英國經(jīng)濟(jì)課件

1、1Economy of the UK2022/9/812 Historical originGreat Charter Time : In June 15, 1215Purpose:To protect the political independence and economic interests of the feudal aristocracy保障封建貴族的政治獨立與經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)益primary coverage : 1. To limit kingship2. To protect the political 、 economic and judicial privileges （司法特權(quán)

2、）of the church and the secular aristocracy（世俗貴族） are not infringed3. To protect knights, free farmers and citizens interests2022/9/823It makes the bud which bred in trade and industrial structure of feudal society can grow up in incompatible mother(母體）, and has a far-reaching influence on the emerge

3、nce and development of future British capitalism2022/9/835*Great disaster for the UK*Promote the transformation of British economy to modern modeDue to population decline, resulting in a drop in demand for food, falling prices, and the lack of labor leads to rising wage costs. All of these make trad

4、itional aristocratic landowners (傳統(tǒng)貴族）face serious difficulties in their economic development. Part of aristocratic landowners make adjustments in time and change the mode of operation, rent their manor to individual farmers and give up rent servitude (勞役制地租), England estate development has come to

5、an end 2022/9/856Middle of the fifth centuryThe system of the slaves and Whelan serfs (維蘭農(nóng)奴)both are disappearSome farmers contract more land, manage more agricultural with the tendency of capitalism,and have excess cash to lend out other poverty farmers, gradually formed yeoman farmer(約曼農(nóng)）.1. Yeoma

6、n s meaning in Middle English(中古英語 ) is the young people and the attendants 2. It is the advanced peasant class(農(nóng)民階級）2022/9/867Late fifteenth CenturyEnclosure movement（圈地運動）During the 14th and 15th centuries, in the process of disintegration of the serf system, the British emerging bourgeoisie（新興的資產(chǎn)

7、階級）and new nobility （新貴族）through violence to drive peasants from the land, occupying peasant land and public land, deprived of farmers land use rights and ownership, restriction or cancellation of the original common cultivated land（共同耕地權(quán)） and livestock right（畜牧權(quán)）, to forcibly seize and occupy land,

8、 into a private ranch and large farm. This is the enclosure movement in British history. 2022/9/878Political impact1.The ownership of land has changed.2.British class relationship has changed3. Promote the development of the industrial revolution（工業(yè)革命）2022/9/8810In 1584, the British established the

9、first colony in North America - Virginia (according to: Virginia for the virgin meaning, because Queen Elizabeth unmarried ）In 1588, the British defeated Holland Invincible fleet（荷蘭無敵艦隊）, expanding the road for overseas expansionIn 1600, the United Kingdom established East India CompanyIn 1607, the

10、British occupied the first colony in IndiaIn 1609, 1610, 1619, Britain set up its own business station in Gambia, Surat and Madras(蘇拉特、岡比亞、馬德拉斯)In 1619, Dutch East India Company beat British East India Company2022/9/81012The three Anglo Dutch war三次英荷戰(zhàn)爭The first Anglo Dutch war (1652 1654)The second

11、Anglo Dutch war (1665 1667)The third Anglo Dutch war (1672 1674)War outcome：Britain began to become the dominant maritime海上霸主2022/9/81214BackgroundAfter the opening of the new route（新航路開辟）, the first Portugal, Spain embarked on the path of the expansion of the colony, the United Kingdom, France and

12、Holland also took the road of colonial plunder.Triangular trade三角貿(mào)易Slave traders from Europe, sailed to Africa, in Africa through various dirty way to capture black, they put slaves transported to the Americas, the black slaves sold to American plantation owners, then the gold in the Americas and in

13、dustrial raw materials shipped back to Europe. This is called triangular trade, the first of the slave trade were the Portuguese, but the British came from behind to become the executives of the triangular trade.奴隸販子從歐洲出發(fā)，乘船到達(dá)非洲，在非洲通過各種卑鄙的方式俘獲黑人之后，他們把黑奴運往美洲，把黑奴賣給美洲的種植園主，然后，再把美洲的黃金和工業(yè)原料運回歐洲。這就是被稱為一本萬

14、利的“三角貿(mào)易”，最先進(jìn)行奴隸貿(mào)易的是葡萄牙人，但英國人后來居上，成為“三角貿(mào)易”的主要經(jīng)營者。2022/9/814152022/9/81516 Britain is the first country to ban black slave trade.Brought a lot of wealth to the UK, the power of the bourgeoisie 資產(chǎn)階級 expanded quickly, and accelerated the outbreak of British bourgeois revolution 英國資產(chǎn)階級革命 and industrial r

15、evolution工業(yè)革命Impact2022/9/81617Eighteenth Century The British Industrial Revolution英國工業(yè)革命Paraphrase釋義：Replacing manual labor with machine productionBackground：1.Establishment of constitutional monarchy 君主立憲制in Britain2. Enclosure movement3. Overseas trade and colony development4. Theoretical innovat

