霞姐gmat閱讀-套路2結(jié)論解釋型

1、【霞姐GMAT】 閱讀-套路2：結(jié)論解釋型2016-03-17霞姐GMATGMAT繁雜世界，關(guān)注一個(gè)就夠了導(dǎo)語(yǔ)“ 結(jié)論解釋型的文章，顧名思義，在文章的開(kāi)頭會(huì)給出某個(gè)明確結(jié)論，而后文都是在對(duì)這個(gè)明確的結(jié)論進(jìn)行解釋。一般情況下，這類文章會(huì)有一些判定的標(biāo)志詞，而通常情況下出現(xiàn)在首段：主旨句：主旨句出現(xiàn)在首段的段首句或段尾句。這類文章的行文套路一般為：結(jié)論 解釋結(jié)論 評(píng)價(jià)而文尾處作者的評(píng)價(jià)極少是單一的，一般都會(huì)又褒又貶。但在褒貶上又會(huì)有較大的偏袒性：褒多貶少，或褒少貶多。當(dāng)聽(tīng)完這些干知識(shí)后，你也許還是很難將它們和具體的文章套路聯(lián)系起來(lái)。這一篇少講廢話，直接看下面這篇文章，從里體會(huì)這類文章的框架和邏輯。

2、下面這篇文章并不長(zhǎng)，給你40秒時(shí)間，看看你能否達(dá)成我在【霞姐GMAT】 閱讀掃盲篇中提到的梳理框架的基本要求。計(jì)時(shí)開(kāi)始！1套路詞匯和短語(yǔ)：isremainappeare adj或是can，may，should，must，need， cant 等情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（表達(dá)作者觀點(diǎn)）During the nineteenth century, occupational information about woment wasprovided by the United Ses census-a population count conducted each decade-became more detaile

3、d and precise in response to sol changes. Through1840, simple enumeration by household mirrored a home-based agricultural economyand hierarchical sol order: the head of the household (presumed male or absent)was specified by name, whereas other household members were only indicated by thetotal numbe

4、r ofs counted in various categories, including occupationalcategories. Like farms, most entrises were family-run, sot the census measuredeconomic activity as an attribute of the entire household, rathern of individuals.The 1850 census, partly responding to antislavery and womens rights movements, in

5、itiated the collection of specific information about each individual in a household.Not until 1870 was occupational informationyzed by gender: the censussuperendent reported 1.8 million women employed outside the home in gainfuland reputable occupations. In addition, he arbitrarily attributed to eac

6、h family onewoman keng house. Overlap betn the two groups was not calculated until1890, when the raentry of womeno the paid labor force and sol ies arisingfrom industrialization were causing womens advocates and women sistins topress for more thorough and accurate accounting of womens occupations an

7、d wages.怎么樣，覺(jué)得自己這次閱讀的時(shí)間變短了嗎？Whatever，不要著急，閱讀提高是一個(gè)需要時(shí)間的過(guò)程，絕非一日之功。下面請(qǐng)跟隨思維路徑一起來(lái)研習(xí)這篇文章。第一段2During the nineteenth century是總體時(shí)間描述，后面跟的是主旨句：occupationalinformation about women t was provided by the United Ses census-a populationcount conducted each decade-became more detailed and precise in response to sol

8、changes.主旨句是GMAT文章的重中之中，必然需要詳讀。但GMAC的老頭們一定會(huì)給你設(shè)置重重阻礙，例如此題，主旨句是一個(gè)的長(zhǎng)難句。但正如霞姐在【霞姐GMAT】 語(yǔ)法-句子架構(gòu)的各篇章里所講，對(duì)待長(zhǎng)難句，其實(shí)就是一個(gè)“去掉修飾語(yǔ)”的過(guò)程，例如這里t引導(dǎo)的從句，可以省略：During the nineteenth century, occupational information about woment was providedby the United Ses census-a population count conducted each decade-became moredetai

9、led and precise in response to sol changes.簡(jiǎn)化之后很快發(fā)現(xiàn)本句中出現(xiàn)結(jié)論解釋型文章的套路詞匯：became more detailed andprecise（becameadj），所以接下來(lái)整篇文章應(yīng)該是解釋這個(gè)結(jié)論：到底是如何更detailed和更precise的。由于這一篇文章僅有兩段，所以你對(duì)“文章框架”的梳理區(qū)分決不能再通過(guò)“自”來(lái)區(qū)分，而應(yīng)該注重在段落點(diǎn)的變化。例如這道題，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)第一段的后半段：Through 1840為第一個(gè)分時(shí)間。simple enumeration為關(guān)鍵字，即through 1840的內(nèi)容。即使你在這里并不認(rèn)識(shí)enu

