高中化學(xué)方程式總結(jié)以及必備知識(shí)點(diǎn)歸納總結(jié)

1、-PAGE . z.高中化學(xué)方程式一、非金屬單質(zhì)F2，Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si，H1、氧化性：F2+H2=2HF (陰暗處爆炸)F2+*e(過(guò)量)=*eF22F2(過(guò)量)+*e=*eF4 (*eF4是強(qiáng)氧化劑，能將Mn2+氧化為MnO4)nF2+2M=2MFn(M表示大局部金屬) 2F2+2H2O=4HF+O2(水是復(fù)原劑)2F2+2NaOH=2NaF+OF2+H2O F2+2NaCl=2NaF+Cl2F2+2NaBr=2NaF+Br2F2+2NaI=2NaF+I27F2(過(guò)量)+I2=2IF7F2+Cl2(等體積)=2ClF (ClF屬于類鹵素：ClF+H2O=HF+HClO )

2、3F2(過(guò)量)+Cl2=2ClF3(ClF3+3H2O=3HF+HClO3 )Cl2+H22HCl (將H2在Cl2點(diǎn)燃；混合點(diǎn)燃、加熱、光照發(fā)生爆炸)3Cl2+2P2PCl3Cl2+PCl3PCl5Cl2+2Na2NaCl 3Cl2+2Fe2FeCl3Cl2+CuCuCl2Cl2+2FeCl2=2FeCl3 (在水溶液中：Cl2+2Fe2+=2Fe3+3Cl)Cl2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2Br=2Cl+Br2Cl2+2KI=2KCl+I2Cl2+2I=2Cl+I23Cl2(過(guò)量)+2KI+3H2O=6HCl+KIO33Cl2+I+3H2O=6H+6Cl+IO35Cl2+I2

3、+6H2O=2HIO3+10HCl 5Cl2+I2+6H2O=10Cl+IO3+12H+Cl2+Na2S=2NaCl+SCl2+S2=2Cl+SCl2+H2S=2HCl+S (水溶液中：Cl2+H2S=2H+2Cl+SCl2+SO2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HCl Cl2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2ClCl2+H2O2=2HCl+O2Cl2+H2O2=2H+Cl+O22O2+3FeFe3O4O2+K=KO2S+H2H2S 2S+CCS2S+ZnZnS S+FeFeS (既能由單質(zhì)制取，又能由離子制取) S+2CuCu2S (只能由單質(zhì)制取，不能由離子制取)3S+2AlAl2S3(只能

4、由單質(zhì)制取，不能由離子制取)N2+3H22NH3N2+3MgMg3N2N2+3CaCa3N2N2+3BaBa3N2N2+6Na2Na3N N2+6K2K3N N2+6Rb2Rb3N N2+2Al2AlNP4+6H24PH3P+3NaNa3P 2P+3ZnZn3P2H2+2Li2LiH2、復(fù)原性S+O2SO2S+H2SO4(濃)3SO2+2H2O S+6HNO3(濃)H2SO4+6NO2+2H2O S+4H+6=6NO2+2H2O+3S+4HNO3(稀)3SO2+4NO+2H2O 3S+4H+43SO2+4NO+2H2ON2+O22NO 4P+5O2P4O10(常寫成P2O5) 2P+3*22P

5、*3*表示F2，Cl2，Br2P*3+*2P*5P4+20HNO3(濃)4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2O C+2F2CF4C+2Cl2CCl4 C+O2(足量)CO22C+O2(少量)2COC+CO22CO C+H2OCO+H2(生成水煤氣) 2C+SiO2Si+2CO(制得粗硅) Si(粗)+2Cl2SiCl4(SiCl4+2H2=Si(純)+4HCl) Si(粉)+O2SiO2Si+CSiC(金剛砂) Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2SiO3+2H2(Si+2OH+H2O=+2H2)3、歧化反響 Cl2+H2O=HCl+HClO加堿或光照促進(jìn)歧化： (Cl2+H2OH+Cl+HClO C

6、l2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2O(Cl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2O)Cl2+2Ca(OH)2=CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O (Cl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2O)3Cl2+6KOH(濃)5KCl+KClO3+3H2O(3Cl2+6OH5Cl+ClO3+3H2O)3S+6NaOH2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O(3S+6OH2S2+SO32+3H2O)4P+3KOH(濃)+3H2O=PH3+3KH2PO2(4P+3OH+3H2O=PH3+3H2PO2)11P+15CuSO4+24H2O=5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4 3C+CaOCaC2+CO3C+Si

7、O2SiC+2CO二金屬單質(zhì)Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu的復(fù)原性 2Na+H22NaH 4Na+O2=2Na2O 2Na2O+O22Na2O22Na+O2Na2O22Na+S=Na2S爆炸 2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H22Na+2H2O=2Na+2OH+H22Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H22Na+2NH3=2Na+2NH2+H24Na+TiCl44NaCl+Ti Mg+Cl2MgCl2Mg+Br2MgBr22Mg+O22MgO Mg+SMgS2Cu+SCu2S (Cu2S只能由單質(zhì)制備)Mg+2H2OMg(OH)2+H2 2Mg+TiCl4Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbClMgCl2+

8、2Rb 2Mg+CO22MgO+C 2Mg+SiO22MgO+Si Mg+H2S=MgS+H2 Mg+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2(Mg+2H+=Mg2+H2)2Al+3Cl22AlCl34Al+3O2=2Al2O3(常溫生成致密氧化膜而鈍化，在氧氣中燃燒)4Al(Hg)+3O2+2*H2O=2(Al2O3.*H2O)+4Hg鋁汞齊 4Al+3MnO22Al2O3+3Mn 2Al+Cr2O3Al2O3+2Cr (鋁熱反響)2Al+Fe2O3Al2O3+2Fe 2Al+3FeOAl2O3+3Fe 2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H22Al+6H+=2Al3+3H22Al+3H2SO4=Al2(

