。Ive just had some photos t

5、aken. 我剛照了幾張相。但是，假設(shè)不強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，這些副詞也可用一般過去時(shí)。如：He just arrived in Japan. 他剛到日本。Such things didnt happen before. 那樣的事以前沒有發(fā)生過。I hear that he went abroad recently. 我聽說他最近出國了。四、注意since與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的關(guān)系 since不管用作介詞、連詞還是副詞，句子主句謂語通常都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：I havent seen her since last week. 自上周以來我一直未見過她。I met him in 1975 and have

6、nt seen him since. 1975年我見過他，但自那以后就一直未見到他。We have been good friends since we met at school. 自從讀書相識(shí)以來，我們一直是好朋友。注：表示時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度時(shí)，通常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：Its a long time since I met you last. 好久不見了。Its about six months since we arrived here. 我們到這里大約有半年了。五、注意現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過去時(shí)的區(qū)別 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的已完成用法很容易與一般過去時(shí)相混淆，其區(qū)別是：前者強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響和結(jié)果，

7、后者不強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)影響和結(jié)果，而是強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間是在過去。如：Ive lived here for ten years. 我在這里住了10年?，F(xiàn)在仍住這兒I lived here for ten years. 我在這里住過10年?，F(xiàn)在不住這兒了Has he got up？ 他起來了嗎？ 著眼現(xiàn)在情況Did you get up very early？ 你起來很早嗎？ 著眼動(dòng)作本身Ive got no news from him. 我沒聽到他的消息。不知道他的情況怎樣I got the news from Jim. 這消息我是從吉姆那聽來的。單純談?wù)搫?dòng)作六、掌握have been to 和h

8、ave gone to的用法區(qū)別兩者均可后接地點(diǎn)，前者表示去過某地，通?？膳c表示次數(shù)的狀語連用；后者表示到某地去了，強(qiáng)調(diào)說話的當(dāng)時(shí)去某地的人不在場(chǎng)。比擬：She has been to Europe twice. 她到歐洲去過兩次。She has gone to Europe. 她到歐洲去了。即現(xiàn)在不在這兒注：假設(shè)其后不是接名詞，而是接副詞，那么不用to.如：He has been abroad many times. 他屢次出國。He has gone home. 他回家去了。清華大學(xué)英語系測(cè)試：為中小學(xué)生英語量身定做.官方網(wǎng)站：HYPERLINK :/qinghua.yeryy / 清華大

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31、Come across遇見Rate比率Sickness疾病Intend方案Emergency突發(fā)事件Generation一代Kindness仁慈Considerate考慮周到Consideration考慮 體諒Deliver遞送Carry on繼續(xù)Modest謙虛的Unit2Statistic數(shù)據(jù)Sunburnt曬黑Struggle斗爭(zhēng)Decade十年Super特級(jí)的Output混合Crop莊稼Hunger饑餓Disturbing引起煩惱的Expand使變大Circulate循環(huán)Vietnam越南Thinks to幸虧Battle戰(zhàn)斗Rid擺脫Rid.of擺脫Be satisfied with

32、對(duì)。感到滿意Freedom自由Would rather寧愿Therefore因此Equip配備Grain谷物Export輸出Nationality國籍Occupation工作Confuse使迷惑Regret遺憾Chemical化學(xué)Production生產(chǎn)Bacteria細(xì)菌Pest害蟲Build up逐漸增強(qiáng)Lead to導(dǎo)致Nutrition營養(yǎng)Mineral礦物Discovery覺察Focus焦點(diǎn)Focus on集中Soil土壤Reduce減少Keep.free from 使免受Root 根源Skim 瀏覽Underline 強(qiáng)調(diào)Summary 總結(jié)Comment 評(píng)論Unit3Humou