10、meration（計(jì)數(shù)，羅列）這個(gè)單詞也沒(méi)有關(guān)系，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)在后文會(huì)出現(xiàn)一個(gè)重要的邏輯詞so t，是一個(gè)概括性的邏輯詞，表示其后出現(xiàn)的內(nèi)容將高度的概括第一段的后半段所闡述的內(nèi)容：so rathert the census measured economic activity as an attribute of the entire household, n of individuals.第二段3長(zhǎng)難句研習(xí)occupational information about woment wasprovided by the United Ses census-a population count co

11、nducted each decade-became more detailed and precise in response to sol changes.Through1840,simple enumeration by household mirrored a home-based agricultural economyand hierarchical sol order: the head of the household (presumed male or absent)was specified by name, whereas other household members

12、were only indicated by thetotal number ofs counted in various categories, including occupationalcategories. Like farms, most entrises were family-run,so t, rathern of individuals.economic activity as an attribute of the entire householdthe census measuredDuring the nineteenth century,The 1850 census

13、, partly responding to antislavery and womens rights movements, initiated the collection of specific information about each individual in a household.Not until 1870 was occupational informationyzed by gender: the censussuperendent reported 1.8 million women employed outside the home in gainfuland re

14、putable occupations. In addition, he arbitrarily attributed to each family onewoman keng house. Overlap betn the two groups was not calculated until 1890, when the ra entry of women o the paid labor force and sol ies arisingfrom industrialization were causing womens advocates and women sistins topre

15、ss for more thorough and accurate accounting of womens occupations and wages.你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)本段并沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)邏輯上的轉(zhuǎn)折，而時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)成為了串聯(lián)幾個(gè)句子之間的邏輯詞。所以可以初步判定，這三個(gè)時(shí)間段所講的內(nèi)容，是在繼續(xù)解釋第一段的結(jié)論。簡(jiǎn)要概括一下為：The 1850 census：initiated the collection of specific information about each individual in a householduntil 1870：was occupational informationyz

16、ed by genderuntil 1890： Overlap betn the two groups框架基本可以確定本文的框架：通過(guò)上文的梳理，During the nineteenth century屬于總體時(shí)間； Through 1840The 1850until 1870until1890為四個(gè)分時(shí)間，文章屬于總分形式，第一句為主旨句。另外根據(jù)套路詞匯：became more detailed and precise（becameadj），確定文章應(yīng)該是結(jié)論解釋型文章。1總體-主旨During the nineteenth century, occupational informati

17、on about womenbecame more detailed and precise時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)1：1840the census measured economic activity as an attribute of the entire2household, rathern of individuals.時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)2：1850initiated the collection of specific information about each individual in a household34時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)3：1870was occupational information4yzed b

18、y gender5時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)4：1890Overlap betn the two groups當(dāng)然，如果你只有一分鐘的時(shí)間把一篇完全陌生的文章的框架梳理清楚。你可以在細(xì)節(jié)上糾結(jié)的時(shí)間花少一些，通過(guò)記住幾個(gè)“時(shí)間節(jié)點(diǎn)”，以及每個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)的關(guān)鍵信息即可。解題來(lái)進(jìn)入實(shí)戰(zhàn)解題狀態(tài)。首先，你可以重讀一下這篇文章：梳理完文章框架后，第一題5During the nineteenth century, occupational information about woment was provided by the United Ses census-a population count conducted ea

19、ch decade- became more detailed and precise in response to sol changes. Through1840, simple（題目本身高亮） enumeration by household mirrored a home-based agricultural economy and hierarchical sol order: the head of the household (presumed male or absent) was specified by name, whereas other household membe

20、rs were only indicated by the total number ofs counted in various categories, including occupational categories. Like farms, most entrises were family-run, sot the census measured economic activity as an attribute of the entire household,rathern of individuals.The 1850 census, partly responding to a

21、ntislavery and womens rights movements, initiated the collection of specific information about each individual in a household. Not until 1870 was occupational information yzed by gender: the censussuperendent reported 1.8 million women employed outside the home in gainful and reputable occupations.