9、SO4)3+3H22Al+6H+=2Al3+3H22Al+6H2SO4(濃)=Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O(Al,Fe在冷,濃的H2SO4,HNO3中鈍化) Al+4HNO3(稀)=Al(NO3)3+NO+2H2O Al+4H+NO3=Al3+NO+2H2O2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H22Al+2OH+2H2O=2AlO2+3H22Fe+3Br2=2FeBr33Fe+2O2 Fe3O4 2Fe+O22FeO (煉鋼過(guò)程)Fe+I2FeI2Fe+SFeS (FeS既能由單質(zhì)制備，又能由離子制備)3Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H

10、2Fe+2H+=Fe2+H2Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+Cu Fe+Cu2+=Fe2+Cu Fe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2(鐵在酸性環(huán)境下,不能把四氯化錫完全復(fù)原為單質(zhì)錫Fe+SnCl2=FeCl2+SnFe+Sn2+=Fe2+Sn三非金屬氫化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3) 金屬氫化物(NaH)1、復(fù)原性: 4HCl(濃)+MnO2MnCl2+Cl2+2H2O4H+2Cl+MnO2Mn2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(濃)+PbO2PbCl2+Cl2+2H2O 4H+2Cl+PbO2Pb2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl(g)+O22Cl2+2H2O 16HCl+2KMnO4=2

11、KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O16H+10Cl-+2MnO4=2Mn2+5Cl2+8H2O6HCl+KClO3=KCl+3Cl2+3H2O6H+5Cl+ClO3=3Cl2+3H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O 14H+6Cl+Cr2O72=2Cr3+5Cl2+7H2O2H2O+2F2=4HF+O22HCl+F2=2HF+Cl2 (F2氣與HCl、HBr、HI、H2S、NH3氣體不能共存)2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2 (Cl2氣與HBr、HI、H2S、NH3氣體不能共存)2H2S+3O2(足量)2SO2+2H2O 2H2S+O2(少量)2

12、S+2H2O 2H2S+SO2=3S+2H2O H2S+H2SO4(濃)=S+SO2+2H2O 3H2S+2HNO3(稀)=3S+2NO+4H2O 3H2S+2H+2NO3=3S+2NO+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O 5H2S+2MnO4+6H+=2Mn2+5S+8H2O 3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4=Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S+7H2O3H2S+Cr2O72+8H+=2Cr3+3S+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=Na2SO4+6NaOH H2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=8Na+2NH3+3CuO3Cu+N

13、2+3H2O 2NH3+3Cl2=N2+6HCl 8NH3+3Cl2=N2+6NH4Cl NH3+NaNO2+HCl=NaCl+N2+2H2ONH3+NO2+H+=N2+2H2O4NH3+3O2(純氧)2N2+6H2O 4NH3+5O24NO+6H2O 4NH3+6NO=5N2+6H2O(用氨去除NO) NaH+H2O=NaOH+H2 (生氫劑) NaH+H2O=Na+OH+H24NaH+TiCl4Ti+4NaCl+2H2CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH)2+2H2 2、酸性: 4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O可測(cè)定礦樣或鋼樣中SiO2的含量，玻璃雕刻4HF+Si=SiF4+2H2 2HF+

14、CaCl2=CaF2+2HCl H2S+Fe=FeS+H2H2S+CuCl2=CuS+2HCl (弱酸制強(qiáng)酸的典型反響) H2S+Cu2+=CuS+2H+H2S+2AgNO3=Ag2S+2HNO3H2S+2Ag+=Ag2S+2H+H2S+HgCl2=HgS+2HClH2S+Hg2+=HgS+2H+H2S+Pb(NO3)2=PbS+2HNO3(鉛試紙檢驗(yàn)空氣中H2S) H2S+Pb2+=PbS+2H+H2S+2Ag=Ag2S+H2(銀器在空氣中變黑的原因)2NH3(液)+2Na=2NaNH2+H2(NaNH2+H2O=NaOH+NH3) 3、NH3的堿性： NH3+H*=NH4* (*：F、Cl

15、、Br、I、S)NH3+HNO3=NH4NO3NH3+H+=NH4+2NH3+H2SO4=(NH4)2SO4NH3+H+=NH4+NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2=NaHCO3+NH4Cl侯德榜制堿：用于工業(yè)制備小蘇打，蘇打NH3+H2S=NH4HSNH3+H2S=NH4+HS-4、不穩(wěn)定性： 2HFH2+F22HClH2+Cl22H2O2H2+O22H2O2=2H2O+O2H2SH2+S 2NH3N2+3H22HIH2+I2四非金屬氧化物(SO3、SO2、N2O、NO、N2O3、NO2、N2O4、N2O5、CO、CO2、SiO2、P2O3、P2O5、Cl2O、Cl2O3、Cl2O5、Cl2O

16、7、ClO2)1、低價(jià)態(tài)的復(fù)原性：(SO2、CO、NO)2SO2+O2+2H2O=2H2SO4這是SO2在大氣中緩慢發(fā)生的環(huán)境化學(xué)反響 2SO2+O22SO3SO2+NO2=SO3+NOSO2+Cl2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HCl Cl2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2ClSO2+Br2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HBrBr2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2BrSO2+I2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HI I2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2I2NO+O2=2NO2 NO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2用于制硝酸工業(yè)中吸收尾氣中的NO和NO2NO+NO2+2OH=2NO2 2

