實(shí)用英語語法

1、 實(shí)用英語語法 劉佳 一.非謂語動(dòng)詞. 二.從句. 三.比較結(jié)構(gòu). 四.虛擬語氣. 五.并列平行結(jié)構(gòu). 六.強(qiáng)調(diào)，倒裝和省略. 第一章 非謂語動(dòng)詞一.Doing分詞做狀語和定語（一）狀語:代替when,because,while,so,ect.1.Doing sth 與長難句閱讀(1).Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the research studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulat

2、ions of population(群體計(jì)算機(jī)模擬), manipulating a number of variables(變量) relating peoples ability to influence others and other tendency to be influenced.(考研閱讀2010) 句意：依據(jù)有關(guān)人際影響的基本事實(shí)，研究人員通過進(jìn)行成千上萬次的群體計(jì)算機(jī)模擬，研究社會影響的動(dòng)力，控制了許多與影響他人能力以及被影響趨向相關(guān)的可變因素。 (2).We reach for them (habits) mindlessly, setting our brain on

3、 auto-pilot(機(jī)械狀態(tài)) and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine.(考研英語2009) 句意：我們不費(fèi)腦筋的獲得習(xí)慣，把我們的大腦設(shè)定在機(jī)械狀態(tài)，并且輕松進(jìn)入熟知常規(guī)下無形中產(chǎn)生的舒適。(3).Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trig

4、ger chemicals than do males under the same conditions.(考研閱讀2008)句意:對動(dòng)物和植物的研究表明：性激素以某種方式影響對于壓力的反映。與處于相同壓力之下的男性相比，處于壓力之下的女性會產(chǎn)生更多的能引起反映的刺激化學(xué)物質(zhì)。 (4).Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish st

5、ocks(資源) in the past.(2006考研英語) 句意：因此，一些魚的個(gè)體不會被捕捉到，因?yàn)楫?dāng)時(shí)沒有帶誘餌的魚鉤來捕捉它們,造成了對魚類資源的低估。(6).When the United States entered just as a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it has a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled of scale.(2000考研英語) 句意：美國經(jīng)濟(jì)在二

6、戰(zhàn)以后進(jìn)入了輝煌歷史時(shí)期，他擁有比任何競爭對手大8倍的市場，這為各行各業(yè)提供了前所未有的規(guī)模。(7) Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-long warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident.(考研英語1999) 句意：感覺到受到威脅，公司寫出無比冗長的警告標(biāo)識作出反應(yīng)，努力預(yù)見所有可能的事故。(8)His colleague, Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have appli

7、ed re-engineering in a mechanical fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability.(考研英語1998) 句意:他的同事麥克比爾說，太多的公司以機(jī)械的形式重組，降低成本，而未對長遠(yuǎn)的盈利給予充分的考慮。(9)In recent years, railroads have been combining with each other, merging into supersystems, causing heightened conce

8、rns about monopoly. (考研英語2003) 句意：近些年以來，鐵路公司互相合并，成為超級大型集團(tuán)，造成人們對壟斷的日益關(guān)注。2.Doing sth與句子寫作1.He didnt get up early enough. He missed the train. He didnt get up early enough, missing the train.2.She spoke French rapidly. She couldnt make me understood. Speaking French rapidly, She couldnt make me underst

9、ood.3.He ate too little and worked too much for weeks on end. He became ill. Eating too little and working too much for weeks on end, he become ill.4.You promise to behave yourself. You shall not go to the party this afternoon. Promising to behave yourself, you shall not go to the party this afterno

10、on.5.He had a sore throat. He had spoken for three hours. Having spoken for three hours, he had a sore throat. 6.Almost every summer night, the cooling northeast wind swept through our bedroom window. It made air conditioner unnecessary. It made a light blanket welcome. Almost every summer night, th

11、e cooling northeast wind swept through our bedroom window, making air conditioner unnecessary and (making) a light blanket welcome.7.Mr Wood ran up the stairs. He stood at the neighbors door. He knocked the door again and again. Then someone opened the door. Running up the stairs, Mr Wood stood at t

12、he neighbors door, knocking at the door again and again. Then someone opened the door.8.John was covered with mud. He was shivering. He sat hunched over a bowl of hot broth. Being covered with mud and shivering, John sat hunched over a bowl of hot broth.3.Doing sth與翻譯1.看到前面坐著這么多的人，她感覺很緊張。 Seeing so

