【英語寫作技巧】Chapter1TheProcessofAcademicWriting課件

1、【英語寫作技巧】Chapter1TheProcessofAcademicWriting【英語寫作技巧】Chapter1TheProcessofAcPart I Academic WritingIntroduction Academic Writing, as the name implies, is the kind of writing that you are required to do at college or university. Its differences can be explained in part by its special audience, tone, and

2、 purpose.Part I Academic WritingIntrodu Whenever you write, consider you specific audience, that is, the people who will read what you have written. Audience Whenever you write, consideTone is your style or manner of expression. It is revealed by your choice of words and grammatical structures and e

3、ven the length of your sentences. ToneTone is your style or manner oConsidering Audience1. Topic The importance of eating a healthy diet that is low in fat.Audience 1: A weight-loss clubAudience 2: A second grade class Considering Audience1. Topic Considering AudienceAudience 1: A weight-loss club F

4、our points: description of physical effects of a healthy diet; detailed statistics; influence on lifestyle; sample diets and foods that are healthy and low in fatTone: informal, direct, informativeConsidering AudienceAudience 1Considering AudienceAudience 2: A second grade class Four points: physica

5、l effects of a healthy diet in simple terms; statistics in simple figures; importance of making future choices; sample foods that are healthy and low in fatTone: informal, friendly, informativeConsidering AudienceAudience 2Considering Audience2. Topic Why companies should allow casual work attire on

6、 FridaysAudience 1: The companys managersAudience 2: Your staffConsidering Audience2. TopicConsidering AudienceAudience 1: The companys managers Four points: specific statistics associated with casual Fridays and worker efficiency; discussion of casual Fridays and employee satisfaction; examples of

7、casual Fridays in the workplaces of close competitors; employee opinion poll on this issue. Tone: respectful, direct, formal, persuasiveConsidering AudienceAudience 1Considering AudienceAudience 2: Your staffFour points: history of your companys policy toward casual Fridays; definition of casual Fri

8、days (what clothes are permissible, etc.); prevailing attitude among employees and management toward casual Fridays; a call for further discussion about this issue.Tone: friendly, somewhat informal and mildly persuasiveConsidering AudienceAudience 2 Finally, the purpose of a piece of writing determi

9、nes the rhetorical form chosen for it. A persuasive essay will be organized in one way and an expository essay in another way. Purpose PurposeCharacteristics of Good WritingGood writing is good thinking. Good writing involves thoughtful revision.Good writing is directed towards an audience.Good writ

10、ing achieves a clear purpose.Good writing expresses ideas clearly. (Qi, 2001:11)Characteristics of Good WritinWhat is good writing ? Good writing should be distinct in the following aspects : Appropriate style for the purpose Clear organization Effective use of expressions Reader orientedWhat is goo

11、d writing ?There is no rule on how to write .Sometimes it comes easily and perfectly ;sometimes its like drilling rock and then blasting it out with charges .(Ernest Hemingway )Writing is just work -theres no secret .If you dictate, use a pen or write with your toes -it is still just work .(Sinclair

12、 Lewis )There is no rule on how to wriPart The Writing Process of Academic Writing Stage I: Prewriting writing is a process, not a “product.”Part The Writing Process of A There are four main stages in the writing process: pre-writing, planning, writing and revising drafts, and writing the final copy

13、 to hand in. There are four main stagesStep 1:Choosing and Narrowing on TopicThe following diagram illustrates the process of narrowing a general topic to a specific one.General topic EnvironmentSpecific topic Pollution Ocean Pollution Oil Pollution Very specific topic Effects on Sea LifeStep 1:Choo

14、sing and Narrowing PRACTICE I Choosing and Narrowing a TopicSchool EntertainmentTelevision FoodSportsPRACTICE I Choosing and NarStep 2: BrainstormingTwo useful brainstorming techniques are listing and clustering.Step 2: BrainstormingTwo useListingListing is a brainstorming technique in which you thi

15、nk about your topic and quickly make a list of whatever words or phrases come into your mind .Your purpose is to produce as many ideas as possible in a short time, and your goal is to find a specific focus for your topic.Listing Clustering Clustering is another brainstorming activity that you can us

16、e to generate ideas. Heres how to use this technique: In the center of your paper, write your topic and draw a “balloon” around it. This is your center, or core, balloon. Then write whatever ideas come to you in balloons around the core. Think about each of these ideas and make more balloons around