17、CO+O22CO2CO+CuOCu+CO23CO+Fe2O32Fe+3CO2CO+H2OCO2+H2 2、氧化性： SO2+2H2S=3S+2H2O SO3+2KIK2SO3+I2 NO2+2KI+H2O=NO+I2+2KOH不能用淀粉KI溶液鑒別溴蒸氣和NO2 4NO2+H2S=4NO+SO3+H2O 2NO2+Cu4CuO+N2N2O+ZnZnO+N2CO2+2Mg2MgO+C(CO2不能用于撲滅由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃燒的火災(zāi)) SiO2+2H2Si+2H2O SiO2+2Mg2MgO+Si 3、與水的作用: SO2+H2O=H2SO3SO3+H2O=H2SO4SO3+H2O=2

18、H+SO423NO2+H2O=2HNO3+NO (NO2不是硝酸的酸酐)N2O5+H2O=2HNO3N2O5+H2O=2H+2NO3P2O5+H2O(冷水)=2HPO3 P2O5+3H2O(熱水)=2H3PO4(P2O5極易吸水,可作氣體枯燥劑) P2O5+3H2SO4(濃)=2H3PO4+3SO3CO2+H2O=H2CO3Cl2O+H2O=2HClOCl2O7+H2O=2HClO4Cl2O7+H2O=2H+2ClO44、與堿性物質(zhì)的作用: SO2+2NH3+H2O=(NH4)2SO3SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O=2NH4HSO3 2NH4HSO3+H2SO4=(NH4)2SO4+2H2

19、O+2SO2(硫酸工業(yè)尾氣處理)SO2+Ca(OH)2=CaSO3+H2O(不能用澄清石灰水鑒別SO2和CO2.可用品紅鑒別) SO3+MgO=MgSO4SO3+Ca(OH)2=CaSO4+H2O CO2+NH3+H2O=NH4HCO3CO2+2NH3(過(guò)量)+H2O=(NH4)2CO3(NH4)2CO3(NH2)2CO+2H2OCO2+2NH3(NH2)2CO+H2O (工業(yè)制取尿素)CO2+2NaOH(過(guò)量)=Na2CO3+H2O 2OH-+CO2=CO32+H2OCO2(過(guò)量)+NaOH=NaHCO3OH-+CO2=HCO3CO2+Ca(OH)2(過(guò)量)=CaCO3+H2O Ca2+2+

20、CO2=CaCO3+H2O2CO2(過(guò)量)+Ca(OH)2=Ca(HCO3)2OH+CO2=HCO3CO2+CaCO3+H2O=Ca(HCO3)2CO2+CaCO3+H2O=Ca2+2HCO3CO2(缺乏)+2NaAlO2+3H2O=2Al(OH)3+Na2CO3CO2+3H2O+AlO2=Al(OH)3+CO32CO2(足)+NaAlO2+2H2O=Al(OH)3+NaHCO3CO2+2H2O+AlO2=Al(OH)3+HCO3CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O=C6H5OH+NaHCO3CO2+C6H5O+H2O=C6H5OH+HCO3SiO2+CaOCaSiO3(煉鋼造渣)SiO2+2NaO

21、H=Na2SiO3+H2O(常溫下強(qiáng)堿緩慢腐蝕玻璃) SiO2+Na2CO3Na2SiO3+CO2(制取玻璃)SiO2+CaCO3CaSiO3+CO2 (制取玻璃)2NO2+2NaOH=NaNO2+NaNO3+H2O2NO2+2OH=NO3+NO2+H2ONO+NO2+2NaOH=2NaNO2+H2O (制取硝酸工業(yè)尾氣吸收)NO+NO2+2OH=2NO3+H2O五金屬氧化物 1、低價(jià)態(tài)的復(fù)原性: 6FeO+O2=2Fe3O4FeO+4HNO3=Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2O FeO+4H+NO3=Fe3+NO2+2H2O2、氧化性: Na2O2+2Na2Na2O此反響用于制備Na2O M

22、gO，Al2O3幾乎沒(méi)有氧化性，很難被復(fù)原為Mg，Al.一般通過(guò)電解制Mg和Al. Fe2O3+3H22Fe+3H2O(制復(fù)原鐵粉)Fe3O4+4H23Fe+4H2OCuO+H2Cu+H2O2Fe3O4+16HI=6FeI2+8H2O+2I22Fe3O4+16H+4I=6Fe2+8H2O+2I2Fe2O3+Fe 3FeO (煉鋼過(guò)程中參加廢鋼作氧化劑)FeO+CFe+CO (高溫?zé)掍撜{(diào)節(jié)C含量)2FeO+Si2Fe+SiO2 (高溫?zé)掍撜{(diào)節(jié)Si含量)3、與水的作用: Na2O+H2O=2NaOH Na2O+H2O=2Na+2OH2Na2O2+2H2O=4NaOH+O22Na2O2+2H2O=4

23、Na+4OH+O2(此反響分兩步:Na2O2+2H2O=2NaOH+H2O2;2H2O2=2H2O+O2H2O2的制備可利用類似的反響:BaO2+H2SO4(稀)=BaSO4+H2O2) MgO+H2O=Mg(OH)2(緩慢反響) 4、與酸性物質(zhì)的作用: Na2O+SO3=Na2SO4Na2O+CO2=Na2CO3MgO+SO3=MgSO4Na2O+2HCl=2NaCl+H2O Na2O+2H+=2Na+H2O2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2Na2O2+H2SO4(冷,稀)=Na2SO4+H2O2 MgO+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2O MgO+2H+=Mg2+H2OAl2O3+3

24、H2SO4=Al2(SO4)3+3H2OAl2O3+6H+=2Al3+3H2OAl2O3+2NaOH=2NaAlO2+H2O(Al2O3兩性氧化物)Al2O3+2OH=2AlO2+H2OFeO+2HCl=FeCl2+H2OFeO+2H+=Fe2+H2OFe2O3+6HCl=2FeCl3+3H2O Fe2O3+6H+=2Fe3+3H2OFe3O4+8HCl=FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2O Fe3O4+8H+=2Fe3+Fe2+4H2O六含氧酸 1、氧化性: 4HClO3+3H2S=3H2SO4+4HClClO3+3H2S=6H+SO42+ClHClO3+HI=HIO3+HCl ClO3+I=