33、r 幽默Comedy 喜劇Up to now 直到Content 滿足的Performer 表演者Astonish 使驚訝Fortunate 幸運(yùn)的Badly 缺少的Ordinary 平常的Bored厭煩的Entertain使快樂Throughout 普及Homeless 無家可歸的Moustache 小胡子Worn用舊的Failure失敗者Overcome戰(zhàn)勝Leather皮革Pick out挑出Chew嚼碎Convince使信服Convincing令人信服的Direct導(dǎo)演Star in擔(dān)任主角Outstanding突出的Gesture姿勢(shì)Particular特殊的Occasion時(shí)刻Bu

34、dget預(yù)算Actress女演員Slide滑動(dòng)Amuse使發(fā)笑Pancake烙餅Explanation解釋Detective偵探Mountainous多山的Whisper耳語Vast巨大的Mess亂Rest做出反響Porridge粥Drunk醉的Unit4Statement陳述Greet迎接Represent代表Association社團(tuán)Dormitory宿舍Canteen食堂Flight飛行Curious好奇的Approach接近Cheek面頰Defend保護(hù)Major主要的Misunderstand誤解Dash猛沖Adult成人Spoken口語的Likely可能的Be like to很可能

35、In general總的來說Crossroads十字路口Facial面部的Function作用Ease安逸At ease舒適的Truly真實(shí)的False錯(cuò)誤的Anger怒氣Lose face丟臉Turn ones back to背對(duì)Fist拳頭Yawn打呵欠Subjective主觀的Hug擁抱Rank等級(jí)Cassette磁帶Unit5Theme題目Central中央的Various不同的Cartoon漫畫Be famous for以什么聞名Whichever無論哪一個(gè)Fantasy夢(mèng)想Amusement消遣Swing秋千Attraction吸引力No wonder難怪Tourism旅游業(yè)Whe

36、rever無論在什么地方Unique獨(dú)一無二的Carpenter木匠Engine引擎Preserve保存Length長(zhǎng)度Deed行動(dòng)Be modelled after騎士Sword劍Tournament錦標(biāo)賽Settler移民Athletic運(yùn)動(dòng)的Translator翻譯Minority少數(shù)Cloth布Jungle叢林Creature生物Sunlight陽光Advance前進(jìn)Brand商標(biāo)Get close to接近Come to life活潑Outing外出Admission允許進(jìn)入Shuttle往返汽車Freeway高速公路Souvenir紀(jì)念品Sneaker運(yùn)動(dòng)鞋Brochure指南清華

37、大學(xué)英語系測(cè)試：為中小學(xué)生英語量身定做.官方網(wǎng)站：HYPERLINK :/qinghua.yeryy / 清華大學(xué)英語教授50年研究成果初中英語語法總結(jié)一覽表語法工程構(gòu) 成用 法象 征 詞規(guī)那么變化不規(guī)那么變化例 句一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)動(dòng)詞用原形三人稱單數(shù)-s / es表示經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)Every often always on 天 in月、季、節(jié)、年。一般-s es 輔音y-ieshave-hasHe goes to school every day.I often have lunch at home.一般過去時(shí)動(dòng)詞用過去時(shí)Bewas/ were表過去某個(gè)、段時(shí)間內(nèi)動(dòng)作及狀態(tài)ago/just n

38、ow /In1998 last/yesterday 等一般/去e 雙寫/輔y結(jié)尾iedgo-went come-camedo-did leave-left等He wrote a letter yesterday.I studied hard last year.一般將來時(shí)be going toV原will / shall + V原在將來某個(gè)時(shí)間或某段時(shí)要做的事tomorrow / afternext / tonight in 2021Go come leave stayfly等用進(jìn)行表將來Are you going to read ?He is coming tomorrow .現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)be

39、doing 表此時(shí)此刻正進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)listenlooknowall the timeDont一般去e 雙寫+ingtiedielie 變ie為y加ing Tom is writing now .They are lying on the bed .現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行have / has +PPhave/has been+doing發(fā)生在過去影響在現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)等模糊的頻率副詞alreadyjustnever ever 分詞規(guī)那么的同過去式是一樣的不規(guī)那么的動(dòng)詞的過去分詞需逐個(gè)記憶I have been teaching for 8 years. He has slept for t

