論文寫(xiě)作學(xué)術(shù)規(guī)范的知識(shí)

1、 科技論文寫(xiě)作基本規(guī)范引言論文各部分 寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)分析一、引言臨江仙明代（楊慎）滾滾長(zhǎng)江東逝水，浪花淘盡英雄。是非成敗轉(zhuǎn)頭空，青山依舊在，幾度夕陽(yáng)紅。 白發(fā)漁樵江渚上，慣看秋月春風(fēng)。一壺濁酒喜相逢，古今多少事，都付笑談中。暫且放下是非、成敗、得失，靜下心來(lái)，體悟一下事情本來(lái)的樣子，并順其自然而為之。自然就是自己本來(lái)的樣子，就是一人一事一物本來(lái)的樣子。道就是自然，順道而行，就是順著事物本來(lái)的內(nèi)在本質(zhì)、規(guī)律而行之。人本來(lái)的樣子是怎樣？嬰幼兒 飽滿(mǎn)、安泰、可愛(ài)、無(wú)私、無(wú)畏、無(wú)偽. 不必動(dòng)念便可做。 我們是否已經(jīng)迷失了回家的路？科學(xué)研究、論文寫(xiě)作本來(lái)的樣子又是如何？（1）研究的本質(zhì)： 透過(guò)自然界復(fù)雜變化的

2、表象，探索內(nèi)在不變的規(guī)律或機(jī)理，并用之解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題。例如：自然界中萬(wàn)紫千紅顏色描述的數(shù)學(xué)模型RGB三基色模型； 描述大腦復(fù)雜神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的神經(jīng)元模型；描述大自然山川、樹(shù)木、煙云等形狀的分行學(xué)（Fractal); 付氏、小波變換、各種變換等。 總之，研究的可能性以及研究的魅力就在于事物復(fù)雜表象的背后，存在著內(nèi)在本質(zhì)的簡(jiǎn)單性, 科學(xué)研究的美和快樂(lè)也在于此?？茖W(xué)研究本身無(wú)好、無(wú)壞，無(wú)高、無(wú)低?？茖W(xué)技術(shù)是雙刃劍！科學(xué)研究者的心胸: 應(yīng)該持謹(jǐn)慎的態(tài)度去研究和應(yīng)用，要“心懷自然，放眼未來(lái)”！心態(tài)要光明、向上！要“造福天下、天下為公”！研究自然界運(yùn)行的規(guī)律，以預(yù)報(bào)、避免大型自然災(zāi)害的發(fā)生；研究新型能源與交通工具

3、，與自然和諧相處；研究尖端的海洋技術(shù)，不是為了掠奪開(kāi)發(fā)深海資源，更是為了海洋生態(tài)環(huán)境的保護(hù)和可持續(xù)發(fā)展；研究中西醫(yī)學(xué)技術(shù)、人體科學(xué)，為了給人類(lèi)的健康帶來(lái)更多的福音, 等等。（2）科學(xué)研究的基本心態(tài)： 最主要的是專(zhuān)心。專(zhuān)后心才能凈，凈后才能靜，寧?kù)o才是智慧的源泉。寧?kù)o的湖面才能映照出周?chē)h(huán)境的影子。寧?kù)o致遠(yuǎn)，淡泊明志。一心定而王天下，一心定而萬(wàn)物服。千江有水千江月，萬(wàn)里無(wú)云萬(wàn)里天。困難如果像山，思維要像靈動(dòng)的水。博覽而約??；四兩撥千斤。 只有順道而行（順其自然），才能輕松快樂(lè)。二、科技論文寫(xiě)作基本要點(diǎn)1、科技論文的本質(zhì)認(rèn)識(shí)是某一課題在實(shí)驗(yàn)性、理論性或觀測(cè)性上具有新的科學(xué)研究成果或創(chuàng)新見(jiàn)解；或是利

