交大國(guó)際支付與結(jié)算講義

1、International bank Remittance國(guó)際銀行匯兌Some key points:1. Methods, parties and procedures of remittance2. Advantages and disadvantages of remittance3. Practice of remittance4. The function of remittance in international tradeNew words and expressions1. Remittance：匯款2. Correspondent：代理行3. Remitter：匯款人4.

2、Payee：收款人5. Domicile：住所6. Entertain：娛樂，招待，持有7. Subsidiary：輔助的， 補(bǔ)充的8. Solvency：償付能力9.duplicate：副本10. Surrender：交出，放棄11.beneficiary：受益人12. Remitting bank：匯出行13. Paying bank：匯入行，解付行14. Telegraphic transfer：電匯15. Demand draft transfer：票匯16. Mail transfer：信匯17. Mail Remittance ：信匯18. Money order：郵政匯票，匯款單

3、19. Debit advice：借記通知單20. Payment order：支付委托書21. On ones own initiative：主動(dòng)的22. Designated bank：指定銀行23. Home country：母國(guó)24. Outward Remittance：匯出25. Inward Remittance：匯入26. Cash deposit：現(xiàn)金存款27. In line with：根據(jù)，按照28. Letter of indemnity：賠償保證金書29. Cash before shipment：付款后裝運(yùn)30. Shipment at first settleme

4、nt later：先裝運(yùn)后結(jié)算31. Down payment：定金，首批付款32. In due course：在適當(dāng)?shù)臅r(shí)候33. Financial status ：財(cái)務(wù)狀況34. Clearing account：清算帳戶4.1 General Description匯兌方式概述In international trade, the settlement of claims and debts and the transfer of money are carried out by several methods of transmission.國(guó)際貿(mào)易中權(quán)利、債務(wù)結(jié)算和資金轉(zhuǎn)移是通過幾

5、種方式實(shí)現(xiàn)International remittance happens when a client(payer)asks his bank to send a sum of money to a beneficiary abroad by one of the transfer methods at his option. The beneficiary can be paid at the designated bank, which is either the Remitting banks overseas branch or its Correspondent.國(guó)際匯兌是指銀行接受

6、客戶（付款人）委托向其國(guó)外受益人轉(zhuǎn)移資金的一種方式。受益人能在指定的銀行（匯出銀行海外支行或代理行）收款。That is to say, when remittance is adopted in international trade, the buyer on his own initiative remits money to the seller through a bank in accordance with the terms and time stipulated in the contract.匯款在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中被使用時(shí)買方根據(jù)合同定義的時(shí)間和條件主動(dòng)把款項(xiàng)劃撥到賣方銀行。4.

7、1.1 Parties concerned and methods匯兌當(dāng)事人及方式Parties involved in international bank remittance include the following:(1) The remitter: 匯款人The remitter is the person who requests his bank to remit funds to beneficiary in a foreign country. The remitter is also the payer.匯款人是要求銀行把資金轉(zhuǎn)移給國(guó)外受益人的人，就是付款人。(2) Re

8、mitting bank 匯出行Remitting bank is the bank transferring funds at the request of a remitter to its Correspondent or its branch in another country and instructing the latter to pay a certain amount of money to a beneficiary.匯出行是應(yīng)匯款人要求通過其國(guó)外分支行或代理行把資金轉(zhuǎn)移到國(guó)外并指示其支付一定金額給受益人的銀行。(3)The payee收款人The payee (bene

9、ficiary) is a person who is addressed to receive the remittance(4)paying bank付款行paying bank is the bank entrusted by the remitting bank to pay a certain amount of money to a beneficiary named in the remittance advice.付款行是受匯出行委托按照匯款指示給受益人支付一定數(shù)額款項(xiàng)的銀行。There are three basic ways for a bank to transfer f

10、unds for its client from the home country to abroad. They are mail remittance, telegraphic remittance and demand draft.1. Remittance by airmail信匯2. Remittance by cable/telex/SWIFT電匯3. Remittance by banks demand draft票匯1. Remittance by airmail M/T：信匯Remittance by airmail transfer funds by means of a

11、payment order, a mail advice, or sometimes an advice issued by a remitting bank, at the request of the remitter. It is more generally known as mail transfer or M/T.A payment order , mail advice or credit advice/ please debit advice（貸記/借記通知單） is an authenticated order in writing addressed by one bank