22、In addition, he arbitrarily attributed to each family one woman keng house. Overlap betn the two groups was not calculated until 1890, when the raentry of womeno the paid labor force and sol ies arising from industrialization were causing womens advocates and women sisti ns（題目 本身高亮） to press for mor

23、e thorough and accurate accounting of womens occupations and wages.1鎖定段落根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵字primary pure of the passage可以確定本題主旨。2鎖定信息句結(jié)合文章框架和基本含義知道，本篇文章屬于結(jié)論解釋型文章。結(jié)論是文章的第一句，也是本文主旨句：During the nineteenth century, occupational information about womenbecame more detailed and precise in response to sol changes.比對(duì)比對(duì)選項(xiàng)

24、，顯然C選項(xiàng)最為合適，特別是C選項(xiàng)中的change和主旨句中的 change高度對(duì)應(yīng)。且文章確實(shí)分成了若干個(gè)時(shí)間段來(lái)講述這個(gè)change過(guò)程。3第二題1鎖定段落根據(jù)關(guān)鍵字nineteenth-century United Ses censuses發(fā)現(xiàn)本題的對(duì)象就是原文的句對(duì)象。6Each of the following aspects of nineteenth-century United Ses censuses is mentionedhe passage EXCEPT theyear in which data on occupations began to beyzed by ge

25、nderyear in which specific information began to be collected on individuals in addition to the head of the householdyear in which overlap betn women employed outside the home and womenkeng house wascalculatedway in which the 1890 census measured womense levels and educationalbackgroundsway in which

26、household members were countedhe 1840 censusThe primary pure of the passage is toexplain and critique the methods used by early sistinscompare and contrast a historical situation wicurrent-day onedescribe and explain a historical changediscuss historical opition to an established institutiontrace th

27、e origin of a contemporary controversy鎖定信息句既然這道題的信息句為主旨句，而本文又是一篇結(jié)論解釋型文章，這道題相當(dāng)于在問(wèn)，選項(xiàng)中哪一個(gè)選項(xiàng)，并不屬于文章框架的內(nèi)容，本質(zhì)是一道文章框架題。2而本文四個(gè)時(shí)間段的內(nèi)容為：Through 1840：the census measured economic activity as an attributeof the entire household, rathern of individuals.The 1850 census：initiated the collection of specific inform

28、ation about each individual in a householduntil 1870：was occupational informationyzed by genderuntil 1890： Overlap betn the two groups比對(duì)首先，要注意本題是一道EXCEPT題型，也就是說(shuō)文中提到的內(nèi)容反倒是不需要選擇的。3結(jié)合選項(xiàng)發(fā)現(xiàn)A選項(xiàng)提到的gender正好是1870這個(gè)時(shí)間段所提到的方面；B 選項(xiàng)的individuals是1850這個(gè)時(shí)間段提到的方面；C選項(xiàng)中的overlap是1890這個(gè)時(shí)間段所提到的方面；E選項(xiàng)提到的household members

29、werecountedhe 1840 census是1840這個(gè)時(shí)間段所提到的方面。D選項(xiàng)中提到的womense levels and educational backgrounds并不是原文所的方面，所以本題應(yīng)該選擇D選項(xiàng)。Except題是一種在題干中包含except，詢問(wèn)選項(xiàng)中哪一項(xiàng)不屬于其余四項(xiàng)所屬類別的題目。這類題目的麻煩之處往往在于，正確選項(xiàng)所包含的信息可能完全是無(wú)中生有，而錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的信息反而是文章中所提到的。對(duì)于這類題目，確定題干中的“關(guān)鍵信息”非常重要。如果關(guān)鍵信息就是文章的主旨句（例如本題），那么這道題很有可能在文章整體框架，你得選出一個(gè)并不是框架之內(nèi)的選項(xiàng)。這就要求，你對(duì)框架

30、內(nèi)的每一個(gè)要點(diǎn)，至少要了解這些要點(diǎn)所闡述的對(duì)象。而如果題干信息對(duì)應(yīng)的信息句只是文中的某個(gè)句子或段落的主旨句，你搜尋的范圍則相對(duì)縮小許多。大部分同類的元素都會(huì)在信息句里一一羅列，而正確選項(xiàng)往往都是一個(gè)無(wú)中生有的元素。第三題7Except題1鎖定段落根據(jù)關(guān)鍵字the 1840 United Ses census可定位到第一段的后半部分（直接通過(guò)時(shí)間定位）：simple enumeration by household mirrored a home-based agriculturaleconomy and hierarchical sol order: the head of the house