25、IO3+Cl3HClO+HI=HIO3+3HCl3HClO+I-=IO3+3H+ClHClO+H2SO3=H2SO4+HCl HClO+H2SO3=3H+SO42+ClHClO+H2O2=HCl+H2O+O2HClO+H2O2=H+Cl+H2O+O2(氧化性:HClOHClO2HClO3HClO4,但濃,熱的HClO4氧化性很強(qiáng)) 2H2SO4(濃)+CCO2+2SO2+2H2O 2H2SO4(濃)+S3SO2+2H2O H2SO4+Fe(Al)室溫下鈍化 6H2SO4(濃)+2FeFe2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O 2H2SO4(濃)+CuCuSO4+SO2+2H2OH2SO4(濃)+2

26、HBr=SO2+Br2+2H2O (不能用濃硫酸與NaBr制取HBr)H2SO4(濃)+2HI=SO2+I2+2H2O (不能用濃硫酸與NaI制取HI)H2SO4(稀)+Fe=FeSO4+H22H+Fe=Fe2+H2H2SO3+2H2S=3S+3H2O 4HNO3(濃)+CCO2+4NO2+2H2O 6HNO3(濃)+SH2SO4+6NO2+2H2O5HNO3(濃)+PH3PO4+5NO2+H2O5HNO3(稀)+3P+2H2O3H3PO4+5NO5H+5NO3-+3P+2H2O3H3PO4+5NO6HNO3(濃足)+Fe=Fe(NO3)3+3NO2+3H2O 4HNO3(濃)+Fe(足)=F

27、e(NO3)2+NO2+2H2O(先得Fe3+,在Fe過(guò)量時(shí)再生成Fe2+的鹽)4HNO3(稀足)+Fe=Fe(NO3)3+NO+2H2O 4H+NO3-+Fe=Fe3+NO+2H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO3)3+3N2O+15H2O 30 H+6NO3+8Fe=8Fe3+3N2O+15H2O36HNO3+10Fe=10Fe(NO3)3+3N2+18H2O 36H+6NO3+10Fe=8Fe3+3N2+18H2O30HNO3+8Fe=8Fe(NO3)3+3NH4NO3+9H2O30 H+3NO3+8Fe=8Fe3+3NH4+9H2O4Zn+10HNO3(稀)=4Zn(NO3)2+N

28、2O+5H2O4Zn+10H+2NO3=4Zn2+N2O+5H2O4Zn+10HNO3(稀)=4Zn(NO3)2+NH4NO3+3H2O4Zn+10H+NO3=4Zn2+NH4+5H2O2、復(fù)原性: H2SO3+*2+H2O=H2SO4+2H* (*表示Cl2,Br2,I2) H2SO3+*2+H2O=4H+SO42-+*2H2SO3+O2=2H2SO42H2SO3+O2=4H+SO42-H2SO3+H2O2=H2SO4+H2O H2SO3+H2O2=2H+SO42+H2O5H2SO3+2KMnO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+2H2SO4+3H2O 5H2SO3+2MnO4=2Mn2+4H+3

29、SO42+3H2OH2SO3+2FeCl3+H2O=H2SO4+2FeCl2+2HCl H2SO3+2Fe3+H2O=4H+2Fe2+SO423、酸性: H2SO4(濃)+CaF2CaSO4+2HF(不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸)H2SO4(濃)+NaClNaHSO4+HCl(不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸)H2SO4(濃)+2NaClNa2SO4+2HCl(不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸)H2SO4(濃)+NaNO3NaHSO4+HNO3(不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸)3H2SO4(濃)+Ca3(PO4)23CaSO4+2H3PO4 (強(qiáng)酸制弱酸酸)2H2SO4(濃)+Ca3(PO4)22CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)

30、2 (工業(yè)制磷肥)3HNO3+Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3AgNO33H+Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3Ag+2HNO3+CaCO3=Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO22H+CaCO3=Ca2+H2O+CO2用HNO3和濃H2SO4不能制備H2S，HI，HBr， SO2等復(fù)原性氣體 4H3PO4+Ca3(PO4)2 3Ca(H2PO4)2 重鈣 H3PO4(濃)+NaBrNaH2PO4+HBr(不揮發(fā)性酸制取揮發(fā)性酸,磷酸是非氧化性酸)H3PO4濃+NaINaH2PO4+HI 4、不穩(wěn)定性： 2HClO2HCl+O2(保存在棕色瓶中)4HNO34NO2+O2+2H2O (保存在棕色瓶中)H2SO3

31、H2O+SO2(在加熱或酸性條件下分解)H2CO3H2O+CO2(在加熱或酸性條件下分解)H4SiO4H2SiO3+H2O H2SiO3 SiO2+H2OH2S2O3H2O+S+SO2(在加熱或酸性條件下分解)七堿 1、低價(jià)態(tài)的復(fù)原性： 4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O=4Fe(OH)32、與酸性物質(zhì)的作用： 2NaOH+SO2(少量)=Na2SO3+H2O OH+SO2=SO32+H2ONaOH+SO2(足)=NaHSO3OH-+SO2(足)=HSO32NaOH+SiO2=Na2SiO3+H2O OH-+SiO2=SiO32+H2O2NaOH+Al2O3=2NaAlO2+H2O 2OH-+A