13、many people sitting in front, she felt extremely nervous.2.我在四川住過許多年，對那里的情況很了解。 Having lived in SiChuan for many years, I knew there well.3.他指著一棟新房子說到：“這是我們的俱樂部”。 Pointing at the new building, he said: “ This is our club.”4.由于太興奮，她不知道說什么好。 Being so excited, she didnt knew what to say.5.當(dāng)他到達(dá)村里時(shí)，發(fā)現(xiàn)姑娘們

14、正在田里 摘棉花。 Arriving at the village, he found the girls picking the cottons in the fields.(二)Doing sth 作N修飾語1.Doing sth與閱讀：(1)The Federal Circuit(聯(lián)邦巡回審判庭) issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the courts judges, rather than a typical panel(小組) of three, and that one

15、 issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank(美國道富銀行) ruling.（2010考研英語） 句意：聯(lián)邦巡回審判庭頒布了一項(xiàng)不尋常的指令，聲明該案將由法庭所有12名法官一起審理，而不是一般的三人法官小組，并且它想評價(jià)的一件事情是：是否應(yīng)該重新考慮其美國道富銀行的裁定。(2).“There is a kind of false precision(精確) being hawked(叫賣) by people claiming they are doing ancestry

16、 testing,”says Troy Duster, a New York University sociologist.(2009考研英語) 句意:紐約大學(xué)的一位社會學(xué)家Troy Duster說：“宣稱進(jìn)行血統(tǒng)測試的人們散布一種虛假的精確”.(3)The example of Virtual Vineyard (網(wǎng)絡(luò)葡萄園)，Amazon. com and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kinds of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitali

17、ty, and security will attract online customers. 句意：網(wǎng)絡(luò)葡萄園，亞馬遜和其他一些開拓者的示例顯示：出售適合的商品并且輔之以適當(dāng)?shù)慕涣骱突?dòng)，熱情周到和安全可靠的服務(wù)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)將會吸引網(wǎng)上顧客。二 to do的“三大疑難雜癥”(一)To do 與形式主語/賓語 it1.To to與閱讀：(1)It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality art

18、s criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.(2010考研英語) 句意：40歲以下的普通讀者難以想象，甚至不可能想象出一個(gè)在許多大城市報(bào)紙上都能找到高質(zhì)量藝術(shù)評論的時(shí)代。2.To do與翻譯：(1).Even the strike was over, and the wages dispute had been settled, _。(還需要花幾個(gè)星期才能把這個(gè)國家清理干凈) (大學(xué)英語6級模擬) Answer: it took several weeks for the country to get cleaned up co

19、mpletely.(2)With such a short time before the deadline, _. (Jimmy看似不可能完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)) Answer: it doesnt seem likely that Jimmy will accomplish the job.(3).She has decided to go on a diet, but finds _.(很難抵制冰激凌的誘惑) (大學(xué)英語6級2009.6.86)Answer: it is difficult to resist the temptation of ice-cream. it difficult to

20、 resist the temptation of ice-cream（二）to do 當(dāng)做名詞修飾語1.To do與閱讀：(1)And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. (考研英語2007) 句意:Ericsson 測定：學(xué)會如何有意義的給信息編碼的最佳方式就是人們所共知的審慎實(shí)踐的過程.(2) Without the ability to think carefully,

21、to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they can not fully participate in our democracy.(考研英語2004) 句意:沒有批判思維，維護(hù)自己的觀點(diǎn)以及理解他人觀點(diǎn)的能力，他們就不能充分的參與我們的民主。 (3) One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rise in 1970, it has not occurred against the backg

22、round of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. 句意:另一個(gè)不要應(yīng)為油價(jià)上漲而失眠的原因是,不同于20世紀(jì)70年代，這次油價(jià)上漲并未在總體商品價(jià)格上漲和全球大需求的背景下產(chǎn)生。2.To do 與寫作（1）He is not a man who can be frightened by the threat of the war. He is not a man to be frightened by the threat of the war. (2)There are plans that should