12、 to another instructing the latter to pay a sum certain in money to a specified person or a beneficiary named thereon.2. Remittance by cable/telex/SWIFT： T/TRemittance by cable/telex/SWIFT is often referred to as cable transfer or telegraphic transfer, namely T/T. It is exactly the same as a mail tr

13、ansfer, except that instructions from the remitting bank to the paying bank are transmitted by cable instead of by mail.（電報(bào)/電傳通知代替信件通知）It is therefore quicker, but more expensive than mail transfer is. It is often used when the remittance amount is large and the transfer of funds is subject to a tim

14、es limit.（比信匯更快更貴，金額較大或時(shí)間緊迫）The only means of authenticating a cable transfer is the test key. However, remittance by SWIFT should be authenticated by SWIFT authentic key.（電報(bào)密押）3. Remittance by banks demand draft通過銀行即期匯票（票匯）Remittance by banks demand draft is often referred to as demand draft(D/D).

15、A banks draft is a negotiable instrument drawn by a bank on its overseas branch or its Correspondent abroad ordering the latter to pay on demand the stated amount to the holder of the draft. It is often used when the client wants to transfer the funds to his beneficiary himself. The process of a dem

16、and draft is as follows:First of all the draft is drawn;（銀行簽發(fā)匯票）After the draft is drawn, it is handed to the remitter（交給匯款人）, who may send or carry it abroad to the person in whose favor it is drawn;（寄給國(guó)外收款人）Upon receipt of the draft, the payee namely the beneficiary can either present it for payme

17、nt at the counter of the drawee bank or collect the proceeds through his own bank for his account.收款人收到匯票后可以提示給受票銀行柜臺(tái)付款，也可以轉(zhuǎn)帳到自己銀行帳戶上。4.1.2 Procedure 匯兌業(yè)務(wù)流程1. Procedure for M/T and T/T信匯和電匯2. Procedure for D/D票匯1. Procedure for M/T and T/TThe operations conducted by the remitting bank are called the

18、 outward remittance （匯出匯款）and those carried out by the paying bank are called the inward remittance（匯入?yún)R款）. The procedure for bank remittance by mail or by cable usually comprise the following steps:(1)The remitter (a banks customer) makes out the necessary application form and gives his signed writt

19、en application to his bank instructing it to issue an M/T or T/T, indicating the beneficiary s full name, address and the name of beneficiary s banker(if any).匯款人向匯出行提出正式申請(qǐng)，指示它匯款，注目受益人全名、地址和受益人銀行。This actually means that the remitter sends a written order to the remitting bank to pay the debit of re

20、mitters account or against cash deposit.實(shí)際意味著匯款人向匯出行發(fā)出書面命令，讓其借匯款人的帳戶或現(xiàn)金存款。(2)The remitting bank debits his customers account with the amount to be remitted together with its commission and expense (if any).匯出行借匯款人帳戶的金額（包括傭金與其他支出）(3) The remitting bank issues a payment order to its branch or correspo

21、ndent in the place where the beneficiary is domiciled.匯出行給它分支行或代理行發(fā)出向指定受益人付款的命令。The payment order specifies the details of the payment:amount, name and address of the beneficiary , and name of the remitter.金額；受益人的姓名和地址，匯款人姓名。The payment order must be authenticated with the authorized signatures of t

22、he remitting bank.支付命令必須由匯出行的授權(quán)簽字。(4)Upon receipt of payment order, the paying bank verifies the authorized signatures notifies the beneficiary, and pays to him the stated amount minus expenses charged by itself. 收到支付通知后，付款銀行確認(rèn)授權(quán)簽字后通知受益人，然后扣除自己的費(fèi)用后支付給受益人指定金額。(5)The paying bank claims reimbursement f

23、rom the remitting bank in accordance with latters instruction.付款銀行根據(jù)后面的指示從匯出行得到償付。The whole procedure virtually is done entries over banking accounts, where the buyers bank(remitting bank ) debits his account and credits the account of the correspondent instructions, the latter(the paying bank)passe

24、s a reciprocal entry over its account with the remitting bank and pays the money over to the exporter. The following diagram illustrates the procedures.整個(gè)過程實(shí)質(zhì)上是通過銀行帳戶完成的，買方銀行（匯出行）借買方帳戶、然后貸代理行帳戶；付款銀行從匯出行收到資金后相應(yīng)的支付給出口商。A simplified remittance diagramRemitterpayeeremitting bankpaying bank1.written appl

