2019高考英語復(fù)習(xí)第一板塊閱讀理解題型篇專題一第三講主旨大意題-抽取主干細(xì)加工講義3252

1、2019高考英語復(fù)習(xí)第一板塊閱讀理解之題型篇專題一第三講要旨粗心題抽取骨干細(xì)加工講義_32522019高考英語復(fù)習(xí)第一板塊閱讀理解之題型篇專題一第三講要旨粗心題抽取骨干細(xì)加工講義_325210/102019高考英語復(fù)習(xí)第一板塊閱讀理解之題型篇專題一第三講要旨粗心題抽取骨干細(xì)加工講義_3252第三講要旨粗心題抽取骨干細(xì)加工要旨粗心題是閱讀理解中考生失分最多的題目，由于該類試題不單考察考生略讀文章、領(lǐng)悟粗心的能力，也對(duì)考生的歸納、歸納能力提出了較高的要求。文章中沒有顯然的解題依據(jù)，需要考生從文章中提煉、抽取一些重點(diǎn)詞、骨干句進(jìn)行加工歸納，才能歸納出文章的要旨。此類題目可分為三大類，即標(biāo)題歸納題、文

2、章粗心題和段落粗心題。要做好要旨粗心題，我們第一一定認(rèn)識(shí)其正確選項(xiàng)和擾亂選項(xiàng)的特色。正確選項(xiàng)特色擾亂選項(xiàng)特色1.過于抽象，不知所云所給選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容歸納的范圍過大，高出文章所述內(nèi)容。1.涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆所給選項(xiàng)只論述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，或以蓋全文或全段。文章中的細(xì)節(jié)信息或個(gè)別詞作為選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置2.確立的范圍恰2.以偏概全，主次不分內(nèi)容，或以次要的事實(shí)或細(xì)節(jié)充任全文的主當(dāng)，既不太大，要看法。也不太小。所給選項(xiàng)被命題者存心識(shí)地把本屬于A的內(nèi)3.精準(zhǔn)性強(qiáng)，不3.偷梁換柱，偷換看法容放在B上，若不留意，極易選錯(cuò)答案。會(huì)改變語言表意所給選項(xiàng)的重點(diǎn)詞語固然在文章中談到了，的程度及色彩。4.惹是生非，生搬硬套但經(jīng)過認(rèn)真

3、閱讀剖析以后，發(fā)現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無聯(lián)系。種類一標(biāo)題歸納題一、常有設(shè)問方式Thebesttitleofthepassageis_.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?Themostappropriatetitleofthepassageis_.二、解題必備知能(一)理解標(biāo)題的3大特色一個(gè)好的標(biāo)題應(yīng)具備三大特色：1歸納性正確而又簡潔；2針對(duì)性標(biāo)題外延正好與文章內(nèi)容符合；3醒目性能引起讀者的閱讀欲念。(二)巧用3大方法確立文章標(biāo)題1正面一定法：在理解文章要旨的基

4、礎(chǔ)上，推測(cè)哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)能正確歸納要旨；2反面否認(rèn)法：撇開原文，拿各個(gè)備選項(xiàng)去假想用它們寫出來的“文章”將是什么內(nèi)容，而后和原文章比較，一一清除不符選項(xiàng)；3研讀備選項(xiàng)自己：研讀備選項(xiàng)里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、構(gòu)造、歸納性等。例(2018全國卷閱讀B)GoodMorningBritainsSusannaReidisusedtogrillingguestsonthesofaeverymorning,butsheiscookingupastorminherlatestroleshowingfamilieshowtopreparedeliciousandnutritiousmealsonatightbud

5、get.InSaveMoney:GoodFood,shevisitsadifferenthomeeachweekandwiththehelpofchefMattTebbuttofferstoptipsonhowtoreducefoodwaste,whilepreparingrecipesforunder5perfamilyaday.AndtheGoodMorningBritainpresentersaysshesbeenabletoputalotofwhatsheslearntintopracticeinherownhome,preparingmealsforsons,Sam,14,Finn,