17、them. Clustering For example, suppose you have to describe a person who is close to you in some way. Using the clustering technique to get ideas, you might end up with a paper such as the following. MODEL Clustering For example, suppose you hStayedHomeOne week last yearPainted houseVacationWorkaholi

18、cStays late at officeWorks six days a weekBoring lifeHeart problemMY FATHERExercise enthusiastSports fanVery religiousLikes to cookGives 10% of income to churchAttends weekly prayer meetingsDoes accounting for church Every SundayStayedOne week last yearPainte The largest cluster of balloons was gene

19、rated from the “workaholic” balloon, so this would be a good focus for this students paragraph about his father.PRACTICE Brainstorming by ClusteringUse the clustering technique for ten minutes to generate ideas about a member of your family. The largest cluster of baThe Writing Process, Stage : Plan

20、ning ( Outlining ) Turn to the model about culture shock. A student had developed three different lists of ideas: communication problems, classroom environment, and American family life. She decided to write a paragraph about communication problems.The Writing Process, Stage : Step 1: Making Sub-lis

21、ts The first step toward making an outline is to divide the ideas in the “communication problems” list further into sub-lists and to cross out any items that dont belong or that arent useable. MODEL Sub-listsStep 1: Making Sub-lists The f Communication ProblemsPoor verbal skills (2) Americans diffic

22、ult to understand lack vocabulary use incomplete sentences new language unclear expressions poor pronunciation Americans talk too fast lack confidence use slang and idioms Communication ProblStep 2: Writing the Topic SentenceFinally, write a topic sentence. Step 2: Writing the Topic SentMODEL Topic

23、Sentence One problem that many international students face in the United States is communication with Americans. or International students in the United States face communication problems with Americans. MODEL Topic Sentence One probStep 3: Outlining An outline is a formal plan for a paragraph. Step

24、 3: OutliningMODEL Outline Topic Sentence Supporting point Supporting detail Supporting detail Supporting point Supporting detail Supporting detail Supporting detail Supporting detail MODEL Outline Topic SentencThe Writing Process, Stage : Writing and Revising DraftsStage in the writing process, aft

25、er prewriting ( Stage) and planning ( Stage ), is writing and revising several drafts until you have produced a final copy to hand in. The Writing Process, Stage : plan1. Writers Purpose 2. Readers Response3. Readers Information organize draft revise editoutlineKeep going; dont worry about mistakes.

26、Check/revise the 5 Cs: Is it Complete (content & structure)? Are they Cohesive? Are they Clear and Concise?Are they Courteous (tone) ? (for faxes, emails, letters, etc)Check/revise grammar problems:two verbs in one sentencetensecountable/uncountable nounsword class plan1. Writers Purpose 2. Re The f

27、ollowing models show you how one student worked through the process of writing and revising drafts before arriving at the final copy. The following models showMODEL The Second Draft Communication Problems1One kind of culture shock faced by international (of)students in the United States is the diffi

28、culty they have When they first arrive in the United Smunicating with Americans, 2They soon realize that their verbal skills are poor. 3First of all, they lack MODEL The Second Draft vocabulary, and they have poor pronunciation. (so) (dont) 4American people doesnt understand them. 5For example, a fe

29、w days ago, I asked an American student how to get to the library, but because I have trouble pronouncing rs and Is, the student didnt understand (had) me. 6I finally have to write it on a piece of paper. vocabulary, and they have poor(International students) (they) (It)7They also speak too softly b

30、ecause are shy. 8 Isdifficult for foreign people to understand Americans. (,) too. 9Americans use incomplete sentences, such as “Later” to mean “Ill see you later,” and “Coming?” to mean “Are you coming?” 10Also, Americans talk too (International students) (,) SP understand them fast so it is often

31、imposible to catch their meaning. 11In addition, Americans also use a lot of slangs and idioms. 12People do not know their meaning. 13For example, the other day someone said to me, “That drives me up the wall,” and I could not imagine what (,) (driving)he meant. 14I had a picture in my mind of him s

32、itting in his car driving up a wall. 15It didnt make sense to me,16In short, communication is probably the first problem that international students face in the United States. 17After a while, however, their ears get used to the American way of speaking, and their own verbal (abilities) skills impro

33、ve. 【英語寫作技巧】Chapter1TheProcessofAcademicWritingThese are the important points you should have learned from this chapter:1. Academic writing is a special kind of writing for college and university work. It is intended for a specific audience (primarily your instructors and professors).2. Academic writing is forma