32、l2O3=2AlO2+H2O2KOH+Cl2=KCl+KClO+H2OCl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2ONaOH+HCl=NaCl+H2O H+OH=H2ONaOH+H2S(足)=NaHS+H2O OH+H2S=HS+H2O2NaOH+H2S(少量)=Na2S+2H2O 2OH+H2S=S2+2H2O3NaOH+AlCl3=Al(OH)3+3NaCl3OH+Al3+=Al(OH)3NaOH+Al(OH)3=NaAlO2+2H2O AlCl3和Al(OH)3哪個(gè)酸性強(qiáng)？OH+Al(OH)3=AlO2+2H2OCa(OH)2+2NH4Cl2CaCl2+2NH3+2H2O (實(shí)驗(yàn)室制NH3)NaO

33、H+NH4ClNaCl+NH3+H2O Mg(OH)2+2NH4Cl=MgCl2+2NH3H2O (Al(OH)3+NH4Cl不溶解)Ba(OH)2+H2SO4=BaSO4+2H2O 2H+2OH+Ba2+SO42=BaSO42H2O3、不穩(wěn)定性: Mg(OH)2MgO+H2O 2Al(OH)3Al2O3+3H2O2Fe(OH)3Fe2O3+3H2O Cu(OH)2CuO+H2O2AgOH=Ag2O+H2O八鹽 1、氧化性：(在水溶液中)2FeCl3+Fe=3FeCl22Fe3+Fe=3Fe2+2FeCl3+Cu=2FeCl2+CuCl2 (用于雕刻銅線路版) 2Fe3+Cu=2Fe2+Cu2

34、+2FeCl3+Zn(少量)=2FeCl2+ZnCl22Fe3+Zn=2Fe2+Zn2+FeCl3+Ag=FeCl2+AgCl2Fe3+Cl-+2Ag=2Fe2+2AgClFe2(SO4)3+2Ag=FeSO4+Ag2SO4(較難反響) Fe(NO3)3+Ag不反響 2FeCl3+H2S=2FeCl2+2HCl+S2Fe3+H2S=2Fe2+2H+S2FeCl3+2KI=2FeCl2+2KCl+I22Fe3+2I-=2Fe2+I2FeCl2+Mg=Fe+MgCl2Fe2+Mg=Fe+Mg2+NaNO2+NH4Cl=NaCl+N2+2H2O (實(shí)驗(yàn)室制氮?dú)?NH4+NO2-=N2+2H2O2、復(fù)

35、原性：2FeCl2+3Cl2=2FeCl3(在水溶液中不需加熱) 2Fe2+3Cl2=2Fe3+6Cl-3Na2S+8HNO3(稀)=6NaNO3+2NO+3S+4H2O 3S2-+8H+2NO3-=2NO+3S+4H2O3Na2SO3+2HNO3(稀)=3Na2SO4+2NO+H2O 3SO32-+2H+2NO3-=3SO42-+2NO+H2O2Na2SO3+O2=2Na2SO4(Na2SO3在空氣中易變質(zhì))Na2SO3+SNa2S2O3Na2S+Cl2=2NaCl+S(在水溶液中) S2-+Cl2=2Cl-+S3、與堿性物質(zhì)的作用：Ca(OH)2+CuSO4=Cu(OH)2+CaSO4 (

36、波爾多液)MgCl2+2NH3H2O=Mg(OH)2+2NH4Cl Mg2+2NH3H2O=Mg(OH)2+2NH4+AlCl3+3NH3H2O=Al(OH)3+3NH4Cl Al3+3NH3H2O=Al(OH)2+3NH4+FeCl3+3NH3H2O=Fe(OH)3+3NH4Cl Fe3+3NH3H2O=Fe(OH)3+3NH4+CuSO4+2NH3H2O(缺乏)=Cu(OH)2+(NH4)2SO4Cu2+2NH3H2O=Cu(OH)2+2NH4+Cu(OH)2+4NH3H2O=Cu(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2OCu(OH)2+4NH3H2O=Cu(NH3)42+2OH-+4H2O銅氨溶液

37、CuSO4+4NH3H2O(足)=Cu(NH3)4SO4+4H2O總方程式Cu2+4NH3H2O=Cu(NH3)42+4H2O銅氨溶液AgNO3+NH3H2O=AgOH+NH4NO32AgOH=Ag2O(灰黑色)+H2OAg2O+4NH3H2O=2Ag(NH3)2+2OH-+3H2O銀氨溶液AgNO3+2NH3H2O=Ag(NH3)2NO3+2H2OAg+2NH3H2O=Ag(NH3)2+2H2O總方程式ZnSO4+2NH3H2O(缺乏)=Zn(OH)2+(NH4)2SO4Zn2+2NH3H2O=Zn(OH)2+2NH4+Zn(OH)2+4NH3H2O=Zn(NH3)4(OH)2+4H2OZn

38、SO4+4NH3H2O(足)=Zn(NH3)4SO4+4H2OZn2+4NH3H2O=Zn(NH3)42+4H2O總方程式4、與酸性物質(zhì)的作用：強(qiáng)酸制弱酸，或不揮發(fā)性酸制揮發(fā)性酸Na3PO4+2HCl=Na2HPO4+2NaCl PO43-+2H+=H2PO4-Na2HPO4+HCl=NaH2PO4+NaCl HPO42-+H+=H2PO4-NaH2PO4+HCl=H3PO4+NaClH2PO4-+H+=H3PO4Na2CO3+HCl=NaHCO3+NaCl CO32-+H+=HCO3-NaHCO3+HCl=NaCl+H2O+CO2HCO3-+H+=CO2+H2O3Na2CO3+2AlCl3+