23、 be made at once. There are plans to be made at once. (3)Give me the name of the people that I should contact. Give me the name of the people to contact.(4)The last problem that must be considered at our last meeting is how to invest the money.The last problem to be considered at our last meeting is

24、 how to invest the money. (5)The way you can get into the building is slip in through the kitchen. The way to get into the building is slip in through the kitchen. (6)The first man who flew non-stop across the Atlantic was John. The first man to fly non-stop across the Atlantic was John.(三) to do 的完

25、成式to have done1.to have done 與單選(1)The bank is reported _ in the local newspaper in broad daylight yesterday.(考研語法) A. to be robbed B. robbed C. to have been robbed D. having been robbed 解析：C(2) The local health organization is reported _ twenty-five years ago when Dr. Audio became its first preside

26、nt.(考研語法) A. to be set up B. being set up C. to have been set up D. having been set up 答案：C2.To have done 與翻譯。(1) We are happy _ .(在北京參觀了)so many historic places in Beijing.答案：to have visited (2)Nancy is supposed to _ (做完化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn))at least two weeks ago.(大學(xué)英語6級2008.6.84) 解析：先與句子主干動(dòng)詞發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，用to have done 答案

27、：have finished her chemistry experiment.3.To have done 與改錯(cuò)。The Bunsen burner (本生燈) is so named because it A is thought to be invented by Robert BBunsen, who was German by brith. C Answer：B to have been invented. 4.To have done 與閱讀 Albert Einstein, the great American scientist,is estimated to have ha

28、d the incredible intelligence quotient (系數(shù))of 200. 句意：據(jù)估計(jì)，偉大的美國科學(xué)家愛因斯坦 的智商高達(dá)200.(四) “V+to”中 “to”的辨認(rèn)牛刀小試:(1)She confess to_ (have ) a dread for spiders (2)He admitted to _ (have taken) the money. (3)You must accustom yourself to _ (get up) early. (4)He attributes his success to _ (work hard) (5)I am

29、writing a letter with a view to _ (find) out whether you have any news about my son. (6)He bought the old house with an eye to _ (make ) it a hotel.“V+to”中 “to”中為介詞的小結(jié)：adhere to, admit to, come to (到達(dá)，涉及)，confess to (承認(rèn))，consent to(同意)，contribute to(有助于)，object to(反對)，succeed to(繼承)，accustomto(使習(xí)慣與)

30、，attributeto(歸因于) thanks to, with a view to(為了的目的)， with an eye to(為了起見) 三doing動(dòng)名詞（一）.固定結(jié)構(gòu)there is no use doing(沒有用)there is no doing(是不可能的)cant help doing(禁不住)on doing(剛一)feel like doing (喜歡，想要)be worth doing/be worthy of being donehave difficulty/trouble/fun/a hard time/a good time (in) doing 1. “

31、doing”與翻譯Soon after he transferred to the new school, Ali found that he had _ (很難跟上班里的同學(xué)四級)解析：“做某事很難 ”-have difficult in doing sth “跟上某人”catch up with sb答案：difficulty in catching up with his classmates2Doing與單選The teachers have some problems _when they should return the final papers to the students.

32、 A. to decide B. deciding C. decided D. having decidedAnswer: B（二）做句子主語1._ (保持幽默感有助于英語6級)Answer: keeping a good sense of humor （三）做賓語1.V+ doingprevent/stop/keep/hinderfrom doing(阻止做某事)be/get/become used to doing (習(xí)慣與)look forward to,object to, prefer doing to doingbe accustomed to doing sthtake to d

33、oing sth (開始喜歡做)devote to doing/be devoted to doing sth(投身于)dedicate to doing/be dedicated to doing(投身于)單選：1.Although a teenager, Fred could resist_ what to do and what not to do.A. to be told B. having been told C. being told D. to have been toldAnswer: C2.I appreciate _ the opportunity to study ab

34、road two years ago. been given B. having given have been given D. to have givenAnswer: A 3. As Ill be away for at least two years, Id appreciate _ from you now and then telling me how everyone is getting along. A. hearing B. to hear C. to be hearing D. having heardAnswer: A2.構(gòu)成sbs doing1.Jim insiste

35、d on reading the letter.Jim insisted that he read the letter.Jim insisted on his reading the letter.2.Would you mind telling us the whole story? Would you mind if Tom tells us the whole story?Would you mind Toms telling us the whole story?3.He disliked working late.He disliked that his wife worked l