40、wo days. .過去進(jìn)行時(shí)was / were +doing多用于復(fù)合句中表在過去某時(shí)間正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作at this time yesterdaylast Sunday evening一般去e 雙寫+ingtiedielie 變ie為y加ingHe was reading at that time last Friday過去完成時(shí)had+動(dòng)過去分詞多用于復(fù)合句中該動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去的過去by the time過去時(shí)whenafterbefore規(guī)那么的分詞構(gòu)成與過去時(shí)一樣的需要逐個(gè)記憶詳見不規(guī)那么動(dòng)詞表We had learnt 2000 wordsby the end oflast year

41、.過去將來時(shí)would + V 原形多用賓語從句中過去看來將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)He said that he the next day .He said that he would come here the next day .比擬級(jí)形式形容副詞名詞后-er 前加more名詞比擬用more表示兩個(gè)人、物之間進(jìn)行比擬時(shí)than /much/ a little far / in the two 等一般/去e 雙寫/輔y結(jié)尾iergood/well bettermuch/manymore She is the tall in the two.He runs faster than Tom .最高級(jí)

42、形式形容副詞名詞后-est 前加most名詞比擬用most大于等于三個(gè)人、物之間進(jìn)行比擬in the 比擬范圍of the 具體的數(shù)字一般/去e 雙寫/輔y結(jié)尾iestbad/ill/badly-worstfar-farther-farthestShe is the most beautifulin her class.(最高級(jí)加the)動(dòng)詞不定式to do沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化作主語To read is helpful for anybody now .作賓語He wants to buy a dictionary.作賓補(bǔ)I hear him sing yesterday Tom told me

43、 to open it.作表語His job is to take care of children .作狀語Hell go to see a doctor tomorrow .作定語He has much homeworkto do every day .主從復(fù)合句狀語從句句子作狀語時(shí)間地點(diǎn)原因條件讓步比擬He was writing a letter when I came in。賓語從句句子作賓語語序、時(shí)態(tài)、引導(dǎo)詞、客觀事實(shí)He asked me if I had been to Beijing before.定語從句句子作定語修飾名詞或代詞的句子、注意先行詞I saw the man

44、who was stealing my bike yesterday主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)與被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)主動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語人、物+ 謂語 + 賓語動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者 + 及物動(dòng)詞 + 動(dòng)作承受者被動(dòng)語態(tài)：主語人、物+be PP + by賓語動(dòng)作承受者 +bePP + by動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者在被動(dòng)語態(tài)中沒有可以省to 的不定式We speak English .主語 謂語 賓語Englishis spoken by us 賓改主謂語動(dòng)詞 be PP 主by 賓主動(dòng)變被動(dòng)，先找主、謂、賓，賓改主、主by賓，代詞變格要細(xì)心，謂語動(dòng)詞be pp,時(shí)態(tài)隨主、數(shù)隨被PP 是及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞加ed 或不規(guī)那么詳見表被動(dòng)句的時(shí)態(tài)be隨主動(dòng)句的時(shí)

45、態(tài)do人稱和數(shù)應(yīng)隨被動(dòng)句的主語(am、is、are、was、were等 )簡(jiǎn)要搜集了一些信息希望對(duì)大家有用清華大學(xué)英語系測(cè)試：為中小學(xué)生英語量身定做.官方網(wǎng)站：HYPERLINK :/qinghua.yeryy / 清華大學(xué)英語教授50年研究成果Unit 9 When was he born重要詞組international sports stars國際運(yùn)動(dòng)明星 a great Chinese ping-pong player 杰出的中國乒乓球運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)was(were) born 出生于the world record世界記錄start hiccupping / stop hiccupping開