39、3H2O=2Al(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl (物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反響)3CO32-+2Al3+3H2O=2Al(OH)3+3CO23Na2CO3+2FeCl3+3H2O=2Fe(OH)3+3CO2+6NaCl(物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反響)3CO32-+2Fe3+3H2O=2Fe(OH)3+3CO23NaHCO3+AlCl3=Al(OH)3+3CO2(物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反響)3HCO3-+Al3+=2Al(OH)3+3CO23NaHCO3+FeCl3=Fe(OH)3+3CO2(物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反響)3HCO3-+Fe3+=2Fe(OH)3+3CO23Na2S+Al2(SO4)3+6H2O=2Al(O

40、H)3+3H2S(物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反響)3S2-+2Al3+3H2O=2Al(OH)3+3H2S3NaAlO2+AlCl3+6H2O=4Al(OH)3+3NaCl(物質(zhì)之間的雙水解反響)3AlO2-+Al3+6H2O=4Al(OH)33NaAlO2+FeCl3+6H2O=3Al(OH)3+Fe(OH)3+3NaCl3AlO2-+Fe3+6H2O=3Al(OH)3+Fe(OH)3NaAlO2+NH4Cl+2H2O=Al(OH)3+NH3H2O+NaClAlO2-+NH4+2H2O=Al(OH)3+NH3H2ONa2CO3+H2O+CO2=2NaHCO3CO32-+H2O+CO2=2HCO3-Na

41、2CO3+H2O+2SO2=2NaHSO3+CO2(1:2)CO32-+H2O+2SO2=2HSO3-+CO22Na2CO3(足)+H2O+SO2=Na2SO3+2NaHCO3 (CO2中的SO2不能用Na2CO3洗氣) 2CO32-+H2O+SO2=SO32-+2HCO3-(2:1)Na2CO3+SO2=Na2SO3+CO2 (1:1)CO32-+SO2=SO32-+CO2NaHCO3+SO2=NaHSO3+CO2 (CO2中的SO2可能用NaHCO3洗氣)2HCO3-+SO2=2HSO3-+CO22NaHCO3+SO2=Na2SO3+2CO2+H2O2HCO3-+SO2=SO32-+2CO

42、2+H2ONa2SiO3+2HCl=H2SiO3+NaCl 或Na2SiO3+2HCl+H2O=H4SiO4+2NaCl SiO32-+2H+=H2SiO3或SiO32-+2H+H2O=H4SiO4Na2SiO3+CO2+2H2O=H2SiO3+Na2CO3SiO32-+CO2+2H2O=H4SiO4+CO32-5、鹽與鹽復(fù)分解反響Na2SO4+BaCl2=BaSO4+2NaCl(沉淀不溶于鹽酸、硝酸)SO32-+Ba2+=BaSO4Na2SO3+BaCl2=BaSO3+2NaCl (沉淀溶于鹽酸,在硝酸中生成新的沉淀,沉淀不消失)SO32-+Ba2+=BaSO3Na2CO3+BaCl2=Ba

43、CO3+2NaCl(沉淀溶于鹽酸、沉淀消失)CO32-+Ba2+=BaCO3Na2CO3+CaCl2=CaCO3+2NaCl (NaHCO3不反響)CO32-+Ca2+=CaCO3AgNO3+NaCl=AgCl+NaNO3Ag+Cl-=AgClAgNO3+NaBr=AgBr+NaNO3Ag+Br-=AgBrAgNO3+KI=AgCl+KNO3 Ag+I-=AgI3AgNO3+Na3PO4=Ag3PO4+3NaNO33Ag+PO43-=Ag3PO4CuSO4+Na2S=CuS+Na2SO4Cu2+S2-=CuSFeCl3+3KS=Fe(S)3+3KClFe3+3S-=Fe(S)3 (血紅色，用于

44、Fe3+的特性檢驗(yàn))6、不穩(wěn)定性: Na2S2O3+H2SO4=Na2SO4+S+SO2+H2O S2O32-+2H+=S+SO2+H2ONH4ClNH3+HClNH4INH3+HI 2HIH2+I2NH4INH3+H2+I2NH4HCO3NH3+H2O+CO22KNO32KNO2+O2 2Cu(NO3)32CuO+4NO2+O22AgNO32Ag+2NO2+O2(保存在棕色瓶中)5NH4NO34N2+2HNO3+9H2O10NH4NO38N2+4NO2+O2+20H2O(硝酸銨爆炸反響)2KMnO4K2MnO4+MnO2+O2 2KClO32KCl+3O22NaHCO3Na2CO3+H2O+

45、CO2 Ca(HCO3)2CaCO3+H2O+CO2CaCO3CaO+CO2MgCO3MgO+CO2九、電離方程式1、酸的電離(H2SO4、HNO3、HCl、HBr、HI、H3PO4、HF、H2SO3、CH3COOH、H2CO3、H2S、HNO2、C6H5OH、H、HClO)H2SO4=2H+SO42-或：H2SO4+2H2O=2H3O+SO42-HNO3=H+NO3-或：HNO3+H2O=H3O+NO3- (以下雷同)HCl=H+ClHBr=H+BrHI=H+IH3PO4H+H2PO H2POH+HPO HPOH+POHFH+FH2SO3H+HSO HSOH+SOCH3COOHH+CH3CO

46、OH2CO3H+H+H2SH+H+HNO2H+NOC6H5OHH+C6H5O- (苯酚不是酸，顯酸性)HH+HClOH+ClOH2OH+OH2H2OH3O+OH2、堿的電離(NaOH、KOH、Ba(OH)2、Mg(OH)2、Al(OH)3、NH3H2O)NaOH=Na+OHKOH=K+OHBa(OH)2=Ba2+2OHMg(OH)2Mg2+2OHAl(OH)3Al3+3OH 酸式電離：Al(OH)3H+H2ONH3H2O+2OHCa(OH)2=Ca2+2OH (澄清石灰水)Ca(OH)2Ca2+2OH (石灰懸濁液)3、鹽的電離(NaCl、Na2SO4、NaHSO4、Na2SO3、NaHSO3