25、ication2.debit advice3. Payment order4.funds5.reimbursement claimFunds2.Procedures for D/D票匯流程The usually adopted Procedure for D/D is as follow:(1) A written request to issue a draft is made by remitter(a banks customer).匯款人向銀行發(fā)出簽發(fā)匯票的書面請(qǐng)求(2)The remitting bank(the draft-issuing bank)debits the custo

26、mers account with the amount of the draft plus bank commission(if any), issues a bank draft and hands it to the remitter.匯出行（簽發(fā)匯票銀行）借客戶帳戶票面金額加銀行傭金，簽發(fā)一掌銀行匯票并交給匯款人。(3)The issuing bank sends an advice(a special letter of advice or a non-negotiable copy the draft)by airmail to the drawee bank, namely it

27、s overseas branch or its correspondent abroad, instructing the latter to pay it on presentation of the original draft as well as how to reimburse it. Nowadays most banks usually omit airmailing the advice to the drawee bank.出票行向受票銀行發(fā)出通知（特別信函或不可流通轉(zhuǎn)讓的匯票副本），注明海外分支行或代理行名稱，指示其為提示的匯票原件如何償付。當(dāng)今許多銀行不再通過航空信件通

28、知受票銀行。(4)The remitter forwards the draft to the payee.匯款人把匯票交給收款人。(5)The payee presents the draft to the drawee bank for payment.收款人提示匯票給付款銀行。(6)The drawee bank verifies the signatures, pays the draft, and claims back the amount that is paid according to its agency arrangement with the remitting ban

29、k. If the signature can not be identified, the paying bank will only pay the draft on collection basis.受票銀行確認(rèn)簽字后付款，通過代理行安排從匯出行得到償付。如果簽名不能鑒別付款銀行僅僅按照托收基準(zhǔn)協(xié)議支付。Remitterpayeeremitting bankpaying1.D/D application2.bank sight draft3. D/D advice4. bank sight draft5. bank sight draft6.payment7. Debit adviceA

30、 Demand Draft Diagram4.1.3 Advantages and disadvantage匯兌的利與弊1. Advantages優(yōu)勢(shì)Advantages of remittance by demand draft:票匯優(yōu)勢(shì)(1) demand draft can be used for paying small amount;即期匯票能用于小額款項(xiàng)支付(2) demand draft is a negotiable instrument,which can be transferred from one person to another by endorsement, so

31、 that it is more convenient in use for payment;匯票可以背書轉(zhuǎn)讓，支付更加方便(3)In time of war, one can transfer funds out of the enemy country by means of the demand draft in virtue of its negotiability戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間通過即期匯票可以通過有效轉(zhuǎn)讓。把資金從敵國(guó)轉(zhuǎn)移出來。Advantages of remittance by airmail:信匯優(yōu)勢(shì)It involves bank-to-bank instructions with

32、 banks responsible for making payments, so it is rather reliable.通過銀行發(fā)出支付指示是相當(dāng)可靠的。Advantages of remittance by cable:電匯優(yōu)勢(shì)(1)It is the fastest way to transfer funds;最快方式(2) It involves bank-to-bank instructions with banks responsible for making payments, so it is quite safe,especially when large amoun

33、t is transferred.通過銀行發(fā)出大額支付指示是相當(dāng)安全的的。2. Disadvantages劣勢(shì)disadvantages of remittance by demand draft:票匯缺點(diǎn)(1) As a remitter himself is responsible for mailing the demand draft its transmission is slower than that of T/T and can not serve the purpose of quick payment;比電匯慢(2)It is possible for a demand d

34、raft to be lost, stolen or destroyed. The remitting bank is generally reluctant to stop payment on a draft issued by itself for this would mean an act of dishonor on its part which will have an unfavorable effect on its credit-worthiness. To stop payment on lost draft is time consuming.匯票可能遺失、被盜竊或毀壞

35、。匯出行簽發(fā)出的匯票不被支付會(huì)影響其資信。去停止一張遺失匯票的支付也是很浪費(fèi)時(shí)間的。disadvantages of remittance by airmail:信匯缺點(diǎn)(1) It is possible for the mail transfer order to be delayed or lost in the post, thus causing difficulty for its payment.支付命令延遲或遺失引起支付困難(2) As the mail transfer exclusively depends on international airmail service,