6、13,andJack,11.“WeloveMexicanchurros,soIbuythemonmyphonefrommylocalMexicantakeawayrestaurant，”sheexplains.“Ipay5foraportion(一份),butMattmakesthemfor26paportion,becausetheyareflour,water,sugarandoil.Everybodycanbuytakeawayfood,butsometimeswerenotawarehowcheaplywecanmakethisfoodourselves.”Theeight-parts

7、eries(系列節(jié)目),SaveMoney:GoodFood,followsinthefootstepsofITVsSaveMoney:GoodHealth,whichgaveviewersadviceonhowtogetvaluefromthevastrangeofhealthproductsonthemarket.Withfoodourbiggestweeklyhouseholdexpense,SusannaandMattspendtimewithadifferentfamilyeachweek.IntonightsEasterspecialtheycometotheaidofafamil

8、yinneedofsomedeliciousinspirationonabudget.Theteamtransformsthefamilyslongweekendofcelebrationwithlessexpensivebutstilltastyrecipes.27Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?AKeepingFitbyEatingSmartBBalancingOurDailyDietCMakingYourselfaPerfectChefDCookingWellforLess解題示范第一步：讀文章，歸納文意本文是一篇新聞報(bào)導(dǎo)。晨安英國的節(jié)目主持人蘇珊娜瑞

9、德新推出了一檔節(jié)目SaveMoney:GoodFood，向觀眾展現(xiàn)怎樣用較少的估當(dāng)作出美味營養(yǎng)的飯菜。第二步：析選項(xiàng)，商酌判斷經(jīng)過理智的吃來保持健康文中雖提到有關(guān)飲食和健康方面的內(nèi)容，但這不是文章以偏概全，主次不分主要內(nèi)容。均衡我們的平時(shí)飲食惹是生非，生搬硬套文中沒有提到均衡平時(shí)飲食。讓你自己成為一個(gè)完滿的廚師文中不過提到用較少的估當(dāng)作出美味的飯菜，沒有說做以偏概全，主次不分一個(gè)完滿的廚師。用的少，烹調(diào)好涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文文章環(huán)繞用較少的估當(dāng)作出美味的飯菜睜開的。答案D種類二文章粗心題一、常有設(shè)問方式Whatsthemainidea/pointofthepassage?Thepassageis

10、mainlyabout_.Thepassageismainlyconcernedabout_.Whichofthefollowingbeststatesthemainideaofthepassage?Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainidea/themeofthepassage?Inthispassagetheauthordiscussesprimarily_.Thesubjectdiscussedinthistextis_.Thegeneral/mainideaofthepassageisabout_.二、解題必備知能掌握找尋主

11、題句的4個(gè)小訣竅，迅速確立文章粗心文章是由段落構(gòu)成的。段落的主題就是段落的中心思想，詳細(xì)段落的中心思想又是為文章整體中心思想服務(wù)的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是成立在理解詳細(xì)段落中心的基礎(chǔ)上的。找出每小段的主題句，各段的主題句常在該段的首句或尾句，各段主題句的整體歸納即是文章的中心思想。有的文章無顯然主題句，主題句隱含在段意之中，這就需要進(jìn)一步加工歸納。察看全文的構(gòu)造安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撐性細(xì)節(jié)。用閱讀法(skimming)，即迅速閱讀文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜尋主題線索和主題信息的方法能夠迅速找到主題句。以下是找主題句的四個(gè)小訣竅：1段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如howev

12、er,but,infact,actually等)時(shí)，該句很可能是主題句。2首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時(shí)，對(duì)該問句的回答很可能就是文章要旨。3作者存心識(shí)地重復(fù)的看法，往常是要旨；頻頻出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為表現(xiàn)文章要旨的重點(diǎn)詞。4表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包括therefore,thus,inshort,conclude,conclusion等詞，往常是要旨。例(2018全國卷閱讀C)Languageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears,butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworld

