九歌英譯張衛(wèi)(最終稿)

1、本科生畢業(yè)論文（2016屆）外國語學(xué)院題目論譯者視角下楚辭九歌英譯本的對比研究以阿瑟韋利和孫大雨譯本為例學(xué)0號：201210010410姓名：張衛(wèi)專業(yè)班級：英語124指導(dǎo)教師：黃生太職稱：講師2016年4月24日OntheComparisonoftheEnglishVersionsofJiuGefromthePerspectiveoftheTranslatorsSubjectivityPapersubmittedtotheEnglishDepartmentofZhejiangAgriculture&ForestryUniversityinPartialFulfillmentoftheRequi

2、rementsfortheDegreeofBachelorofArtsBy張衛(wèi)English124Supervisedby黃生太April24,2016本科生畢業(yè)論文誠信承諾書我謹在此承諾：本人所寫的畢業(yè)論文論主體性視角下楚辭九歌英譯本的對比研究一一以阿瑟韋利和孫大雨譯本為例是在導(dǎo)師的指導(dǎo)下，由本人獨立完成，其中凡涉及其他作者的觀點及材料，均已注明，若有不實，后果由本人承擔(dān)。承諾人（簽名）：張衛(wèi)2016年4月24日 摘要我國第一部浪漫主義詩歌總集楚辭開創(chuàng)了我國積極浪漫主義創(chuàng)作的源頭，在中國史詩上占有重要地位。自19世紀(jì)以來，楚辭英譯吸引了國內(nèi)外學(xué)者的廣泛關(guān)注，但翻譯界對楚辭的英譯研究大都集中在

3、離騷上，九歌英譯方面的研究卻是鳳毛麟角。九歌雖被翻譯成多種英譯本，但各版本之間的差異頗大，故本文旨在以阿瑟韋利和孫大雨九歌英譯本為例，從譯者主體性視角下探究英譯本存在差異的因素。譯者因為自身文化立場，翻譯動機以及美學(xué)觀點的不同,比如說阿瑟韋利和孫大雨由于自身所接受的文化不同，在翻譯過程中阿瑟韋利面向普通大眾，其譯本通俗易懂，而孫大雨面向知識分子，故譯本語言更為精煉優(yōu)美。故筆者旨在通過兩譯本在意義重組翻譯，特殊文化意義詞的翻譯，比如說植物，神話意象的翻譯，譯本翻譯風(fēng)格以及所采取的翻譯策略等方面的不同之處，探究譯者自身文化立場，翻譯動機以及美學(xué)觀點在對翻譯詩歌的影響。關(guān)鍵詞:譯者主體性；九歌英譯；

4、對比研究AbstractChuCi,thefirstcollectionofromanticpoemsinChineseliterary,hascreatedthebeginningoftheromanticisminChina,whichholdanimportantroleintheChinesePoetry.ChuCihasattractedtheextensivescholarsfromhomeandabroadsince19thcentury,however,thegreatattentionhasbeenputonthestudyofLiSao,andfewscholarshave

5、beeninterestedinthestudyofJiuGe.Infact,therearesomeEnglishversionsthroughyears,butgreatdifferenceofthoseversionsisanothertoughproblem.ThisthesisintendstoexploretheoriginofthedifferenceoftheEnglishversionsfromtheperspectiveofthetranslatorssubjectivity.Englishversionsshowdifferencebecauseofthedisparit

6、iesoftranslatorsculturalattitude,motivationoftranslation,aestheticinclination.Forexample,themaintargetreadersofWaleyarecommonpeoplewithsimpleandeasily-understoodtranslationstyles,whileSunsreadersaremanoflettersthetranslationofwhichisbeautifulandelegant.Theauthoraimstoprobeintotheinfluenceoftranslato

7、rsculturalattitude,motivationoftranslation,aestheticinclinationinthetranslationthroughtheanalysisofthereproductionofmeaning,translationofcultural-loadeditemsinJiuGelikethetranslationofplantnamesandMythologicalImage,andtranslationstyleaswellastranslationstrategies.Keywords:TranslatorsSubjectivity；Eng