4、用某個(gè)已知原理解決了某個(gè)實(shí)際問(wèn)題的成果。然后將其在學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議上宣讀、交流或討論；或在學(xué)術(shù)刊物上發(fā)表。論文的本質(zhì)：在于交流和傳播新的知識(shí)。切勿急功近利，弄虛作假。2、學(xué)術(shù)論文的主要特點(diǎn)：學(xué)術(shù)性或?qū)I(yè)性：運(yùn)用專(zhuān)業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)和專(zhuān)業(yè)性圖表符號(hào)表達(dá)內(nèi)容，它主要是寫(xiě)給同行看的，所以不在乎其他人是否看得懂，而是要把學(xué)術(shù)問(wèn)題表達(dá)得清晰、簡(jiǎn)潔、準(zhǔn)確、規(guī)范。科學(xué)性：指研究、探討的內(nèi)容準(zhǔn)確、思維嚴(yán)密、推理合乎邏輯。即前后具有很強(qiáng)的邏輯性，前后呼應(yīng)，自圓其說(shuō)。論點(diǎn)正確，概念明確，論據(jù)充分，推理嚴(yán)密。具有可重復(fù)性。創(chuàng)新性： A. 填補(bǔ)空白的新發(fā)現(xiàn)、新發(fā)明、新理論。B. 在繼承基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展、完善、創(chuàng)新。C. 在眾說(shuō)紛紜中提出獨(dú)立見(jiàn)

5、解。D. 推翻前人定論。E. 對(duì)已有資料作出創(chuàng)造性綜合 （綜述性文章）。 3、論文組成與各部分寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)中文的學(xué)術(shù)論文結(jié)構(gòu)題目作者署名和工作單位中文摘要和關(guān)鍵詞引言論文正文部分結(jié)論參考文獻(xiàn)英文題名作者英文名和單位英文摘要和關(guān)鍵詞。（1）論文題目 （Title,Topic） 準(zhǔn)確得體，簡(jiǎn)短精煉。準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)論文內(nèi)容，恰當(dāng)反映所研究的范圍和深度。應(yīng)該避免使用不常見(jiàn)的縮略詞、首字母縮寫(xiě)字、字符、代號(hào)和公式等。中文題名一般不宜超過(guò)20字，外文題名一般不宜超過(guò)10個(gè)實(shí)詞。 （2）摘要（Abstract） 作用： 不閱讀論文的全文，就能判斷該論文是否可讀。寫(xiě)什么？符合常人的思維習(xí)慣！研究的目的。即研究背景和目的

6、。即為什么要研究該項(xiàng)目？用什么方法干了哪些工作？（研究方法） 做了什么？怎樣干的？(精煉）得到什么結(jié)論或結(jié)果。研究結(jié)果的意義和價(jià)值（可寫(xiě)或不寫(xiě)）。 文字必須十分簡(jiǎn)煉，概述整篇論文。字?jǐn)?shù)參考所投刊物要求。State main objectives. (What did you investigate? Why?).Describe methods. (What did you do?)Summarize the most important results. (What did you find out?)State major significance. (What do your resul

7、ts mean?) 英語(yǔ)摘要寫(xiě)作時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)選擇（1）論文導(dǎo)向：當(dāng)論文的主要目的是分析某個(gè)問(wèn)題，提出某種新的方法或技術(shù)時(shí)，可采用該方式。把論文本身作為強(qiáng)調(diào)內(nèi)容。句子要使用 paper, report, thesis, dissertation 等名稱(chēng)提及研究論文本身。時(shí)態(tài)用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)(主動(dòng)/被動(dòng))。For instance: The purpose of this paper is to obtain quantitative data about the particle size distribution. The aim /objective of the report is to mod

8、el the dynamic behavior of the process.This paper presents/the present paper reports/this paper discusses the application of motion-compensated prediction coding of underwater images to permit efficient transmission of live video from a submersible vehicle to a surface station through low bandwidth

9、acoustic channels.This paper proposes /this paper describes a novel digital watermarking technique based on neural networks for color images.(被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）In this paper, the results of experimental analysis are presented and further steps towards industrial design are discussed.（2 ）研究導(dǎo)向 論文主要提出某些實(shí)驗(yàn)或調(diào)查結(jié)果，即把研究

10、活動(dòng)作為重點(diǎn)。一般用study, research, investigation, experiment等名詞，因強(qiáng)調(diào)研究活動(dòng)本身，故一般用過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。語(yǔ)態(tài)可主動(dòng)或被動(dòng)。The purpose of the experiment reported here was/the aim of this study was/the objective of this research was to determine the preferred viewing distance for work at a visual display unit.In the research described her