46、始打嗝start doing (to do) sth.開始做某事begin doing (to do) sth. 開始做某事stop doing sth. 停止做某事6. too to太.而不7. for example例如8. play for為效力9. national team國家隊(duì)10. write music譜寫曲子11. a movie star一個(gè)電影明星12. perform Beijing Opera表演京劇13. the Chinese gymnast一個(gè)中國體操運(yùn)發(fā)動(dòng)14. win a gold medal贏得一塊金牌15. the World Championships

47、世界錦標(biāo)賽16. learn to ride a bicycle學(xué)會(huì)騎自行車17. start learning English開始學(xué)英語18. begin playing sports 開始進(jìn)行體育運(yùn)動(dòng)19. a comedy called一部叫的喜劇20. a loving grandfather一個(gè)慈祥的祖父21. spend all ones free time with sb.與某人一起度過了所有的業(yè)余時(shí)間 spend time with sb.與某人一起度過時(shí)光22. a famous violinist 一個(gè)著名的小提琴手23. ice skating滑冰24. a kind a

48、nd loving grandmother一個(gè)和藹而慈祥的祖母25. a skating champion 一個(gè)滑冰冠軍26. the well-known Chinese pianist中國著名的鋼琴演奏家27. hum songs哼歌28. pieces of music音樂篇章29. begin to learn the accordion開始學(xué)習(xí)手風(fēng)琴30. at the age of在年齡時(shí)31. start to learn the piano開始學(xué)習(xí)鋼琴32. take part in參加、參加33. win the first prize贏得一等獎(jiǎng)34. the 14th Ch

49、opin International Piano Competition 第十四屆肖邦國際鋼琴比賽35. receive such an honor獲得這樣的榮譽(yù)35. because of 因?yàn)椤⒂捎?6. major in 主修，專修重要句型1When was he born？He was born in 1895. be born出生于be用過去時(shí)態(tài)形式was或were，因?yàn)槿说某錾酁榘l(fā)生在過去的事，所以用一般過去時(shí)The great pianist was born on October 10th, 1890那位偉大的鋼琴家出生在1890年十月十日。Where were you bo

50、rn? 你在哪兒出生的？I was born in Beijing我出生在北京。be born 后可接時(shí)間也可接地點(diǎn)，但接時(shí)間時(shí)，要根據(jù)具體時(shí)間而選定不同的介詞。I was born in 1991.I was born in March.I was born in March, 1991.I was born on March, 5th.I was born on March. 5th, 1991.2Whos that? Thats Deng Yaping. She is a great Chinese ping-pong player. 3How long did Charles Osbo

51、rne hiccup? He hiccupped for 69 years 5 months.“How long 是就一段時(shí)間進(jìn)行提問，因此答復(fù)時(shí)用for后面加一段持續(xù)的時(shí)間。- How long did he learn English? 他學(xué)英語多久了？- He learned English for ten years. 他學(xué)英語十年了。4You are never too young to start doing things.你永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)小到不能做事情的地步。tooto 太而不能是英語中常用的一種結(jié)構(gòu)，其句型為“too形容詞或副詞原級(jí)to do ，譯為“太而以致不能。它在形式上是肯定的

52、，但在意義上是否認(rèn)的?！皌ooto本身已含有否認(rèn)的意思，因此，不定式前一般不加notShe is too young not to go to school She is too young to go to school The water is too hot to drink水太燙不能喝。The boy is too young to look after himself.這個(gè)男孩太小了，還不能自己照顧自己。This house is too big to clean in one day.這幢房子太大了，一天內(nèi)清掃不完。She is too young to go to school.