47、、MgSO4、CaSO4、Al2(SO4)3、CuSO4、AlCl3、AgNO3、CH3COONa、NH4NO3、FeCl3、Na2CO3、NaHCO3、Na2S、NaHS、NaH2PO4、Na2HPO4、Na3PO4、KI、NaBr、NaClO、AgCl、CaCO3)NaCl=Na+ClNa2SO4=2Na+NaHSO4=H+Na+Na2SO3=2Na+NaHSO3=Na+HSO3- (錯(cuò)誤書寫：NaHSO3=Na+H+SO42-)MgSO4=Mg2+Al2(SO4)3=2Al3+3CuSO4=Cu2+AlCl3=Al3+3ClAgNO3=Ag+NO3CH3COONa=CH3COO+Na+N

48、H4NO3=NH4+NO3-FeCl3=Fe3+3ClNa2CO3=2Na+NaHCO3=Na+ (錯(cuò)誤書寫：NaHCO3=Na+H+) Na2S=2Na+NaHS=Na+HS (錯(cuò)誤書寫：NaHS=Na+H+)NaH2PO4=Na+H2PONa2HPO4=2Na+HPO (錯(cuò)誤書寫：Na2HPO4=2Na+H+PO)Na3PO4=3Na+POKI=K+INaBr=Na+BrNaClO=Na+ClOAgClAg+ (難溶、微溶物質(zhì)在水中發(fā)生微弱電離)CaCO3Ca2+ (錯(cuò)誤書寫：CaCO3=Ca2+CO)CaSO4Ca2+SO(錯(cuò)誤書寫：CaSO4=Ca2+SO)3、熔融電離NaClNa+M

49、gCl2Mg2+2Na2O2Na+O2Al2O32Al3+3O2十、水解反響1、單水解可逆水解NH4Cl+H2ONH3H2O+HCl NH4+H2OH+NH3H2OFeCl3+3H2OFe(OH)3+3HCl Fe3+3H2OFe(OH)3+3H+AlCl3+3H2OAl(OH)3+3HCl Al3+3H2OAl(OH)3+3H+CuSO4+2H2OCu(OH)2+H2SO4 (金屬活動(dòng)順序表中Mg2+以后的陽(yáng)離子均水解)NaHCO3+H2OH2CO3+NaOH (NaHSO4不水解，NaHSO3電離大于水解)Na2CO3+H2ONaHCO3+NaOH CO32-+H2OHCO3-+OHNaH

50、CO3+H2OH2CO3+NaOH(第一步遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于第二步，二步不能疊加)Na2SO3+H2ONaHSO3+NaOHSO32-+H2OHSO3-+OHNaHSO3+H2OH2SO3+NaOH(第一步遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于第二步，二步不能疊加)HSO3-+H2OH2SO3+OH-Na2S+H2ONaHS+NaOH S2-+H2OHS-+OHNaHS+H2OH2S+NaOH(第一步遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于第二步，二步不能疊加)HS-+H2OH2S+OH-Na3PO4+H2ONa2HPO4+NaOHPO43-+H2OHPO42-+OHNa2HPO4+H2ONaH2PO4+NaOH HPO42-+H2OH2PO4-+OHNaH2PO

51、4+H2OH3PO4+NaOH H2PO4-+H2OH3PO4+OHCH3COONa+H2OCH3COOH+NaOH CH3COO-+H2OCH3COOH+OHC6H5ONa+H2OC6H5OH+NaOHC6H5O-+H2OC6H5OH+OH2、雙水解CH3COONH4+H2OCH3COOH+NH3H2ONH4F+H2OHF+NH3H2OAl2S3+6H2O=Al(OH)3+H2S (隔絕空氣，密封保存)Mg3N2+6H2O=Mg(OH)2+NH3(隔絕空氣，密封保存)Na3P+3H2O=3NaOH+PH3(隔絕空氣，密封保存)Zn3P2+6H2O=Zn(OH)2+PH3(Zn3P2一種老鼠藥

52、，PH3劇毒神經(jīng)毒劑)CaC2+2H2O=Ca(OH)3+C2H2(隔絕空氣，密封保存)C2H5ONa+H2O=C2H5OH+NaOH 十一、電解及電極方程式1、電解質(zhì)溶液在惰性電極條件下，或陰極是較活潑金屬電極，陽(yáng)極是惰性電極條件下的電解2NaCl+2H2O2NaOH+H2+Cl2(-)2H2O+2e-=H2+2OH- 或 2H+2e-=H2 (+)2Cl -2e-=Cl22Cl-+2H2O2OH-+H2+Cl2CuCl2Cu+Cl2(-)Cu2+2e-=Cu (+)2Cl- -2e-=Cl2Cu2+2Cl-Cu+Cl22CuSO4+2H2O2Cu+O2+2H2SO4(-)2Cu2+ + 4

53、e-=2Cu (+)2H2O - 4e-=O2+4H+ 或：4OH- -4e-=O2+2H2O 4H2O4H+4OH- 2Cu2+2H2O 2Cu+O2+4H+2H2O2H2+O2(-) 4H+4e-=2H2 (+)4OH- -4e-=O2+2H2O中性電解 4H2O4H+4OH- 2H2OH2+O2酸性水解：(-) 4H+4e-=2H2(+)2H2O-4e-=O2+4H+ 4OH- -4e-=O2+2H2O 2H2OH2+O2堿性水解：(-) 4H2O+4e-=2H2+4OH- 或：4H+4e-=2H2(+)4OH-4e-=O2+2H2O 2H2OH2+O22、電鍍：鍍件作陰極，被鍍金屬作陽(yáng)

