經(jīng)濟適用住房外文文獻翻譯中英文2019-2020

1、 可持續(xù)性經(jīng)濟適用住房外文翻譯中英文 2019-2020英文Critical success factors (CSFs) for sustainable affordable housingMichael Atafo，Adabre AlbertAbstractInterventions for sustainability attainment in affordable housing havereceived increasing attention from policy makers globally. However,policy-makers interventions for

2、sustainable affordable housing marketscan be inefficient and even counterproductive. As such, among thediverse interventions available, a vital question is what are the potentialefficient interventions? To address this question, the views of affordablehousing experts (also knowledgeable in sustainab

3、le housing) around theworld were solicited via a questionnaire survey to identify critical successfactors (CSFs) for sustainable affordable housing. Relative significanceanalysis of the data led to the identification of 13 CSFs. Furthermore,agreement analysis revealed that there is no good agreement

4、 betweenrespondents from the academic sector and those from the industrial sectoron the ranking of the 13 CSFs. Moreover, through factor analysis, theCSFs were grouped into four underlying components: developersenabling CSFs; household-demand enabling CSFs; mixed land useCSFs; land use planning CSFs

5、. The research findings seek to informpolicy-makers on the CSFs for efficient resource utilization for1 sustainable affordable housing market. Future study would establish arelationship between the CSFs and success criteria for sustainableaffordable housing.Keywords: Success factors, Affordable hous

6、ing, Critical factors,Sustainable housing, AffordabilityHousing cost is a noted family outlay whether housing is rented orbought and consequently has a key effect on households living standards1. Households who are overburdened by housing cost may cut back onother important needs such as health care

7、 and diet. Besides, in themedium term, households may trade-off costs for lower quality housingsuch as smaller size of rooms and housing in poorer locations which lackbetter access to education and other social amenities. The latter has oftenbeen cited as the cause of residential segregation 2. Conv

8、ersely, accessto adequate affordable housing ensures poverty prevention, labourinclusion and avoidance of social exclusion 2. Besides, a house canappreciate in value, as such it represents a high fraction of mosthouseholds wealth 3. Thus, housing could be an essential influencingfactor in the distri

9、bution of both societal income and wealth since it isboth a consumption good and an investment. Accordingly, policy-makerswho have an interest in intervention in the income and wealth distributionmostly focus on housing as an essential means to achieve societal goals1. However, there is a chronic un

10、dersupply of affordable housing 2 about 5.5 years as waiting time for housing allocation among potentialhouseholds in Hong Kong making it difficult to realise some of thesebenefits of housing 4.There is a global housing stress on low-income earners. Amongsome Organization for Economic Co-operation a

11、nd Development (OECD)countries, 0.471% of the population were recorded homeless in Australiain the year 2011. In the same year, the homeless population for Canada,Chile, Denmark and Ireland were 0.435%, 0.071%, 0.095% and 0.083%,respectively. In 2012, 0.200%, 0.357%, 0.222% and 0.347% share of theto

12、tal population were homeless as recorded in the United States, Sweden,France and Germany, respectively 5. Similar affordability crises havebeen reported among developing countries such as India, Malaysia, Chinaand some African countries 6, 7, 8, 9. Currently, the proliferationof slums is a direct re

13、sult of the inadequate affordable housing supply tomeet the rapid pace of urban growth 10. For instance, urban slums indeveloping countries in 2010 was estimated at 199.5 million inSub-Saharan Africa; 190.7 million in Southern Asia; 189.6 million inEastern Asia; 110.8 million in Latin America and th

14、e Caribbean. InSouth-Eastern Asia, Western Asia, North Africa and Oceania, the statisticswere estimated at 88.9, 36, 11.8 and 0.6 million, respectively 5.Speculations are that the worlds population growth will increase from 3.6billion to 6.3 billion in 2050 with high urbanization in both developed3

15、and developing countries 11. Regardless of its economic benefits, highurbanization is also a disruption process that has often been followed byslum formation 10,12. Therefore, policies for sustainable affordablehousing remain a pressing goal.Appropriately, there has often been a renewed interest amo

16、nggovernments and other policy-makers such as UN and World Bank toaddress the growing housing deficits in these times of rapid urban growth10. In pursuit of the objective of access to sustainable affordablehousing, these policy makers employ various sets of success factors(interventions) in their ho

17、using policies 2. However, some of thesuccess factors might lead to “contrasting objectives and goals, with lossof efficiency and potentially wider negative effects on the economy” 2 p.11). Evidently, there are controversies on the criticality of success factorswith regard to the identification of a

18、 list of critical success factors (CSFs)for aspects of sustainable affordable housing markets13, 14, 15, 16. According to Rockart (1980 p. 4), “CSF s are thefew key areas of an activity in which favorable results are absolutelynecessary for a particular manager to reach his or her goals”. Similarly,

19、17 defined CSFs as those few things that must go well to ensure successfor a manager or organization and so, they represent those managerial orenterprise areas that must be given special and continual attention to bringabout high-performance. Although there are controversies in the literature4 on th