16、ion of classical mechanics and thermodynamics經(jīng)典力學(xué)與熱力學(xué)的理論創(chuàng)新2022/9/81718The first industrial revolutionMark：The steam engine as a power machine and widely usedTime：Eighteenth Century 40s 19 century 60sMajor countries ：United Kingdom, France, United States, etc.Related person ：Stephen sun , WattNew ene

17、rgy：engine and modified steam engine動力機(jī)和改良蒸汽機(jī)Characteristic：Steam ageMajor inventions：Steam locomotive and Jeanne textile machine珍妮紡織機(jī)和蒸汽機(jī)車2022/9/818202022/9/82021Second industrial revolutionTime：Nineteenth Century seventysMajor countries：America, Germany, Britain, France, Japan, Russia, etc.Related

18、 person：SIEMENS, Edison, Baer, etc.Characteristic ：Electrical age2022/9/821232022/9/82324What are the Industrial Revolution consequences？1. Replaced manual labor with machine production大機(jī)器生產(chǎn)代替手工勞動2. Created tremendous productivity創(chuàng)造了巨大的生產(chǎn)力3. Let Britain became the worlds factory2022/9/82426The adjus

19、tment and intervention of government to economy after the warThe occurrence of the great crisis of the capitalism in the 1930 s，Marshall economic theory was hit（Advocate “l(fā)aissez-faire”主張自由放任），Keynesianism凱恩斯主義 came into being（Advocate state intervention（主張國家干預(yù)）. The state monopoly capitalism國家壟斷資本主

20、義was greatly developed.2022/9/82627Between 1950 and 1973 ,Britains GDP grew at an average annual rate of 3%. Growth was hampered by chronic balance of payment deficits. The term “Britain disease”英國病 is now used to characterize Britains economic decline.2022/9/82728The end of 1973 witnessed the first

21、 oil shock石油危機(jī). As a result the rate of inflation rose to 16% in 1974. In the 1970s among the developed countries Britain maintained the lowest growth rate and the highest inflation rate.2022/9/828301.Coming off the Gold Standard in 1931 1931年，英國脫離金本位制度 Winston Churchill溫士頓丘吉爾during his time as chan

22、cellor put Britain back on the Gold Standard at its pre-war rate of $4.86 against the dollar with disastrous consequences. The economy was already struggling and returning to the Gold Standard made UK exports uncompetitive. The global downturn following the Wall Street of 1929 (1929年華爾街金融危機(jī))deepened

23、 the slump and make it impossible for the minority Labour government of Ramsay MacDonald to hold the line, despite unpopular welfare cuts. Leaving the Gold Standard for good helped the economy recover in the 1930s but split the Labour party.2022/9/830312.The devaluation of 1949 1949年，英鎊大幅貶值Britain p

24、aid a high economic price for victory in the second world war. The country was flat broke and its industrial base, battered by six years of conflict, needed to be converted back into civilian use. The Attlee government(艾德禮政府)negotiated a loan with the Americans, but was forced by Washington to make

25、sterling convertible with the dollar in return. Britain was unable to compete with the much more productive US economy, and this resulted first in the crisis of 1947, followed by the devaluation of the pound from $4.03 to $2.80 two years later. Labour won a general election in 1950, but only just, a

26、nd was ousted from power in 1951.2022/9/831323. The devaluation of 19671967年英鎊再次貶值The UK performed less well than its main rivals in the so-called Golden Age of the 1950s and 1960s. Growth was strong and jobs plentiful, but Britain found it hard to compete with the United States, France and Germany.

27、 The Labour government of Harold Wilson(哈羅德威爾遜)came to power in 1964 with an ambitious National Plan designed to accelerate Britains growth rate, but made the blueprint stillborn by refusing to devalue the pound immediately. Instead, Wilson and his chancellor, James Callaghan(威爾遜和首相詹姆斯卡拉漢), imposed

28、austerity measures to keep the pounds exchange rate at $2.80 before giving up the fight in November 1967. Consumers were squeezed so that resources could be diverted to exports, and Wilson to his surprise lost the 1970 election.2022/9/832334. The IMF comes to town 國際貨幣基金組織援助In the mid-1970s, Britain

29、 suffered a number of unpleasant economic shocks. Ted Heaths(泰德希思)1970-74 Conservative government had caused industrial chaos and left office with the country on a three-day week and inflationary pressure rising. Wilsons second spell in Downing Street saw the advent of stagflation rising unemploymen

30、t and inflation that reached a post-war high of more than 25%. Wilson handed over the reins to Callaghan(卡拉漢) in March 1976 and the scorching summer that followed saw pressure mounting on sterling, even though it was by now a floating currency. Eventually, the UK had to swallow a package of spending

31、 cuts to secure a loan from the IMF. Callaghan lost power, narrowly, to Margaret Thatcher(格麗特撒切爾)in 1979, but the humiliation of the IMF bailout haunted Labour for more than 15 years.2022/9/833345. Black Wednesday. 黑色星期三The stain of the IMF was only removed from Labour when the Conservatives （保守黨）su