11、e/in this study/in the present investigation/in the experiments reported here, we determined a New method for reducing variance in common case.關(guān)于語(yǔ)態(tài)使用說(shuō)明：多使用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，與被動(dòng)相比，顯得更有力、直接。一般25%的句子用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。只有某種理由時(shí)才用被動(dòng)，如被動(dòng)句子更簡(jiǎn)練；或不某詞放在句首以強(qiáng)調(diào)之；或描述某過(guò)程時(shí)執(zhí)行者不重要。不要一律采用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。例; In image compression technologies, fractal image

12、compression/decompression has the advantages of high compression ratio and low loss ratio. However, it requires a great deal ofComputation, which limits its applications, and so far, no parallel processing technique has been designed and implemented. In this study, we use neural networks to perform

13、a large number of computation in fractal image compression and decompression in parallel. The simulation results show that the quality of image generated by neural networks is similar to that produced using traditional methods, which verifies the high value of our research, which has shown that the

14、neural network technologies is useful and efficient when applied to fractal image compression and decompression.例2 In order to provide larger embedding Capacity and to minimize the distortion of the stego-image, a novel steganographic method using side information is presented in this paper. The met

15、hod exploits the correlation between neighboring pixels to estimate the degree of smoothness or contrast of pixels. If the pixel is located in edge area, then it may tolerate larger changes than those in smooth areas. The two-sided, three-sided, and four-sided match methods are employed in our schem

16、e. The experimental results show that our method provides a large embedding capacity without making noticeable distortion. Besides, the embedded data can be extracted from the stego-image without referencing the original image.(3）關(guān)鍵詞（Key words） 關(guān)鍵詞是為了文獻(xiàn)檢索服務(wù)，從論文中選取出來(lái)，用以表示全文主要內(nèi)容信息的單詞或術(shù)語(yǔ)。一篇論文可選取35個(gè)詞作為關(guān)

17、鍵詞。注意關(guān)鍵詞間的標(biāo)點(diǎn)要求。 （4）引言（Introduction） 十分重要，思路一定要清晰?？裳刂旅娴乃悸放c邏輯進(jìn)行：研究應(yīng)用背景與目的；為什么干？有何價(jià)值？研究現(xiàn)狀及存在問(wèn)題（前人的工作總結(jié)與評(píng)述） 表明你的研究處在什么高度或水平，體現(xiàn)創(chuàng)新性大小，文獻(xiàn)綜述要全面，評(píng)述要客觀，決定論文是否錄用的關(guān)鍵。本文在前人基礎(chǔ)上做了哪些工作？解決了什么問(wèn)題？ 要三個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)-環(huán)環(huán)相扣！關(guān)鍵部分-文獻(xiàn)綜述與創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)介紹注意的問(wèn)題：一方面要把該領(lǐng)域內(nèi)的過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在的狀況全面的概括總結(jié)出來(lái)，特別是最新的進(jìn)展和過(guò)去經(jīng)典文獻(xiàn)的引用。這是兩個(gè)最容易出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題。如果一旦審稿人指出這兩個(gè)毛病，很可能意味著說(shuō)你做的不夠深入

18、或者全面，面臨退稿。另一方面，文獻(xiàn)的引用和數(shù)據(jù)一定要準(zhǔn)確。片面的摘錄部分結(jié)果而不反映文獻(xiàn)的總體結(jié)果是千萬(wàn)要不得。引用的數(shù)據(jù)也要正確，特別是間接引用的數(shù)據(jù)。數(shù)據(jù)出錯(cuò)會(huì)導(dǎo)致文章的印象大大失分。引用文獻(xiàn)時(shí)候，注意防止造成抄襲的現(xiàn)象，即不要原文抄錄，要用自己的話來(lái)進(jìn)行總結(jié)描述。分析過(guò)去研究的局限性并且闡明自己研究的創(chuàng)新點(diǎn)。要慎之又慎。闡述局限性的時(shí)候，要客觀公正評(píng)價(jià)別人的工作，不要把抬高自己研究的價(jià)值建立在貶低別人的工作之上。 只要能夠很好的解決一個(gè)問(wèn)題，就是一篇很好的文章了。創(chuàng)新性描述的越多越大，越容易被審稿人抓住把柄。Make clear the links between problemand