20、e criticality of success factors for attaining aspects of sustainableaffordable housing, limited empirical studies exist to identify the CSFsfor a holistic sustainable affordable housing for both developing anddeveloped countries. This is because the major constraint when focusingon housing sustaina

21、bility is affordability. Consequently, studies onsustainable housing have often focused on high-income residentialfacilities to the neglect of low-income housing facilities. However, “ifsignificant and meaningful inroads into achieving more sustainablehousing are to be achieved, it will be necessary

22、 to figure out ways ofmaking “green” and other applications more accessible to low-incomeearners” 18; p. 313).Given the above background, the aim of this study is to investigatethe CSFs for sustainable affordable housing from the views of affordablehousing experts around the world. By focusing on th

23、e CSFs identified inthis study, it is expected that policymakers can be informed on the CSFsfor a better chance of sustainable affordable housing market. The findingsof the study will also offer some CSFs which can be the main suggestivepolicies options to both developers and policymakers worldwide

24、forefficient utilization of resources so that both stakeholders householdsand developers can be better served. Moreover, the findings of the studyprovide the CSFs for future study on establishing a relationship betweenthe CSFs and success criteria for sustainable affordable housing. In this5 study,

25、a systematic approach has been adopted to investigate CSFs forsustainable affordable housing market. First, a literature review wasconducted to identify the success factors. This forms Section Two of thestudy. Second, a questionnaire survey was conducted to elicit the views ofexperts on the critical

26、ities of the success factors. Subsequently, therationale for the adopted methodology and expatiation on thequestionnaire design are provided in Section Three of this paper.Furthermore, the results are presented in Section Four of the paper.Finally, Section Five is dedicated to the conclusions drawn

27、from thestudy.The concept of project success is still evolving. Based on the irontriangle, a project is successful if it is completed on time, within budgetand the desired quality. However, 19 argued that these goals are onlysufficient for assessing smaller projects that are not complex, have precis

28、escope with fairly accurate schedule and cost estimates. Accordingly, aproject can be a success even though there are time and cost overrunsbecause of conditions beyond the control of the project team. Using theflood control project on the River Thames for example, 19 stated thatthe project was comm

29、ercially successful although it exceeded its budgetand duration. The commercial value of success is mostly captured asprofit making. For illustration, according to Refs. 20,21; a project issuccessful if it is completed as scheduled and within budget with an6 acceptable profit margin and quality desi

30、gn. Yet, other researchers haveextended the concept of success to include stakeholders satisfactionranging from client, contractor and other stakeholders 22,23. In Ref.23; a project is successful if it fulfills four main criteria such as time,cost, client satisfaction and effectiveness (i.e. profit

31、making). Similarly,24 portrayed success as attainment of outcomes that are better thanexpected or normally observed in terms of cost, schedule, quality, safetyand satisfaction of project participants. Extending the concept of successfrom project based (cost, time, quality, profit making, stakeholder

32、ssatisfaction) to organizational based (recommendation, market share), aproject is successful if it is completed on time, within budget, desiredquality, acceptable to customer and if customer allows contractor to usethem as a reference 19,25. Though these measures of success areapplicable to most pr

33、ojects, there are other additional measures withregard to affordable housing projects 26.In affordable housing projects, sustainable development is the mainmeasure of success 27,28. Sustainable development is the attainment ofa better quality of life through the efficient use of resources, whichreal

34、izes continued social progress whilst maintaining stable economicgrowth and caring for the environment 29. Sustainable development inaffordable housing seeks to achieve the following three main goals:economic, environmental and social goals. Integrating sustainability and7 affordability into housing

35、 30, defined sustainable affordable housing as“housing that meets the needs and demands of the present generationwithout compromising the ability of future generation to meet theirhousing needs and demands”. 30 provided a list of the success criteriaconcerning the three sustainability factors. For e

36、conomic sustainability,the rent or mortgage payment of a housing facility should not exceed 30%of household income for the bottom 40% of income groups, the facilityshould be suitably located, it should be of appropriate size and quality forits residents and should not increase the rate of housing st

37、ress over theoperation of the house. For social sustainability, it was stated that bothindividual and government should be able to meet their financialobligations regularly and the housing facility should be sociallyacceptable and should not increase social exclusion or segregation. Onenvironmental

38、sustainability, a product should be appropriately located toreduce biodiversity losses; it should be sited to maximize low-energytransportation choices and other environmental protection features.Arising from these success criteria for sustainable affordable housing isoften the question of what poli

39、cy framework and interventions can bettersupport these outcomes of success 31?Generally, the achievement of project success involves theinteraction of several success factors. Lists of success factors have beenproliferated in the literature, however, no general agreement can be made.8 With the abund

40、ance of different success factors for projects 32, believedthat there were some success factors among the many factors, which weremost important for the attainment of project success. Using theinformation system and through extensive interviews with nine reputablecompanies 32, felt that by zeroing i