32、ffered a disaster of equal magnitude: the inability of the UK to continue with its membership of the Exchange Rate Mechanism in the face of wave after wave of speculative selling of the pound. In many of the other crises of the 20th century, the Conservatives were fortunate that they had left office

33、 before the full extent of their economic blunders had been exposed. That was true in 1931, 1967 and 1976, when Labour had a rotten inheritance. In 1992, however, the Conservatives luck ran out. Black Wednesday was followed in 1997 by the biggest electoral defeat suffered by the party in 150 years.2

34、022/9/83435The feature in economy of the UKprivatization (私有化） Main point A. Social situation before the program B. Privatization program was carried outC. The result of the program 2022/9/835361.Before the privatization policy.(before 1979) Many enterprises and business were state-owned國有, such as

35、steel鋼,telecom, gas ,aerospace航空航天工業(yè)，bank of England , oil business, transport service 2022/9/83637However, problems appeared.a. Great losses(虧損）b. High cost of production c. High rates of inflation (通貨膨脹）d. Low labor productivity(勞動生產(chǎn)率）（the labor productivity was 40% lower than it was in private en

36、terprise then)e. Slow growth in economy At that time , a woman came onto the stage ,which brought a turning point in the UKs history .2022/9/83738steeltelecomThey were state-owned2022/9/83839Margaret Hilda ThatcherBorn in 1925 The first female prime minister in UKs history The first female prime min

37、ister in Europe 2022/9/83940She carried out an extensive program of privatization throughout the 1980s .Many state-owned enterprises became privately owned under this policy.State-owned privately owned2022/9/84041The new economic programmed adopted by Mrs. Thatcher was based on the new classical sch

38、ool of thought新的古典思想學(xué)派理論. Privatization deregulation and market liberalization replaced prices and incomes control and state interventionism政府的干涉主義.2022/9/84142State-owned privately ownedMain reason 1.Needs of tax cut to promote economic development and increase the efficiency of company 需要減稅促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和

39、提高企業(yè)的效率2.Difficulty in finance of the government 3.Other people think that it had some relation with the fight among the parties .2022/9/84243The effect of ThatcherismThe British economy gradually restore vitality, basic restrain the decline of the economy, get rid of the image of the “sick man of E

40、urope”“歐洲病夫” (from the year of 1979 to 1989, Britains economic growth rate has more than the German, French, Italian, and later more than Japan, after entering the 1990s, the British economy is doing better, the level of employment than other European countries , The unemployment rate is much lower

41、than Germany and France, and the inflation rate is within 2.5%, and the fiscal position is healthier than other major European countries.Britain joined the European communites歐洲共同體 in January 1, 1973.2022/9/84344British social security system2022/9/84445In 1601, “poor law”濟(jì)貧法 marks the promulgation

42、of Britain began to establish the social security systemThe Beveridge report貝弗里奇報告of 1942 laid the ideological foundation for the establishment of the British welfare social security system.The United Kingdom promulgated the national insurance law, the National Health Service Act, the family grants

43、law, the national relief act and a series of laws國民保險法、國民衛(wèi)生保健服務(wù)法、家庭補(bǔ)助法、國民救濟(jì)法等一系列法律2022/9/845The history of the UK welfare systemAct for the Relief of the Poor ,1601濟(jì)貧法Amendment of the Poor Law,1834新濟(jì)貧法Pensions Act 1908養(yǎng)老金法案Act for the Unemployed ,1934失業(yè)法The first “welfare state” ,1950The history of

44、welfare system2022/9/846The present of the UK welfare system1.Children and pregnant women welfare2.Disability and sick benefits3.Retirement benefits4.Widow welfare5.Unemployment benefits6.low-income earners welfare7 Social Fund2022/9/847Children and pregnant women welfare1) Child Benefit（兒童福利金）2) Fa

45、mily allowance（家庭津貼）3) guardian allowance:（監(jiān)護(hù)人津貼）4) Statutory pregnant employee wages（法定懷孕雇員工資）5) single parent allowance（單親津貼）6) Maternity allowance（孕婦津貼）7) The Social Fund Maternity subsidies gold （社會基金孕婦補(bǔ)貼金）8) child support（子女贍養(yǎng)費）2022/9/848Big family2022/9/849Disability and sick benefits1) The ca

46、re allowance（照料津貼)2) accidental disability benefits（工作意外傷殘福利）3) disability living allowance（傷殘生活津貼）4) Disability Working Allowance（傷殘工作津貼）5) Severe Disability Allowance（嚴(yán)重傷殘津貼）6) invalid care allowance（傷殘照料者津貼）7) should not work-related benefits（不宜工作福利）8) Statutory sick series of four days or more o

47、f the wage（法定患病福利）2022/9/850Retirement benefitsBasic retirement benefits, more than the retirement age, (female over 60, male 65) and in line with the National Insurance conditions to set. People to take care of minor children can get other benefits.2022/9/851Widow welfareThe widow of gold, her husbands death, not eligible for pension widow, the widow of the low age of 60 years of age, th