8、lishTranslationofJiuGe;ComparativeStudyContentsTOC o 1-5 h z HYPERLINK l bookmark12 o Current Document Introduction1 HYPERLINK l bookmark20 o Current Document LiteratureReview2 HYPERLINK l bookmark22 o Current Document TheBriefSurveyoftheEnglishVersionofJiuGe2TranslatorsSubjectivityandthePresentence

9、intwoEnglis4hVersions HYPERLINK l bookmark28 o Current Document TranslatorsSubjectivity4 HYPERLINK l bookmark30 o Current Document TheSubjectofTranslation4 HYPERLINK l bookmark32 o Current Document 3.1.2DefinitionoftheTranslatorsSubjectivity5 HYPERLINK l bookmark34 o Current Document TranslatorsSubj

10、ectivityinTwoEnglishVersions5CulturalAttitude HYPERLINK l bookmark36 o Current Document Motivationoftranslation7 HYPERLINK l bookmark38 o Current Document AestheticInclination7 HYPERLINK l bookmark40 o Current Document ComparisononEnglishVersionsofJiuGe8ReproductionofMeaning8 HYPERLINK l bookmark42

11、o Current Document TranslationofSomeCultural-loadedItemsinJiuGe9 HYPERLINK l bookmark44 o Current Document TranslationofPlantNames9 HYPERLINK l bookmark46 o Current Document TranslationofMythologicalImage104.3TranslationStyle12 HYPERLINK l bookmark48 o Current Document TranslationStylesinTwoEnglishV

12、ersions12 HYPERLINK l bookmark50 o Current Document TheChoiceofWords1314144.4TranslationStrategiesConclusionBibliography1516Acknowledgements浙江農(nóng)林大學(xué)本科生畢業(yè)論文 IntroductionResearchObjectivesChuCi,theresourceofChineseromanticpoetry,issaidtobetheearliestcollectionsofromanticpoemshasanirreplaceablepositionin

13、Chineseliterature.Moreover,ChuCihascreatedtheromantictraditionoftheChineseclassicalworksthroughitsextravagantdiction,fantasticimaginationaswellasviolentemotions.Therefore,ithasbeenofvitalsignificancetoChinesepoetry.Andsomethingworthmentioningisthepatriotisminthework,whichisperhapsonereasontobeenduri

14、ngandlastingintheChinesehistory.Intheearly19thcentury,thepublicationoftheEnglishtranslationofLiSaoinTheChinaReviewhasarousedgreatinterestsamongscholarsathomeandabroad,givingrisetoaboomingtendencyforstudyingtheChineseculture,particularlytheclassicalpoetry.However,themainattentionisputontheEnglishtran

15、slationofLiSaoratherthanJiuGe,eventhoughtherearemanyEnglishversionsofLiSao,theycannotbeoptimal,becausetherearemanymistranslations.Butinanycase,themistranslationisunderstandableduetotheapparentdistinctionsamongtranslations,suchastheirculturalbackground,motivationfortranslation,aestheticinclination,ev

16、entheinfluenceofreligionandsoon.Furthermore,weallknowthatJiuGeisakindofpoemfullofimagesandsymbolizationwithabundantlybutobscurelyculturalmeanings.Therefore,translatorsarepronetodealwiththose“troubles”ontheirownway,thatswhatwecalledthetranslatorssubjectivity.Allthatmakesithardtotranslatethoseclassics

17、correctlyandaccurately.ThispaperaimstoprobeintotheinfluenceofthetranslatorssubjectivityonthetranslationthroughthecomparisonofthetwoEnglishversionsofJiuGe.ThestudywillprovidesomeusefulandbeneficialadvicetotheEnglishtranslationofclassicalworksandalsobehelpfultothespreadoftheChineseculture,whichprovide

18、sanopportunitytoshowtheworldtheextensivenessoftraditionalculture.SoIchoosetwosignificantlydifferentversionsofSunDayuandArthurWaley,servingthethoroughstudy.ThePoetandJiuGeDefinitelyQuYuanisamongthegreatestofChinesepoets,buthisdeathisrememberedmorethanhislife,andhissufferingsarerememberedmorethanhisra