19、solution, question asked and researchdesign, prior research and your experiment. A、文獻(xiàn)回顧常見(jiàn)句型（引導(dǎo)思路：由寬到窄，由面到點(diǎn)）A.1 研究程度一般描述；相關(guān)研究的多少？因描述從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在，故用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)；因重點(diǎn)是研究主題，故為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。Much/little/no work/research has been carried out on/has been done on/has been performed on/has been conducted on /has been published rega

20、rding/has been devoted to fuzzy control system.Many /a number of /several/quite few studies/ experiments have been conducted On/ have been done regarding/have been performed on/ have been published on digital watermarking. Motion-based compression has been the subject of much research / the focus of

21、 a great deal of research in recent years/since 1995.Wavelet transform has drawn /has attracted much attention/much interest/little attention in recent years.Image segmentation has been widely discussed/extensively investigated/has seldom been discussed in recent years.There has been much/little res

22、earch on image segmentation.There have been many/few studies on image coding.A.2 多作者導(dǎo)向引述（描述2個(gè)以上作者的研究）用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，常見(jiàn)句型如下:Many investigators/several researchers/a number of authors/few writers have studied/investigated/explored /reported on/ discussed the motion-based compression of video. The compression

23、of video have been studied/investigated by several authors/by a number of /many /few investigators .Several researchers have found/shown/reported/suggested that A.3 主要作者導(dǎo)向引述介紹與自己相關(guān)的主要學(xué)者研究，一般過(guò)去時(shí)Hedge【】showned/found/reported/suggested/pointed out that the open office caused too many disturbances and d

24、istractions.Lee studied/investigated/explored/considered the effect of environmental conditions on human. He found that . Lee developed/described/ introduced/presented/proposed an algorithm/a technique/a method that solves the problems quikly. B、 指出存在問(wèn)題基本句型（文獻(xiàn)回顧后）:However, few studies have been done

25、 on/few researches have studied/no studies have investigated /no work has been done on/littke attention has been paid to color image compression.Although /while much research has been done on/much work has been done on /many studies have been published concerning A, little research has been done on

26、B.C、介紹自己的研究活動(dòng)與目的The purpose /intent/goal of the paper/the study is to The paper describes/proposes/presents a preprocessing algorithm to .A theoretical study was carried out to develop a fast method.In the present investigation, we determined a new method for reducing .（5）正文（Main body）這一部分要求內(nèi)容充實(shí)，論據(jù)充

27、分、可靠。一般包括：方法系統(tǒng)介紹和實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果分析兩部分。A、方法系統(tǒng)介紹的要點(diǎn)：方法、系統(tǒng)提出依據(jù)？由幾部分構(gòu)成？具體實(shí)現(xiàn)步驟如何？用什么方式敘述更專(zhuān)業(yè)和清晰？更顯示論文的不凡？這種方法的特點(diǎn)如何？總之，始終要有一條清晰的思路，而在表達(dá)上要靈活創(chuàng)新，千萬(wàn)不要死板。 注意問(wèn)題（細(xì)節(jié)）：借助的圖形和公式一定要正規(guī)、規(guī)范。細(xì)節(jié)決定成敗！抓住本質(zhì)，靈活運(yùn)用各種手段！避免死板硬套！處處都體現(xiàn)著創(chuàng)新，符合自然千姿百態(tài)多變的特點(diǎn)。B、實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果與分析寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的是什么？組織了哪些實(shí)驗(yàn)？實(shí)驗(yàn)條件如何？如何實(shí)驗(yàn)？用什么指標(biāo)衡量？做對(duì)比實(shí)驗(yàn)嗎？實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果數(shù)據(jù)如何表達(dá)更專(zhuān)業(yè)？圖形、圖表？如何分析、解釋實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果？結(jié)論如何? 有何局限性？是否支持引言論點(diǎn)？是否自圓其說(shuō)？此部分也是論文重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)！要用心去寫(xiě)！是否自圓其說(shuō)！（6）結(jié)論(Conclusion) 結(jié)論與摘要有一定的呼應(yīng)，但不要一致。一般應(yīng)說(shuō)明：文章提出了哪些方法？可以解決什么問(wèn)題？本文研究的前景和目前的局限性等。相當(dāng)于用另一種方式，告訴作者你干了什么？干得如何？起到加深印象作用。（7）致謝（Acknowledgment） 按照GB7713-87