54、極，被鍍金屬的含氧酸鹽作電解質(zhì)溶液鍍銅：CuSO4電鍍液鍍件(-) Cu2+2e-=Cu純銅(+) Cu2e-=Cu2+鍍鋅：ZnSO4電鍍液鍍件(-) Zn2+2e-=Zn純鋅(+) Zn2e-=Zn2+鍍銀：AgNO3電鍍液鍍件(-) Ag+e-=Ag純銀(+) Age-=Ag+鍍鎳：NiSO4電鍍液鍍件(-) Ni2+2e-=Ni純鎳(+) Ni2e-=Ni2+3、熔融狀態(tài)下的電解：2NaCl(熔融)2Na+Cl2(-)2Na+2e-=2Na (+)2Cl-4e-=Cl2 2Na+2Cl-(熔融)2Na+Cl22Al2O3(熔融)4Al+2O2(-)4Al3+12e=4Al (+)6O2

55、- -12e-=3O2 4Al3+ +6O2-4Al+3O2NaHF2(熔融)H2+F2(-)2H+2e=H2 (+)2F- -2e-=F2 2HFH2+F2十二、原電池反響 *Y(電解質(zhì)溶液) 或 */電解質(zhì)溶液/Y(1)不可逆電池蘇打電池：ZnCu(H2SO4) Zn極(-) Zn2e-=Zn2+ (氧化反響)Cu極(+) 2H+2e-=H2 (復(fù)原反響)離子方程式 Zn+2H+=H2+Zn2+化學(xué)方程式 Zn+H2SO4=ZnSO4+H2鐵碳電池：FeC(H2CO3) Fe極(-) Fe2e-=Fe2+ (氧化反響)C極 (+) 2H+2e-=H2 (復(fù)原反響)離子方程式 Fe+2H+=

56、H2+Fe2+ (析氫腐蝕)鐵碳電池：FeC(H2O、O2) Fe極(-) 2Fe4e-=2Fe2+ (氧化反響)C極 (+) O2+2H2O+4e-=4 (復(fù)原反響)化學(xué)方程式 2Fe+O2+2H2O=2Fe(OH)2 (吸氧腐蝕)4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O=4Fe(OH)32Fe(OH)3=Fe2O3nH2O+(3-n)H2O (鐵銹的生成過(guò)程)鋁鎳電池：AlNi(NaCl溶液、O2) Al極(-) 4Al12e-=4Al3+ (氧化反響)Ni極(+)3O2+6H2O+12e-=12 (復(fù)原反響)化學(xué)方程式 4Al+3O2+6H2O=4Al(OH)3 (海洋燈標(biāo)電池)干電池：ZnMn

57、O2(NH4Cl糊狀物) NH4Cl+H2O=NH3H2O+HCl Zn極(-) Zn2e-=Zn2+ (氧化反響)Cu極(+) 2MnO2+2H+2e-=Mn2O3+H2O (復(fù)原反響)化學(xué)方程式 Zn+2NH4Cl+2MnO2=ZnCl2+Mn2O3+2NH3(2)可逆電池鉛蓄電池：PbPbO2(濃硫酸)放電 Pb極 (-) Pb+H2SO42e-=PbSO4+2H+ (氧化反響)PbO2極 (+)PbO2+H2SO4+2H+2e-=PbSO4+2H2O (復(fù)原反響)化學(xué)方程式 Pb+PbO2+2H2SO4=2PbSO4+2H2O PbPbO2(濃硫酸)充電 Pb極 (-) PbSO4+2

58、H+2e-= Pb+H2SO4 (復(fù)原反響)PbO2極 (+)PbSO4+2H2O+2e-=PbO2+H2SO4+2H+ (氧化反響)化學(xué)方程式 2PbSO4+2H2O=Pb+PbO2+2H2SO4鋰電池：LiLiMnO2(固體介質(zhì)) (-) Lie-=Li+ (氧化反響)(+) MnO2+Li+e-=LiMnO2+H2O (復(fù)原反響) 化學(xué)方程式 Li+MnO2=LiMnO2銀鋅電池：ZnAg2O(NaOH) Zn極(-) Zn+2OH2e-=ZnO+H2O (氧化反響)Cu極(+) Ag2O+H2O+2e-=2Ag+2 (復(fù)原反響)化學(xué)方程式 Zn+Ag2O =ZnO+2Ag(3)高能燃料

59、電池：H2O2(NaOH) Pt極(-) 2H2+44e-=4H2O (氧化反響)Pt極(+) O2+2H2O+4e-=4 (復(fù)原反響)化學(xué)方程式 2H2+O2=2H2OCH4O2(NaOH) Pt極(-) CH4+108e-=+7H2O (氧化反響)Pt極(+) 2O2+4H2O+8e-=8 (復(fù)原反響)化學(xué)方程式 CH4+2O2+2NaOH=Na2CO3+3H2O十三、熱化學(xué)方程式C(s)+1/2O2(g)=CO(g)； H=393.5kJ/mol C(s)+O2(g)=CO2(g)； H=110.5kJ/molCO(g)+1/2O2(g)=CO2(g)；H=283.0kJ/molH2(g

60、)+1/2O2(g)=H2O(g)；H=241.8kJ/molH2(g)+1/2O2(g)=H2O(l)；H=285.8kJ/mol2H2(g)+O2(g)=2H2O(g)；H=483.6kJ/mol2H2(g)+O2(g)=2H2O(l)；H=571.6kJ/molCH4(g)+2O2(g)=CO2(g)+2H2O(l)；H=890.3kJ/molC8H18(l)+12.5O2(g)=8CO2(g)+9H2O(l)；H=5518kJ/molC6H12O6(s)+6O2(g)=6CO2(g)+6H2O(l)；H=2800kJ/molN2H4(g)+O2(g)=N2(g)+2H2O(g)；H=5