19、remomentsofhappiness(RobertPayne,1945:78).QuYuan,whowasbornin340BCanddiedin278BCattheageof62,isapatrioticpoetoftheWarringStatesperiod.AstheministerofKingHuaiofChu,thetitleofwhichwasthe“ministerofpatriarchalaffairs”（“三閭大夫”）.Althoughhewasamemberoftheroyal,hedidntrealizehisaspirationandambitioninpoliti

20、csduetothejealousyaswellastheconspiracyoftreacherouscourtofficials.Totheend,hechosetodrownhimselfintheMiluoRiver,afterthat,theDragonBoatFestivalwasestablishedtocommemoratehimwithactivitiesofeatingTzungTzu,holdingdragonboatrace,drinkingrealgarwineandsoon.Althoughfailedinpolitics,QuYuanreceivedgreatfa

21、meandreputationinChineseliteraryhistoryasagreatpoet,whomadetremendouscontributiontoChinesepoetry.Theworld-renownedmasterpieceofQuYuanisLiSao,whichhasattractedgreatattentionofpeopleinterestedintheChinesepoems.BesidesLiSao,healsohadotherwell-knownworkssuchasJiuGe（九歌）,TianWen（天問）,JiuZhang（九章）andsoon.Ji

22、uGewasoneworkofQuYuansrevisedversionoffolksongsforofferingsomesacrificestogods,consistingof11poemsofDongHuangTaiYi（東皇太一），YunZhongJun（云中君），XiangJun（湘君），XiangFuRen湘夫人）,DaSiMing大司命）,ShaoSiMing（少司命）,DongJun（東君）,HeBo（河伯）,ShanGui（山鬼），GuoShang（國殤，LiHun（禮魂）respectively.GuoShangwaswrittentomournandsingfortho

23、sesoldiers,otherstendedtoexpresshisdeepthoughtandsentimentalitythroughthelovestoryofgods.WangYioftheEasternHanDynastybelievedthatQuYuancreatedJiuGetoexpresshissufferingsinpoliticswhenhewasexpelledfromChukingdom.TheworksofQuYuanhavebeenwidelyreadandappreciated,evenintoday,notonlyadmiringforthepoembut

24、alsothepatriotismofQuYuaninit.Itswellacknowledgedthatapoemwithoutsincerefeelingscannotbeagoodpoem.1.3ResearchMethodologyThispaperwilladoptthecomparativemethodtoanalyzethedifferencesoftwoEnglishversionsofJiuGe.Inordertomakethecomparativeresultmorecomprehensiveandconvincing,Iwillusesomediagrams,inthis

25、way,thespecificfeaturesoftwoversionsmightbemoredistinctandapparent.Therefore,wemayfindtheinfluenceofthetranslatorssubjectivitythroughthosedifferencesintwoEnglishtranslations.LiteratureReviewTheBriefSurveyoftheEnglishVersionofJiuGeManywesternscholarshavearousedgreatinterestsinthetranslationofJiuGelik

26、eArthurWaley,DavidHawkes,E.H.Parks,andJ.Legge,E.Erkesandsoon.E.H.ParkerpublishedhisEnglishtranslationofLiSaoin1879inChinaReview,whichhasmadeLiSaoknownbythewest.AndprofessorDavidHawkesofOxfordsaid,“Itisreallymoreaparaphrasethanatranslation,anditsbouncingVictorianversecouldhavebeenwrittenbyacleverscho

27、olboy(DavidHawkes,1957:215).Honestlyspeaking,itisunderstandableaboutDavidscomments,becausetraditionalChineseculturewastotallynewtothewestatthattime,andfewpeoplehaveaccesstolearnit.Alltheycandoistotranslateitwiththeirownunderstanding;therefore,therearesomemistakesinthetranslationprocess.In1895,JamesL

