橋梁工程：LECTURE 2 橋梁的名詞技術(shù)術(shù)語和組成分類

1、LECTURE 2 橋梁的名詞技術(shù)術(shù)語和組成分類Terms and composition and classifications of bridgeFamous bridge1 24/02/2009 The well-known Zhaozhou Bridge, also known as Anji Bridge or Dashi Bridge, is a large stone-arched bridge located on the Xiaohe River in Zhaozhou County,HeBei Province. It is the largest and oldest s

2、tone-arched bridge in the world. 彭霞 2009山東交通學(xué)院土木工程系1、橋梁的基本組成部分 Basic components of bridge2、與橋梁有關(guān)的名詞技術(shù)術(shù)語 Terms and definitions of bridge3、橋梁的主要類型 Types of bridges LECTURE 2 橋梁的名詞技術(shù)術(shù)語和組成分類主講教師 彭霞 1.橋梁基本組成部分 Basic components of bridge 1)橋跨結(jié)構(gòu)（上部結(jié)構(gòu)） Superstructure2)橋梁墩臺(tái)（下部結(jié)構(gòu)） Substructure其他名詞：橋臺(tái) Abutment

3、 橋墩 Pier 基礎(chǔ) Foundation 支座 Bearing 路堤 Embankment 主講教師 彭霞 1)高水位：洪峰季節(jié)河流中的最高水位。Highestwaterlevel：The highest water level at the time of flood peak in a river. 2、與橋梁有關(guān)的名詞技術(shù)術(shù)語 Terms and definitions of bridge主講教師 彭霞 2)低水位：洪峰季節(jié)河流中的最高水位。 Lowestwaterlevel：Thelowest water level at the time of flood peak in a r

4、iver. 主講教師 彭霞3)設(shè)計(jì)洪水位：橋梁設(shè)計(jì)中按規(guī)定的設(shè)計(jì)洪水頻率計(jì)算所得的高水位稱為設(shè)計(jì)洪水位.Design flood waterlevel ：for bridge design, the highest water level computed according to the design flood frequency in the specification is termed design flood waterlevel.主講教師 彭霞4)計(jì)算跨徑：對(duì)于具有支座的橋梁，是指橋跨結(jié)構(gòu)相鄰兩個(gè)支座中心線之間的距離；對(duì)于拱式橋，是兩相鄰拱腳截面形心點(diǎn)之間的水平距離。Comput

5、ed span ：for the bridge with bearings, computed span is termed as the distance between the central lines of neighboring bearings ; for arch bridge, computed span is defined as the horizontal distance between centroids of neighboring arch foot.主講教師 彭霞5)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)跨徑：對(duì)于梁式橋，是指兩相鄰橋墩中線之間的距離，或墩中線至橋臺(tái)臺(tái)背前緣之間的距離；對(duì)于拱橋，

6、則指凈跨徑（每孔拱跨兩個(gè)拱腳截面最低點(diǎn)之間的水平距離）。Effective span or standard span： for beam bridge, standard span is named as the central line of neighboring piers , or the distance between the central line of pier and front of retailing back wall of abutment; for arch bridge, standard span means the net span( the distan

7、ce between the lowest points of arch foot in the same span)主講教師 彭霞6)凈跨徑：梁橋指設(shè)計(jì)洪水位上相鄰兩個(gè)橋墩（或橋臺(tái)）之間的凈距離。拱式橋指每孔拱跨兩個(gè)拱腳最低點(diǎn)之間的水平距離。 Clear span (net span) ：for beam bridge, net span is termed as the net distance between neighboring piers( or abutments) over the design flood water level. For arch bridge, net s

8、pan means the distance between the lowest points of arch foot in the same span.主講教師 彭霞7) 總跨徑:是指多孔橋梁中各孔凈跨徑的總和. (Total span) ：the sum of net span for multi-span bridge. 主講教師 彭霞 8) 橋梁全長簡稱橋長,是指橋梁兩端兩個(gè)橋臺(tái)側(cè)墻或八字墻后端點(diǎn)之間的距離，稱為橋梁全長;對(duì)于無橋臺(tái)的橋梁，為橋面系行車道長度. Total length of bridge: bridge length measured between end of

9、 sidewall of abutment or backward endpoint wing wall; for some bridge without abutment, total length of bridge is measured from end of deck to end of deck. 主講教師 彭霞 9) 橋梁總長:兩橋臺(tái)臺(tái)背前緣間距離.Total length of bridge: bridge length measured from front of retailing back wall of abutment.主講教師 彭霞10) 橋梁高度：指橋面與低水位之