13、wasstillpopulatedbyhunter-gatherers,small,tightlyknit(聯(lián)系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10,000yearsago,whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople,theyspokeperhaps12,000languagesbetweenthem.Soonafterwards,manyofthosepeoplestartedsettlingdown

14、tobecomefarmers,andtheirlanguagestoobecamemoresettledandfewerinnumber.Inrecentcenturies,trade,industrialisation,thedevelopmentofthenation-stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation,especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades,allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear,anddominan

15、tlanguagessuchasEnglish,SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Atpresent,theworldhasabout6,800languages.Thedistributionoftheselanguagesishugelyuneven.Thegeneralruleisthatmildzoneshaverelativelyfewlanguages,oftenspokenbymanypeople,whilehot,wetzoneshavelots,oftenspokenbysmallnumbers.Europehasonlya

16、round200languages;theAmericasabout1,000;Africa2,400;andAsiaandthePacificperhaps3,200,ofwhichPapuaNewGuineaaloneaccountsforwellover800.Themediannumber(中位數(shù))ofspeakersisamere6,000,whichmeansthathalftheworldslanguagesarespokenbyfewerpeoplethanthat.Alreadywellover400ofthetotalof6,800languagesareclosetoex

17、tinction(消亡),withonlyafewelderlyspeakersleft.Pick,atrandom,BusuuinCameroon(eightremainingspeakers),ChiapanecoinMexico(150),LipanApacheintheUnitedStates(twoorthree)orWadjiguinAustralia(one,withaquestion-mark):noneoftheseseemstohavemuchchanceofsurvival.31Whatisthemainideaofthetext?ANewlanguageswillbec

18、reated.BPeopleslifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.CHumandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.DGeographydetermineslanguageevolution.解題示范第一步：讀文章，歸納文意文章介紹了世界上語言的種類跟著人類社會(huì)的發(fā)展而漸漸減少這一現(xiàn)象。第二步：析選項(xiàng)，商酌判斷新語言將會(huì)被創(chuàng)建。偷梁換柱，偷換看法文章介紹的是語言的減少而不是新語言的創(chuàng)建。人們的生活方式會(huì)反應(yīng)到語言上。惹是生非，生搬硬套文中沒有這類說法。人類的發(fā)展致使語言愈來愈少。文章介紹了世界上語言多樣性的發(fā)展變化以及此刻很涵蓋性

19、強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文多語言面對(duì)消亡的威迫這一現(xiàn)象。D地理決定語言的發(fā)展。惹是生非，生搬硬套文中沒有這類說法。答案C種類三段落粗心題一、常有設(shè)問方式WhatdoestheauthortellusinParagraph.?Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis_.Thefirstparagraphismainlyabout_.WhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizePara.1?Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?二、解題必備知能歸納段落粗心的2種方法方法1：歸納段落粗心要正確歸納某段的粗心，務(wù)必需

20、知道該段的邏輯構(gòu)造。假如該段是按總分次序組織，首句做總的說明，其余句子對(duì)其進(jìn)行詳細(xì)論述，這類構(gòu)造的主題句就在段首；假如按分總次序組織，主題句就在段尾；假如按分總分的次序組織，則主題句就在這段話的中間；假如按總分總的次序，段落構(gòu)造相對(duì)難度較低，我們能夠很顯然的看到一段的首句和末句的內(nèi)容幾乎完整一致，正確答案就呼之欲出了；假如按并列式行文，這類構(gòu)造的段落一般會(huì)在一段中議論兩個(gè)平行的內(nèi)容，整個(gè)段落能夠從中間處罰開，前后是平行關(guān)系，這樣的段落構(gòu)造對(duì)應(yīng)的答案往常也會(huì)是很顯然的并列關(guān)系；假如對(duì)照各事物，那么它們的共同點(diǎn)或不一樣點(diǎn)就是該段粗心。方法2：推測(cè)段落粗心有時(shí)，作者可能不直接寫出主題句，而是經(jīng)過各樣