36、ate.He disliked his wifes working late.4.I object to making private calls on this phone.I object that he makes private calls on this phone. I object his making private calls on this phone.5. No one doubted that he was sincere in his belief.No one doubted his being sincere in his belief.6. He admitte

37、d that he had made the mistake again.He admitted his having made the mistake again.四獨(dú)立主格1.A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle(緊身褡),and so on.2.Jim climbed slowly up the creaking steps, his courage slipping away at every step.3.There being no

38、thing else to do, we left.4.He went off, gun in his hand. 5.The floor (being) wet and slippery, we stayed outside. 6.The meal over, prayers were read by Miss Miller. 7.The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 8.His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play. 9.He entered the new enterpr

39、ise cautiously, his eye wide-open. 10.He sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 11.A small boy, his satchel(小背包) trailing behind him, ran past.翻譯1._ (所有航班被取消)because of the heavy rain, all the passengers had to take the train.(2005.12.89.英語四級) A

40、nswer: All the flights having been canceled/called off寫作： 1.a. She stood back and looked at him. b. Her face smiled radiantly. She stood back and looked at him, her face smiling radiantly. 2.a.His exam was finished. stumbled wearily out of the room. His exam (being) finished, Porter stumbled wearily

41、 out of the room. 3.a. The meeting was closed. b. Nobody had any more to say. The meeting (being) closed, nobody had any more to say. 4.a. There was no way for me to cross. b. I walked upstream on the south side. There (being) no way for me to cross, I walked upstream on the south side.5.a. Marie sa

42、t on the edge of the wooden chair. champagne glass was in her hands. c. Her tears were in her eyes.Marie sat on the edge of the wooden chair, thechampagne glass (being) in her hands, her tears (being) in her eyes.6.a. All the money had been spent. b. Jack started looking for work. All the money havi

43、ng been spent, Jack started looking for work.7.a.The guest had departed. b. Father kicked off his shoes and stretched out on the couth. The guest having departed, Father kicked off his shoes and stretched out on the couth.8. professor rested against the blackboard. b. The chalk was held in one hand.

44、 c. The textbook was held in anther hand. The professor rested against the blackboard, the chalk (being) held in one hand, the textbook (being) held in anther hand.9.a.The two boys gathered their gear and headed for home. b. Their stomach were crying for food. c. Their backs were burning from too mu

45、ch sun. The two boys gathered their gear and headed for home, their stomach (being) crying for food, their backs (being) burning from too much sun.10. a. I made my way to the Chevy pickup(敞篷小 貨車). b. The pickup was in front of the store. c. I was carrying package under my arm. d. I was holding maps

46、in my hand. I made my way to the Chevy pickup, the pickup (being) in front of the store, carrying package under my arm and holding maps in my hand.10.a.The prisoner stood quietly on the wooden platform. b. A small cotton bag was put over his face. c. His hands were tied behind his neck. d. A noose(繩

47、套) was fixed securely behind his neck. The prisoner stood quietly on the wooden platform, a small cotton bag (being) put over his face, his hands (being) tied behind his neck, a noose(繩套) (being) fixed securely behind his neck.單選：1.The article opens and closes with descriptions of news reports, each

48、 _ one major point in contrast with the other.A .makes B. made C. is to made D. makingAnswer: D閱讀：Because of increased physical fitness, lifeexpectancy in the nation has risen to seventy-five years, with fewer people suffering from heart disease, the nations number one killer.因?yàn)榻∩砘顒?dòng)的日益增加，美國人的平均壽命增加到

49、了75歲。但是，少數(shù)人忍受著心臟病的折磨，這成為美國人健康的頭號殺手。In the teaching of science and mathematics, the dominant mode of instruction is generallytraditional, with teachers presenting formal lectures and students taking notes.在教科學(xué)和數(shù)學(xué)課程時(shí)，教師的主導(dǎo)模式一般是傳統(tǒng)的。老師講課而學(xué)生做筆記。 作文操練 一.名詞性從句：主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句，同位語從句 二.形容詞性從句：定語從句 三.副詞性質(zhì)從句：狀語