53、 她太小不能去上學(xué)。The old men started singing / to sing. 老人們開始唱歌。We started doing our homework at 7 oclock last night.我們昨晚7點(diǎn)開始寫作業(yè)。5Tiger Woods started golfing when he was only ten months old.泰戈伍德在只有10個(gè)月大的時(shí)候開始玩高爾夫球。When he was a small boy, he could hum songs and difficult pieces of music. 在他還是一個(gè)小孩子的時(shí)候，他就能哼唱歌

54、曲和難的樂曲。when是從句的引導(dǎo)詞，意為 “的時(shí)候。 Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.莫扎特在四歲的時(shí)候，開始寫音樂。It rained when I got home. 當(dāng)我到家的時(shí)候，天下雨了。when的用法：1作疑問副詞，意為“什么時(shí)候When are you leaving? 你什么時(shí)候離開？When did Tony go to the library? 托尼什么時(shí)候去的圖書館。2作附屬連詞，引導(dǎo)一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句，意為“當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候When he was a small boy, he began to p

55、erform Beijing Opera當(dāng)他是個(gè)小男孩時(shí)，他就開始表演京劇。She toured the U.S. when she was fourteen她十四歲時(shí)就周游了美國。6Arthur is a loving grandfather. He spends all his free time with his grandchildren.阿瑟是一位慈祥的祖父。他與他的孫子、孫女一起度過了他所有的業(yè)余時(shí)間。spend意為“花費(fèi)時(shí)間/金錢Im planning to spend time in the beautiful countryside我打算在美麗的鄉(xiāng)村度過時(shí)光。She spen

56、t $ 500 last year她去年花了五百美元。Aspend on sth 在某物事上花費(fèi)時(shí)間，金錢Maria spent five yuan on the book瑪麗亞花了五元錢在這本書上。/ 瑪麗亞買這本書花了五元。I often spend a lot of time on my homework every night我經(jīng)常每天晚上花兩個(gè)小時(shí)做家庭作業(yè)。Bspend indoing sth 花時(shí)間或金錢干某事I often spend a lot of time indoing my homeworkMaria spent five yuaninbuying the book注

57、意，spend的主語必須是人，在第四單元中學(xué)過“It takes sb some time / money to do 也可表示“做某事花某人多少時(shí)間/金錢，但take的主語應(yīng)是物，而不能是人。It takes me a lot of time to do my homeworkIt took Maria five yuan to buy the book用于描述人物的形容詞talented天才的，loving慈祥的，outstanding杰出的，unusual罕有的，creative有創(chuàng)造力的，famous著名的，great偉大的，很棒的，beautiful美麗的7 Li Yundi, th

58、e well-known Chinese pianist, always loved music中國著名鋼琴家李云迪總是喜愛音樂。劃線局部是“Li Yundi的同位語，作進(jìn)一步解釋說明。8. When he was a small boy, he could hum songs and difficult pieces of music當(dāng)他是個(gè)小男孩時(shí)，他就能夠哼唱歌曲和一些較難的音樂篇章。9 He began to learn the accordion at the age of four. 他四歲十就開始學(xué)習(xí)手風(fēng)琴。at the age of 在歲時(shí)At the age of 4 Mik

59、e began to write story books.邁克四歲時(shí)就開始寫故事書。年齡表達(dá)方法1用基數(shù)詞表達(dá)年齡，可以加上“years old three years old.2用when引導(dǎo)的從句 when I was threeyears old3at the age of 基數(shù)詞 at the age of three4基數(shù)詞-year-old three-year-old，注意這種表達(dá)常作定語如a three-year-old boy.10Li Yundi took part in the 14th Chopin International Piano Competition in

60、Polan. 李云迪在波蘭參加了第14屆肖邦國際鋼琴比賽。 join 和take part in兩者都表示“參加join指“參加某種組織take part in 表示參加某項(xiàng)活動(dòng) He joined the Party at the age of 40他40歲時(shí)入了黨。 When did your brother join the Army? 你哥哥什么時(shí)候參的軍？ Do you want to take part in the sports meeting? 你想?yún)⒓舆\(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)嗎？11. He was also the first Chinese Pianist in the 70-year h