21、方法示意給讀者，這就需要充散發(fā)揮讀者的想象力與判斷力，推測(cè)段落粗心。例(2017全國卷閱讀C節(jié)選)TerrafugiaInc.saidMondaythatitsnewflyingcarhascompleteditsfirstflight,bringingthecompanyclosertoitsgoalofsellingtheflyingcarwithinthenextyear.ThevehiclenamedtheTransitionhastwoseats,fourwheelsandwingsthatfoldupsoitcanbedrivenlikeacar.TheTransition,whi

22、chflewat1,400feetforeightminuteslastmonth,canreacharound70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair.Itfliesusinga23-gallontankofgasandburns5gallonsperhourintheair.Ontheground,itgets35milespergallon.28Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?AThebasicdataoftheTransition.BTheadvantagesofflyingcars.CThepotentialma

23、rketforflyingcars.DThedesignersoftheTransition.解題示范第一步：讀文章，歸納段意該段沒有主題句，可是從以下幾個(gè)方面說了然飛車theTransition的有關(guān)狀況：制造商：TerrafugiaInc.首飛成功：completeditsfirstflight上市時(shí)間：withinthenextyear飛車名字：theTransition飛車構(gòu)成：twoseats,fourwheelsandwings飛翔時(shí)速：around70milesperhourontheroadand115intheair耗油：5gallonsperhourintheair;Ont

24、heground,35milespergallon由以上信息能夠看出該段主要描繪了飛車第二步：析選項(xiàng)，商酌判斷A飛車theTransitiontheTransition的基本數(shù)據(jù)。的一些基本數(shù)據(jù)。涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全段項(xiàng)是對(duì)本段內(nèi)容的精華歸納和總結(jié)。飛車的一些長處。該選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤在于以下兩點(diǎn)：B該段介紹了名字為theTransition的飛車；而惹是生非，生搬硬套不是所有飛車(flyingcars)。該段列舉的是基本數(shù)據(jù)而不是長處。C飛車的潛伏市場(chǎng)。惹是生非，生搬硬套原文沒有說起。D飛車theTransition的設(shè)計(jì)商。以偏概全，主次不分該選項(xiàng)不過是文章中的一個(gè)方面。答案A講堂應(yīng)用體驗(yàn)AJensDa

25、nielsenkneeledonhisdogsledasitslidalongtheroughedgeofafrozensea.The15dogsinhisteammovedcarefully.DespitethebittercoldoflateMarch,theicehadbrokenup,makingtraveldangerous.“Theseaiceusedtobethreefeetthickhere，”Jenssays.“Nowitsonlyfourinchesthick.”Jensisa45-year-oldhunterfromQaanaaq,avillageofabout650pe

26、ople.Hewasheadingtowardtheiceedgetofindwalruses(海象),asInuithuntershavealwaysdone.With57dogstofeed,aswellashisextendedfamily,hellneedtokillseveralwalrusesonthistrip.NormallytheicecomestonorthwesternGreenlandinSeptemberandstaysuntilJune.Butduringthepastfewyearstheicehasbeenthickandthehuntinggoodforonl

27、ythreeorfourweeks.Theiceshelfgiveshuntersaccesstothewalruses,seals,andwhalestheyhunt.Withoutit,huntingbecomesnearlyimpossible.Inonerecentwinter,Qaanaaqshuntersfoundthemselveswithoutsufficientfoodtofeedtheirstarvingdogs.Thehuntersaskedforhelp,andthegovernmentrespondedwithmoneywhilefishingcorporations

28、assistedbysendingfishbyairplane.Today,fewerthan500icehuntersareabletolivebyhuntingalone.Theytravelbydogsled,wearskins,andhuntwithharpoons.Atthesametime,theyalsouseguns,cellphones,andwatchTV.“Thischangingweatherisbadforus，”Jenssays.“Someofourpeoplehavetofindotherwaystomakealiving.”Thegovernmentnowfun