10、間的高差。Heightofbridge:the distance between top of deck and lowest water level. 主講教師 彭霞 11)橋下凈空高度：設(shè)計(jì)洪水位或計(jì)算通航水位至橋跨結(jié)構(gòu)最下緣之間的距離。Clearanceunder bridge: the distance between the design flood water level( or calculated navigable water level) and the lowest point of superstructure. 主講教師 彭霞 12)橋梁建筑高度：是橋上行車路面（或軌

11、頂）至橋跨結(jié)構(gòu)最下緣之間的距離。Constructionheightofbridge :the distance between the top of deck (or railway) and the lowest point of superstructure.主講教師 彭霞13) 容許建筑高度:公路（或鐵路）定線中所確定的橋面（或軌頂）的標(biāo)高，對(duì)通航凈空頂部標(biāo)高之差，就是容許建筑高度。Allowableconstructionheightofbridge :the distance is measured from the top level of deck determined dur

12、ing highways (or railways) alignment to the top level of navigable clearance.主講教師 彭霞Basic Concepts 14)涵洞:用來宣泄路堤下水流的構(gòu)造物。凡是多孔全長不到8米,單孔跨徑不到5米的泄水構(gòu)造物,均稱為涵洞. Culvert:A culvert is defined as a structure crossing under a road or embankment. Its total length is less than 8 meters or single span is less than

13、5 meters. 主講教師 彭霞3、 橋梁的主要類型 Types of bridges1). 橋梁的基本類型：根據(jù)受力特點(diǎn)來分類 Basic types, according to mechanical characteristics 桁架橋truss bridge梁橋beam bridge拱橋arch bridge懸索橋（吊橋）suspension bridge剛架橋rigid frame bridge組合體系的橋梁combined bridge主講教師 彭霞TrussBeamArchSuspensionCombined BridgeRigid frame bridge主講教師 彭霞Tru

14、ss BridgeTypical Span Lengths40m - 500mWorlds LongestPont de QuebecTotal Length863mCenter Span549mA Matsuo Example2nd Mameyaki BridgeAll beams in a truss bridge are straight. Trusses are comprised of many small beams that together can support a large amount of weight and span great distances. 主講教師 彭

15、霞Beam BridgeConsists of a horizontal beam supported at each end by piers. The weight of the beam pushes straight down on the piers. The farther apart its piers, the weaker the beam becomes. This is why beam bridges rarely span more than 250 feet.主講教師 彭霞ForcesWhen something pushes down on the beam, t

16、he beam bends. Its top edge is pushed together, and its bottom edge is pulled apart.主講教師 彭霞Beam BridgeArch BridgesThe arch has great natural strength. Thousands of years ago, Romans built arches out of stone. Today, most arch bridges are made of steel or concrete, and they can span up to 800 feet.主講

17、教師 彭霞ForcesThe arch is squeezed together, and this squeezing force is carried outward along the curve to the supports at each end. The supports, called abutments, push back on the arch and prevent the ends of the arch from spreading apart.主講教師 彭霞Arch BridgesSuspension BridgesThis kind of bridges can

18、 span 2,000 to 7,000 feet - way farther than any other type of bridge! Most suspension bridges have a truss system beneath the roadway to resist bending and twisting.主講教師 彭霞ForcesIn all suspension bridges, the roadway hangs from massive steel cables, which are draped over two towers and secured into

19、 solid concrete blocks, called anchorages, on both ends of the bridge. The cars push down on the roadway, but because the roadway is suspended, the cables transfer the load into compression in the two towers. The two towers support most of the bridges weight.主講教師 彭霞Suspension Bridges2、按橋梁全長分類 Classi

20、fied by the length of bridge橋梁分類 多孔跨徑總長（m） 單孔跨徑LK（m）特大橋 super major bridge L1000 LK150大橋 major bridge 100L1000 40LK150中橋 medium bridge 30L100 20LK40小橋 small bridge 8L30 5LK20涵洞 culvert LK5主講教師 彭霞3 按照用途來分類 according to the usage公路橋 highway bridge鐵路橋 railway bridge公鐵兩用橋 highway and railway bridge人行橋 f

21、oot bridge其它 others： 水渠橋(渡槽)aqueduct 管道橋pipe bridge主講教師 彭霞4) 按承重結(jié)構(gòu)材料分類classified by material of structure 木橋 timber bridge 金屬（鋼）橋 steel bridge 圬工（磚、石）橋 masonry bridge 鋼筋混凝土橋reinforced concrete bridge 預(yù)應(yīng)力混凝土橋 prestressed concrete bridge 鋼混凝土組合橋 steel-concrete bridge主講教師 彭霞5) 按跨越障礙的性質(zhì)分類 classified by overcoming obstacle 跨河橋 river bridge 跨線(鐵路、公路等）橋 overpass bridge 立交橋 interchange 高架橋（山谷或城市）viaduct 棧橋 trestle bridge主講教師 彭霞6)按橋面的位置分類 according to posi