41、n on those areas of an activityperceived by the executives to be most important for the organizationwell-being, the pertinent issues and tasks to be dealt with by managerscould be targeted. From this perception, the concept of “critical successfactors (CSF)” emerged.After its introduction by Ref. 32

42、; the concept of CSFs has beenwidely adopted in many scopes of general construction industry and with,however, an altered meaning. In previous studies 17,32, CSFs wereapplied to managerial or enterprise areas which required special attention.However, in many construction project studies, CSFs refer

43、to the selectedfew factors from the many factors, which are extremely important forproject success. For instance Ref. 33, concluded that among sevenfactors for project success, four were deemed critical. These included: acohesive team to direct, organize, design and manage the project; a seriesof co

44、ntracts that permit and support the various specialists to work as ateam without conflicts of interest; experience in design, planning andmanaging construction and operation; well-timed, valuable informationfrom the user, designer and contract. For budget performance of9 construction projects 34, st

45、ated that out of 27 success factors, eight werecritical. Furthermore, using neural network analysis on 27 success factors35, asserted that five success factors were critical for project scheduleperformance. On critical success factors for various sections ofconstruction projects 36, identified 10 CS

46、Fs from 67 success factors.The concept of CSFs has also been applied in PPP 37, 38, 39,knowledge management in small and medium enterprises 40 andaffordable housing projects 29,41,42.Studies on success factors for affordable housing projects are prolificwith controversies on the criticalities of the

47、se factors being very common.In Hong Kong for example, due to housing shortage, the governmentinitiated a plan to increase the supply of residential land in order toincrease the housing supply. A study by Ref. 15 argued that such apolicy is an efficient strategy to ameliorate the housing deficit. Ho

48、wever,by analyzing time-series data 14, concluded that new housing supply inHong Kong is independent of the land supply by the government. Thus,the policy of increasing land supply to increase housing supply may beinefficient. Accordingly, decreased internal rate of return attributed tohigh land pri

49、ce led to reduction in housing supply by developers 14.Besides, while some studies have concluded thaturban containment policies (such as increasing densities for affordablehousing development) have an incremental effect on housing prices and10 are therefore inefficient governmental policies and con

50、trols43, 44, 45, a review study by Ref. 13 stated that the priceincrement on housing is caused by other inefficiencies. Besides, 16stated that urban containment policies prevent urban sprawl,preserve agricultural land and encourage higher density affordablehousing development. Furthermore, the impac

51、t of financial subsidies onhousing supply has not been left unquestioned. For instance, in SouthAfrica, the government adopted subsidy payment as a method offinancing affordable housing to ensure that houses are allocated tobeneficiaries. However, a study by Ref. 46 revealed that this subsidysystem

52、was ill-treated by beneficiaries through the illegal sales of housesbelow market value. This led to an incessant building of sheds and anenlarged number of people on the waiting list. Similarly, 47 notes, “themost important aspect of subsidies is that they can modify and sometimesinadvertently disto

53、rt the behavior of consumers and producers byaffecting the prices of housing inputs, units and services”. Similarly, 31stated that though government grants, subsidies and taxes could be aimedat improving housing affordability, they could rather inflate prices orrents. Moreover, the importance of inf

54、rastructure supply to affordablehousing has been acknowledged in Ref. 15; however, infrastructuresupply without regulations could rather be capitalised in land and housingvalues making housing unaffordable 11,31,48. Other policies such as11 land planning policies, mandatory inclusion or incentives f

55、or inclusion ofaffordable housing have received varied opinions on their effectiveness inthe ensuring provision of affordable housing 49,50.Though the varied opinions reflect variations among countries, it isworth noting that even within a country, differences in opinions areexpressed on the effecti

56、veness of some of these policies in ensuringaffordable housing market 14,15. Therefore, surveys have beenconducted to find out consensus among affordable housing experts onsome of these policies. Typical surveys have been conducted in England29, Ghana 41 and Nigeria 42. However, these studies arecou

57、ntry-specific and findings cannot be generalized in the broaderperspective. A study by Ref. 50 on an international view of affordablehousing experts focused only on planning policies. Yet, it is worth notingthat the effectiveness and efficiency of affordable housing policies are notachieved in isola

58、tion but are dependent on the interaction of one or morepolicies. Besides, most of the polemics in the literature on the criticalityof the success factors are focused mostly on price affordability in thehousing market with little regard to how these factors could generallyimprove on the sustainabili

59、ty of affordable housing. Moreover,concerning sustainable affordable housing development, both thedeveloped and developing countries are in the infancy stage 51. Sinceinternational policy makers often seek to implement worldwide12 affordable housing policies 6, it is important to find out the opinio

60、n ofaffordable housing experts around the world on the criticalities andcategorization of these success factors for a sustainable affordablehousing market. Therefore, this study will provide policy options fromwhich local and international policy makers could select the appropriatepolicies for effic