36、 its transmission is slower than that of T/T and cannot serve the purpose of quick payment.完全依賴國(guó)際郵政服務(wù)，速度較慢(3) Unlike the remittance by demand draft, the beneficiary must await notification from the bank concerned.必須等到銀行通知才能付款。disadvantages of remittance by cable:電匯缺點(diǎn)(1) It is more expensive as compa

37、red with M/T or D/D, but if the amount transferred large, the interest cost which should be otherwise incurred due to time delay can be served.昂貴(2) The beneficiary must await notification from the bank concerned.必須等到銀行通知才能付款。SummaryThe advantages and disadvantage of the three methods of three metho

38、ds of fund transfer have to be balanced when transferring funds.Generally speaking, airmail remittance is less than T/T or D/D nowadays, except for small amount remittances made by individuals for family maintenance, cash gift,etc.（只有小額用信匯）T/T is favorable to the seller. He can get money at an early

39、 date, speed up the turnover of funds, increase the e of interests and avoid the risk of fluctuation in the exchange rate.（電匯可以減少利息損失和避免匯率波動(dòng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)）However, the buyer has to pay more cable expenses and bank charges. Therefore, if T/T is not definitely stipulated in the transaction, the buyer makes paymen

40、t only by M/T .買方付更多銀行費(fèi)用，如果合同沒有明確電匯，買方用信匯。Sometimes the amount of payment is comparatively large, the money market fluctuates greatly and the currency of settlement being used is likely to devaluate. In these cases, T/T is preferable, and T/T should be definitely stipulated in the contract. However,

41、 the seller should prevent the buyer from forcing the contractual price down under the pretext of bearing more expenses.如果金額大且匯率波動(dòng)較大最好在合同中定義用電匯。買方防止買方因?yàn)闀?huì)對(duì)費(fèi)用增加要求降價(jià)。A large number of international remittances are carried out by munications. SWIFT, an automated payment system, is commonly used among me

42、mber banks, which provides the member banks with faster, safer, cheaper, and more reliable handling of their customers transactions.大額國(guó)際匯款一般用SWIFT，會(huì)員銀行間的自動(dòng)支付系統(tǒng)，為會(huì)員銀行提供最快、最安全、廉價(jià)和可靠的處理方式。Swiftness, reliability, safety, and inexpensiveness are major advantages of transactions by means of SWIFT messages

43、.迅速、可靠、安全和廉價(jià)是SWIFT傳遞信息的優(yōu)勢(shì)。4.2 Practice of remittance國(guó)際銀行匯兌實(shí)務(wù)4.2.1 remitting banks procedure 匯出行的操作The remitting bank, at the remitters request, sends M/T advice or payment order(in M/T ), or a telegram or a telex with test key enclosed(in T/T ) to the paying bank as a payment authorization, directin

44、g it to offer the funds to the payee on behalf of the remitter.在匯款人的要求下，匯出行發(fā)出一個(gè)信匯通知或支付命令，或者電匯的電報(bào)密碼授權(quán)付款銀行直接向收款人提供資金。4.2.2 Paying banks procedure匯入行的操作Under telegraphic transfer, the paying bank, having received the cable and verified the test key, will make payment to the payee in accordance with the

45、 instruction, and will give a reply of debit advice to the remitting bank in line with the nostro account procedure between the two correspondents.付款銀行收到電報(bào)或驗(yàn)證密押后，根據(jù)指示向收款人付款，向匯出行發(fā)出借記其 “nostro”帳戶的通知。4.2.3 Reimbursement methods償付方法There are varieties of reimbursement methods.(1) Crediting vostro accoun

46、t of the paying bank(2)Debiting remitting banks nostro account借 匯出行“nostro”帳戶(3)Instructing a reimbursing bank to effect payment by debiting the remitting banks nostro account.通過借 匯出行“nostro”帳戶通知償付行付款(4) Instructing the paying bank to claim reimbursement from another branch of the same bank or anoth

47、er bank with which the remitting bank opens an account.通知付款銀行向匯出行分之行或其他有帳戶銀行索償 (5) According to the payments agreement between two countries.根據(jù)兩個(gè)國(guó)家支付協(xié)定(1) Crediting vostro account of the paying bank貸解付行來帳If the paying bank opens a current account with the remitting bank, the reimbursement instructio

48、ns should be written as:如果付款行在匯出行開立帳戶，償付指示應(yīng)該是：“In cover, we have credited the sum to your account with us”作為償付，我行已將匯款金額貸記你行在我行的帳戶。(2)Debiting remitting banks nostro account借記匯出行的往帳If the paying bank maintains the remitting banks account, the reimbursement may be instructed as:“Please debit the sum t