28、eggepublishedTheLiSaoPoemsandItsAuthoronJournalAsiaticSociety.HawkeshassaidthathistranslationisalittleaccuratethanParkers,andtheJamesspurposeoftranslatingthisworkisthatLiSaoisdeemedansignificantliteraryworkintheChinesehistory.Soitmaybebeautifulinformbutwithouttheenthusiasminvolvedinthepoem.(DavidHaw

29、kes,1957:215)AnotherGermanScholar,E.Erkes,translatedtheGreatRequieminAsiaMajorin1923,whichwastotallyliteraltranslation,thentheGreatLordofFateandTheYoungGoddessofFateintheGodofDeathinAncientChinain1939.Hawkesremarkshisliteraltranslationmakingreadingandunderstandingpainstakingandarduously,though,itpro

30、videsachanceforthewesttolearnsomethingaboutChineseliterature.(DavidHawkes,1957:215)However,thingshavechangedsincethepublicationofWaleysessay,JiuGe:thestudyofShamanisminAncientChina,givingageneraldescriptionoftheChuKingdomfromthegeographicalconditionstosomeculturalimages.Andthenhetranslatedthetransla

31、tionofJiuGe,buttherestillisvagueinthetranslationofsomesentencesorwords.Afterthat,hispupil,DavidHawkes,continuedtostudytheChineseclassics,especiallyengagedinChuCi.In1959,ChuCi,TheSongsofTheSouth:AnAncientChineseAnthologybytheOxfordUniversity,whichwastranslatedaccordingtothe18chaptersofChuCilikeLiSao,

32、JiuGe,TianWen,allofwhichwascompiledbyWangYioftheEasternHanDynasty.Generallyspeaking,Davidstranslationissuccessfultosomeextentwiththeeffortsofsomanyexcellentscholars.Exceptthescholarsfromthewest,somedomestictranslatorsarenotwillingtolagbehindandtrytheirbesttobededicatedtothestudy.Forexample,LingWenqi

33、ngissaidtobethefirstChinesewhotranslatedChuCiin1920s,whileYangXianyiandhiswife,GladysYang,translatedLiSaoandOtherPoemsofQuYuanandpublishedin1953,whichwasseenasameaningfulmoment.Then,SunDayu,awell-knownChineseliteraturetranslator,translatedmostpoemsofChuCi,andhewasdevotedtoprobingintotheculturalaspec

34、tofChuCi,whichprovidedanaccesstothewesternreaderstolearntheorientalculture.Anotherscholar,XuYuanchong,translateChuCi,ElegiesoftheSouth（許淵沖,2009）,inthemeantime,heproposedhistranslationtheory,thetheoryofThreeBeauties,whichreallydidmattertothefieldoftranslation,tothedevelopmentofthetranslationtheoryres

35、earchers.Ofcourse,thereareothertranslatorslikeZhuoZhenying,TheVerseofChuCiwaspublishedin2006（卓振英,2006）.JustasIhavementionedbefore,ChuCigainedlessattentionandtherewerefewessaysorpapersonit,letalonethestudyaboutJiuGe.TranslatorsSubjectivityandthePresentenceintwoEnglishVersionsTranslatorsSubjectivityTr

36、anslationhasundergoneagreatchangesincetheemergenceofthe“culturalturn”in1970s,especiallytherapiddevelopmentofthetranslationtheoriessuchastheManipulationtheory,deconstructiontheoryandsoon,allofwhichprovidedasupportfortranslationstudy.However,theappearanceoftheculturalturnhasarousedscholarsinterestinth

37、edisparityoftheEnglishversionsbecauseofvariouscultures.Andanoteworthyfactorleadingtoculturaldisparitymustbethetranslatorwhoseculturalbackground,motivationfortranslationeventheirreligiousareofvitalimportanceinthetranslationprocess.Infact,thereisnoactivitywithoutpurpose,andtranslationisakindofactivity

38、,soithasitsownpurpose.（Hans-Venneer,1989:221-232）weareinspiredtocomprehendtranslationfromtheperspectiveofculture:anytranslationisdoneoutofacertainculturalpurpose.Tosomeextent,translatorswilltranslatethesourcetextbasedontheirculturalbackgroundwhichcanbeconsideredasakindnegotiationoftwocultures.TheSub