29、dsjobtrainingprogramstohelpicehuntersfindotheremployment.Warmerweatherdoesprovidesomeopportunities.Quantitiesofvaluablefishthatpreferwarmerwaterareincreasing,andmeltingicehasuncoveredsomeofGreenlandsvaluablenaturalresourcesmineralsandmetals.Butthelasticehuntersmaynotbeabletogetusedtoworkingasfisherm

30、en,inmines,orinpowerplants.AsJenssays,“Withoutice,wecantlive.Withoutice,werenothingatall.”語篇解讀：本文是一篇記述文。文章敘述了冰上捕獵者的生活以及當(dāng)前面對(duì)的窘境。1Whathasmadehuntingwithdogsledsdifficultfortheicehunters?ATheiceistoothin.BTheirdogsaretoofat.CTheweatheristoocold.DTherearenotenoughanimals.分析：選A細(xì)節(jié)理解題。依據(jù)第一段中的“Despitetheice

31、hadbrokenup.Nowitsonlyfourinchesthick.thebittercoldoflateMarch,”可知，此刻冰變薄了，因此他們?cè)诒喜东C很困難。2WhatsthemainideaofParagraph4?AMosticehuntershaveimprovedtheirlivesrecently.BTheicehuntershaveimprovedtheirhuntingmethods.CThetraditionalicehunterswayoflifeisdisappearing.DOnlythebesticehuntershavebeenabletocontin

32、uehunting.分析：選C段落粗心題。第四段敘述了此刻冰上捕獵者其實(shí)不可以純真依賴捕獵生活，他們需要另糊口路，傳統(tǒng)的捕獵生活方式正在消亡。3Whymighttheicehuntersfinditdifficulttodootherwork?AThereisnotrainingavailable.BThegovernmentisunhelpful.CTheyprefertheirowntraditions.DTherearefewerotherjobsavailable.分析：選C推理判斷題。依據(jù)最后一段中的“Butthelasticehuntersmaynotbeabletogetused

33、toworkingasfishermen,inmines,orinpowerplants.”可推知，冰上捕獵者可能沒法適應(yīng)其余工作，他們更喜愛傳統(tǒng)的捕獵生活。4Whatsthetextmainlyabout?AHowtohuntseaanimalsinGreenland.BHowmodernhuntingmethodsarebeneficial.CHowthegovernmentishelpingfailedhunters.DHowwarmerweatherisaffectingicehunters.分析：選D文章粗心題。本文敘述了因天氣變暖，冰上捕獵者面對(duì)的一系列問題，故選D項(xiàng)。BFaceb

34、ooksaysitisworkingontechnologytoallowustocontrolcomputersdirectlywithourbrains.Itisdeveloping“silentspeech”softwaretoallowpeopletotypeatarateof100wordsperminute.Theproject,initsearlystages,willrequirenewtechnologytodetectbrainwaveswithoutneedinginvasivesurgery.“Wearenottalkingaboutdecoding(譯)yourran

35、domthoughts，”assuredFacebooksReginaDugan.“Weretalkingaboutdecodingthosewords.”MsDuganisthecompanysheadofBuilding8,thefirmshardwareresearchlab.Thecompanysaiditintendstobuildboththehardwareandsoftwaretoachieveitsgoal,andhasenlistedateamofmorethan60scientistsandacademicstoworkontheproject.OnhisFacebook

36、page,MarkZuckerbergadded:“OurbrainsproduceenoughdatatostreamfourHDmovieseverysecond.Theproblemisthatthebestwaywehavetogetinformationoutintotheworldspeechcanonlytransmitaboutthesameamountofdataasa1980smodem.Wereworkingonsilentspeechsoftwarethatwillletyoutypestraightfromyourbrainaboutfivetimesfasterth

37、anyoucantypeonyourphonetoday.Eventually,wewanttoturnitintoawearabletechnologythatcanbemanufacturedatscale.”“Technologyisgoingtohavetogetalotmoreadvancedbeforewecanshareapurethoughtorfeeling,butthisisafirststep，”MsDugansaid.OtherideasdetailedatthecompanysdevelopersconferenceinSanJoseincludedworktoallowpeopleto“hear”