50、從句第二章 從句 一.名詞性質(zhì)從句：名詞從句的引導(dǎo)詞 對應(yīng)的句子類型 是否做從句的成分 that 陳述句 that從句中不做成分 whether，if 一般疑問句 whether,if不做成分 連接副詞when, where, how, why; 連接代詞who,whom,what, which, whose 特殊疑問句 when,where, how, why在句中做狀語，who, whom, what做主語,賓語，表語。which，whose做定語 1.不做成分的 “that”That the sea are being overfished has been known for year

51、s.海洋正在被過度捕撈，多年來這已經(jīng)是盡人皆知的了。The trouble is that I have lost his address.麻煩是我把他的地址弄丟了。He said that he had forgotten the whole thing.他說他忘記了整件事情了。They all worried over the fact that you were sick.對于你生病這件事，他們很焦慮。2.不做成分的“if,whether”Whether he comes or not is still a question.He asked me if I will go with h

52、im.3.做狀語的“when, where, how ,why”When you can give me an answer attracts many peoples attention.How you will cope with that problem is due toyour attitude to that phenomenon.Why you were so angry with him puzzled us.4.做主語，賓語，表語的 “who, whom, what”In some country, what is called “equality” doesnot real

53、ly mean equal rights for all people.Whom she wanted to marry astonished us all.Who will help you is none of my business.5.做定語的“which, whose”He wanted to know which book I wanted to choose.He asked me whose dress you like best.從句與翻譯： 1._ (你不知道這些規(guī)定) wont be a sufficient excuse for your delaying submit

54、ting the report. Answer: That you didnt know the rules 點(diǎn)睛：that不做從句成分，僅連接作用. 2._ (讓世界發(fā)展如此之快的)is the modern science and technology. Answer: What makes the world develop so fast 點(diǎn)睛：what做從句成分，充當(dāng)主語.3.Frank realized fully _ (他所夢到的)could not possibly happen in real life.Answer: what he had dreamt about 點(diǎn)睛：

55、what在賓語從句中做賓語。2.形式主語“it”引出的主語從句：（1）常見結(jié)構(gòu)：A. Its +done that 類Its reported thatIts believed thatIt is generally thought that(人們普遍認(rèn)為)It should be noted that(應(yīng)當(dāng)注意)It has been found thatIt must be pointed out that(必須指出)從句與閱讀And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no mea

56、ns compared with these processes (the scientists thinking process), and that 考研閱讀) 分析：兩個(gè)“that”做從句并列，在句中作主語，并列的主語從句。 句意：許多人認(rèn)為，普通人的思維活動(dòng)根本無法跟科學(xué)家的思維活動(dòng)相比，并且認(rèn)為這些思維過程必須經(jīng)過某種專門訓(xùn)練才能掌握。2. It is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, makes distinctions, reason lo

57、gically, and make use of verbal and mechanical symbols in solving problems. 句意：人們普遍認(rèn)為，高智商的人有以下特點(diǎn)：理解力，辨別力和邏輯理解能力強(qiáng)，在解決問題過程中善于利用文字或數(shù)學(xué)符號。B. It is + adj +that從句 It is clear that(顯然) It is possible that It is likely that It is natural that It is strange that. It is fortune that(幸運(yùn)的是) It is necessary that從

58、句與閱讀：1.Furthermore, it is obviously that the economic strength of a country is directly bound up with (rely on) the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. 句意：再者，很顯然，一個(gè)國家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力與其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān)，而效率的提高又需要各種科技人員的

59、努力。 is + 名詞短語+ that 從句：It is a pity thatIt is a fact thatIt is a good news thatIt is a good thing that(.真是件好事)It is no wonder that(難怪)It is a shame that(遺憾的是, 真是太不像話了)It is common knowledge that(是常識)It is a miracle that(真是奇跡)句型與閱讀：It is a truth universally acknowledged thata single man in possession

60、 of a good fortune, must be in want of a good wife.（Pride andprejudice）這是一個(gè)舉世公認(rèn)的真理，凡是有錢的單身漢都想娶一位妻子。D. It +不及物動(dòng)詞+that從句：It seems that似乎It follows that因此；由此可見It happens that 碰巧It turns out that 結(jié)果證明是It comes out that結(jié)果是句型與閱讀：When I decided to quit my full time employment,it never occurred to me that I