39、jectofTranslationInfact,whenwereferredtothequestion:whoisonearththesubjectinthetranslationprocess?Answerstothisquestionvariedgreatly.Nobodywhodealswiththeissueofsubjectivitycanelaboratehis/herviewswithoutdefiningthesubjectinthebeginning.（李德順,1990:3）somebelievedthattranslatorwasthesubject,somethought

40、thattranslatorandauthorofthetargettextwere,whileothersarguedthattranslator,authorandreaderservedasthesubjectinthetranslationprocess.Asamatteroffact,YangZijiandrewthatconclusionthatthereareeightmainfactorsthatmustbedeemedastheobjectoftranslationstudies,namelytheobjectivityworld（nature,societyandthoug

41、ht）,theauthorofthesourcetext,thetranslator,thetranslationprocess,thetargettext,andthereaderofthetargettext（楊自儉,2002:11）.DefinitionoftheTranslatorsSubjectivityManyscholarstendtogiveaperfectdefinitiontothetranslatorssubjectivity,butnoconsensushasbeenreached.AndIquotesomeofthem,suchastranslatorssubject

42、ivityreferstothesubjectiveinitiativedisplayedbythetranslatorasthesubjectoftranslation,inordertofulfillhisorhertranslationpurposeundertheprerequisiteofrespectingthetranslationobject.Thebasicfeaturesofthesubjectivityaretheculturalconsciousness,personalcharacters,styles,andaestheticcreativityofthetrans

43、latorasthesubjectoftranslation（查明建&田雨,2003:22）.Theso-calledtranslatorssubjectivityisthetranslatorsconsciousawarenessofhis/herownpersonalityandcreativity.Theexistenceandstrengthofthetranslatorssubjectivityinfluencethewholetranslationprocessandthevalueoftheoutcomeoftranslation.Inouropinion,thecoreofth

44、etranslatorssubjectivityisthetranslatoraestheticpursuitandcreativity（許鈞,2003:10）.Fromtheirdefinition,wecansaysomethingincommonisthattheyacknowledgethattranslatorsinitiativeandtheirculturalandpersonalawarenessaswellastheaestheticcreativity.However,initiativityandpassivityarethemainfactors.Thetranslat

45、orssubjectivefactorsarecomposedoftheirvalues,purpose,knowledge,bias,evenreligion,amongwhichtheirmotivationoftranslation,aestheticinclinationandculturalattitudeareofgreatimportance.Infact,theembodimentoftranslatorssubjectivityisnotonlyonthebasisoftranslationofthesourcetext,butalsooftheselectionofthes

46、ourcelanguage,thetranslationstrategiesadoptedandsoon.Inreferencetothepassivityoftranslatorssubjectivityincludingthefeaturesofthesourceandtargetlanguage,suchastheobjectivelaws,theoriginalculture,andthehistoricalbackground.TranslatorsSubjectivityinTwoEnglishVersionsJustaswehavementioned,translatorssub

47、jectivityarecomposedoftwofactorsofinitiativityandpassivity.Andtranslatorsculturalattitude,motivationoftranslation,aestheticinclinationisthethreemainfactorsthatIwillmakefurtherdiscussioninthefollowingparagraphs.Furthermore,thethreefactorsembodiedintheirtranslationversionswillbeinvolved.3.2.1CulturalA

48、ttitudeWangZuoliangthinksthatatranslatorshouldnotonlyhavebilingualknowledge,butalsobefamiliarwiththebilingualculture.TranslationisInterlinguatransformationofinformationonthesurface,butinterculturalconversationandcommunicationlookedfromdeep-seatedmeaning,languageisthecarrierofculture,whilecultureisth

49、econtentofalanguage.Asthesubjectbetweentwolanguages,atranslatorshouldunderstandthecultureofthetwolanguages.“Asfarasatrulysuccessfultranslationisconcerned,beingfamiliarwithtwokindsofcultureisevenmoreimportantthangraspingthetwokindsofcultureisevenmoreimportantthangraspingthetwolanguage,becauseonlyword