49、o our account with us”請(qǐng)借我們帳戶，貸你的帳戶一定金額。“You are authorized to debit the sum to our account with you”你已被授權(quán)將匯款金額借我行在你行的帳戶After effecting payment, the paying bank debits the sum to the account of the remitting bank with them.有效支付后解付行借記匯出行在你行的帳戶(3)Instructing a reimbursing bank to effect payment by debi

50、ting the remitting banks nostro account.指示償付行借記匯出行的往帳來償付解付行If the remitting bank does not open an account with the paying bank, the former may instruct its correspondent with which it maintains an account, to debit this account and credit the paying banks account if the paying bank has an account wi

51、th that correspondent, too, or to pay the amount to another bank with which the paying bank maintains an account.如果匯出行沒有在付款行開帳戶，但是如果付款行在其代理行有帳戶，可以讓代理行借它的帳戶、貸付款行帳戶?；蛘吒犊罱o一個(gè)付款行在那里開帳戶的銀行?！癐n cover, we have authorized the bank of Tokyo, Now York to debit our account and credit your account with the above

52、 sum”作為償付，已經(jīng)授權(quán)東京銀行紐約分行借記我行帳戶、貸記你行帳戶。“In cover, we have instructed the bank of Tokyo, Now York to pay the proceeds to your account with The Standard Chartered Bank, Now York ”作為償付，已經(jīng)指示東京銀行紐約分行付款到你行的渣打銀行紐約分行帳戶上。(4) Instructing the paying bank to claim reimbursement from another branch of the same bank

53、 or another bank with which the remitting bank opens an account.指示解付行向同一銀行的另一分支行或匯出行開立帳戶的銀行索償The instructions are written as:“In cover, please reimburse yourselves to the debiting of our account with The Bank of Tokyo, New, York”作為償付，請(qǐng)借我們?cè)跂|京銀行紐約分行的帳戶償付?！癐n cover, please claim on The Bank of Tokyo, N

54、ew, York”作為償付，請(qǐng)向東京銀行紐約分行索償。(5) According to the payments agreement between two countries.兩國(guó)有支付協(xié)議In case there is a payment agreement signed by two countries concerned, the reimbursement instructions must abide by the terms in that agreement. The instructions are thus:“In cover, you are authorized to

55、 debit our Central Banks clearing account with your Central Bank”作為償付，你被授權(quán)借記我行在中心銀行帳戶，貸記你行中心銀行帳戶“In cover, we have requested our Central Bank to credit the sum to the clearing account of your Central Bank”作為償付，我們已經(jīng)請(qǐng)求中心銀行貸你行在中心銀行帳戶。4.2.4 Cancellation of the remittance匯兌的取消1. Cancellation of mail tran

56、sfer or telegraphic transfer取消信匯和電匯2. Cancellation of a bank draft already issued取消已發(fā)行的匯票1. Cancellation of mail transfer or telegraphic transferMail transfer or telegraphic transfer can be cancelled before its payment is made. It is usually done at the request of the remitter or the payee who refus

57、es to receive the payment.匯款被解付前可以應(yīng)匯款人要求或收款人拒絕而取消。Whenever the paying bank receives an advice from the remitting bank to cancel the latters payment order, it will do so accordingly.當(dāng)付款銀行收到匯出行取消匯款命令。Once the payment has been made, the remittance cannot be cancelled. The remitter himself may contract

58、the payee to claim back the remittance payment.一旦匯款被被解就不能取消，匯款人只能自己和收款人協(xié)商。2. Cancellation of a bank draft already issuedIf the remitter requests the remitting bank to cancel a bank draft already issued by reason of its being lost or stolen（丟失或盜竊）, the latter is generally reluctant to do so because t

59、he remitting bank assumes the responsibility of guaranteeing the drafts payment once it is issued.However, the remitting bank may issue a duplicate of draft（副本） against a letter of indemnity from the remitter, if the paying bank confirms that the original one not yet been paid.4.3 The function of re

60、mittance in international trade匯兌在國(guó)際貿(mào)易中的功能In international trade, remittance as a settlement of claims and debts, according to the time of shipment and of payment, falls into two categories: the so called”cash before shipment”付款后轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)（預(yù)付） method and “shipment at first settlement later” 轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)后付款（賒銷）method.