31、hold(presumed male or absent) was specified by name, whereas otherhousehold members were only indicated by the total number of s counted in various categories, including occupationalcategories. Like farms, most entrises were family-run, so t thecensus measured economic activity as an attribute of th

32、e entirehousehold, rathern of individuals.2鎖定信息句根據(jù)題干中的關(guān)鍵字provided a count of which可以更加精準(zhǔn)的去尋找文章中對(duì)統(tǒng)計(jì)的對(duì)象（即主語(yǔ)）the head of the household (presumed male or absent) was specified by name比對(duì)選項(xiàng)信息句里的male是關(guān)鍵信息，結(jié)合選項(xiàng)得出E選項(xiàng)為正確選項(xiàng)。3第四題8It can be inferred from the passaget the 1840 United Ses census provided acount of

33、 which of the following?Women who worked exclusivelyhe homePeople engaged in nonfarming occupationsPeople engaged in sol movementsWomen engaged in family-run entrisesMen engaged in agriculture1鎖定段落和信息句這道題的題干直接給出了高亮，所以信息句是直接給出的：simple enumeration by household mirrored a home-based agriculturaleconomy

34、 and hierarchical sol order: the head of the household(presumed male or absent) was specified by name, whereas otherhousehold members were only indicated by the total number of s counted in various categories, including occupationalcategories. Like farms, most entrises were family-run, sot thecensus

35、 measured economic activity as an attribute of the entirehousehold, rathern of individuals.94. The author uses the adjective simple in highlight text most probably to emphasize t thecollection of census information became progressively more difficult throughout the nineteenth centurytechnology for t

36、abulating census information was rudimentary during thehalf of the nineteenth centuryhome-based agricultural economy of the early nineteenth century was easier to yzen the later industrial economyeconomic role of women was better definedhe early nineteenth centuryn in the late nineteenth centuryinfo

37、rmation collected by early nineteenth century censuses was limited in its amount of detail分析這道題不同于一般的2題目，更偏向于“態(tài)度題”，即你要揣摩作者在這里使用simple的態(tài)度。這類題別無(wú)他法，你需要高度理解信息句究竟想表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)是什么。當(dāng)然，有時(shí)候借助主旨句表明的態(tài)度往往能幫助你理解信息句的態(tài)度。在這里，simple了作者對(duì)于1840年census所考慮對(duì)象的一個(gè)態(tài)度，而且結(jié)合文章框架信息，1840年，the census measured economic activityas an attri

38、bute of the entire household, rathern of individuals. 同時(shí)文章的主旨是講述隨著時(shí)間的推移，occupational information aboutwomen became more detailed and precise in response to sochanges.l你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，simple其實(shí)正是主旨句中表達(dá)more detailed and precise之前并不完善的狀態(tài)。3比對(duì)選項(xiàng)綜上所述，simple應(yīng)該想要強(qiáng)調(diào)的是初期的細(xì)致程度不夠。正確項(xiàng)。是E選第五題105. The passage suggests which o

39、f the following about the womens advocates andwomen sistins mentioned in highlight text?They wanted to call attention to the lack of pay for women who workedhehome.They bevedt previous census information was inadequate and did not reflectcertain economic changeshe United Ses.They had begun to press

40、for changes in census-taking methods as part of their participationhe antislavery movement.They thoughtt census sistics about women would be more accurate if morewomen were employed as census offils.They had conducted independent studiest disputed the offil sisticsprovided by previous United Ses cen

41、suses.1定位段落和信息句這同樣是一道給出信息句的細(xì)節(jié)題。定位句的完整表達(dá)為：Overlap betn the two groups was not calculated until 1890, whenthe raentry of womeno the paid labor force and sol iesarising from industrialization were causing womens advocates andwomen sistins to press for more thorough and accurateaccounting of womens occupations and wages. 分析顯然你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，這里的womens advocates and women s2istins只是一個(gè)舉例，她們的目的是 press for more thorough and accurate accounting of womens occupations and wages.比對(duì)選項(xiàng)B選項(xiàng)的inadequate和信息句提到的more accounting對(duì)應(yīng)，且B選項(xiàng)探討的是economical changes，符合信息句里提到的occupations and wage.C選項(xiàng)的press雖然與信息句相呼應(yīng)，但antislav