50、swillnotmakesensewithoutaculturalbackground”（郭建中,2000:315）.Sowecanseethattranslatorssubjectivityawarenesshasagreatpositioninthetranslation.However,translationisnotaprocessshiftingonecultureintoanotherone,whichisoftenrestrictedbythehistoricalconditionseitherlikepeoplesideology,patronageandpoeticsinth

51、emanipulationtheory,ortheimpactofcontextcomposedofpoliticalnormsandculturalnormsinthedescriptionandnormativetheory.Wecanseethatsometranslatorwillmoreorlessshowhisorherpoliticalandculturalinclinationinthetranslationcontext.Culturalattitudeisthemoststableculturedeposits,culturalpursuitsandculturalexpe

52、ctationsofthesocialindividualsindifferentculturalworlds.Translatorsshouldkeeptheirownculturalattitudes.Buttranslatorssubjectivitytendstorequiretranslatorstopromotecommunicationbetweendifferentculturaltraits,tointroduceandstudyforeignculture,toachievedeepunderstandingofitsoastopromoteourownculture（仲偉

53、合,周靜,2006:43）ArthurWaley,themostoutstandingBritishsinologistinthe20thcentury,enjoysgreatreputationintheaspectsofChineseliterature,especiallyhisEnglishversionoftheBookofPoetryenjoysahighliteraryvaluewhichoverwhelmsthoseofJamesLeggeandBernhardKarlgren（洪濤，2008:57）.Hisexcellenttranslationworksbringtheor

54、ientalliteraturetothewesternworld,makingChineseliteratureinvolvedintowesternliterature,andhavingaprofoundandeverlastinginfluenceonsinologyinthewest.ArthurWaleywasfondoftheliteratureandlanguagestudyanddedicatedtothestudyoftheChineseliteratureinhiswholelife.Inhiscollege,heapproachedtheorientalculture,

55、andhadbeenattractedbytheprofoundChineseculture;therefore,heaimedtodevotehimselfintostudyingandspreadingorientalculture.Tosomeextent,hiscultureattitudehasgreatlydependedonhisdescentofGermanandAnglo-Jew.WeknowthatAnalectsisthemostrepresentativeworkofthetraditionalChineseculture,andArthurbringstheEngli

56、shversionintothewest,andachieveagreatimpactatthattimecomparedwithotherversions.InthetranslationoftheAnalects,heholdsonhisownview“oneperiod,oneConfucius”.Anotherexampleisthatbenevolence(“Ren”)isthemostessentialintheAnalects,butArthurhasnotadoptthe“goodness”toreplace“Ren”,instead,heintendstocombinethe

57、sameconnotationbetweenthem,whichmeansthatneitherofthemisequaltotheother.Andheprefersdomesticationduetohisculturalidentity,andwecanknow,tosomeextent,hehasaffectedbytheChineseliterature.AsforthetranslationsofSunDayu,arealsosuccessful,andhepreferstogiveprefacewhentranslatingChineseliteraturesoastohelpf

58、oreignreaders.Sowecanfindagreatintroductionofauthorinhisworks.MotivationoftranslationMotivationusuallyreferstothepsychologicalfeaturearousinganorganismtomoveforwardawantedgoal,butobjectivemeansthegoalintendedtobeattained.Tosomeextent,translationisequaltotranslationpurpose.Whenwetalkaboutthepurposeof

59、translation,wehavetomentionSkopostheory.SkoposisaGreekwordfor“aim”or“purpose”andwasintroducedintotranslationtheoryinthe1970sbyHans-Venneerasatechnicaltermforthepurposeofatranslationandoftheactionoftranslating.(JeremyMundy,2001:78).Usuallywemaysaythattranslationisanobjectiveprocess,however,itsalmosti

60、mpossibletotranslatethewholetextwithoutinvolvementofpersonalfeeling,purposeoftranslators,thatswhywealwayscanfindoutthedifferencebetweendifferentkindsoftranslationworks.Forinstance,sometranslatorsshedgreatlightontheoriginalityofthetext,theymaychoosetheliteraltranslation,though,itsobscuretounderstand,